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Marine Biology and Oceanography Marine Science Marine Biology and Oceanography Thursday, August 22, 13 Exploring the Oceans • 1.1 The Unsinkable Ship • Buoyancy • Greek Scientist Archimedes • Discovered floating objects are supported by an upward force called buoyancy Thursday, August 22, 13 Exploring the Oceans • 1.1 The Unsinkable Ship • Buoyancy • Archimedes Principle: • (1.) Buoyant force on any object is equal to the weight of the liquid that the object displaces, or pushes aside Thursday, August 22, 13 Exploring the Oceans • 1.1 The Unsinkable Ship • Buoyancy • Archimedes Principle: • (2.) A body immersed in a liquid seems to lose weight is equal to the weight of the liquid displaced Thursday, August 22, 13 Exploring the Oceans • Buoyancy Equation: • Buoyancy force = weight of liquid displaced = loss of weight in liquid • Buoyancy force = weight of object in air - weight of object in liquid Thursday, August 22, 13 Exploring the Oceans Thursday, August 22, 13 Exploring the Oceans • Titanic ship construction • Ship floats because air-filled compartments • Air weighs less than water • Weight of air and steel in the ship is less than the weight of the water displaced by the ship so the ship floats • Titanic collision caused water tight compartments to fill • Combined weight of the water and weight of the ship became greater than the buoyant force supporting the ship Thursday, August 22, 13 Exploring the Oceans • 1.2 Voyages of Discovery • Oceans used for transport and travel • Humans settle along ocean or along waterways leading to the sea • Earliest boats: • Log rafts • Canoes • Sailboats powered by the wind Thursday, August 22, 13 Thursday, August 22, 13 Voyages of Discovery (1.) What was the purpose of exploring? (2.) What did we learn? (3.) Why would we continue to explore? Thursday, August 22, 13 Exploring the Oceans • 1.3 Scientific Exploration • Benjamin Franklin • Many discoveries: electricity, heating devices, bifocals, swim fins, and discovery of the Gulf Stream • Designed the first map of the Gulf Stream Thursday, August 22, 13 Thursday, August 22, 13 Exploring the Oceans • 1.3 Scientific Exploration • Benjamin Franklin • Curious why journeys eastward were faster than return trips • Gulf Stream is the ocean current that originates in the Gulf of Mexico, exits through the state of Florida, and follows the eastern coastline of the US and Newfoundland before crossing the Atlantic ocean Thursday, August 22, 13 Exploring the Oceans • 1.3 Scientific Exploration • Charles Darwin ~ 1831, H.M.S. Beagle • Sailed western coast of South America • Mapped the coastline and collected biological specimens • Visited Galapagos Island • Discovered giant tortoise and marine iguana • Published, “On the Origin of Species by Natural Selection” Thursday, August 22, 13 Exploring the Oceans • 1.3 Scientific Exploration • The Beginning of Oceanography • Matthew Fontaine Maury ~ “Pathfinder of the Seas” • Analyzed and collected data from logbooks • Published, “The Physical Geography of the Sea” • Navigation guide Thursday, August 22, 13 Exploring the Oceans • 1.3 Scientific Exploration • The Beginning of Oceanography • H.M.S. Challenger ~ 1873-1876 • Sailing vessel redesigned into a laboratory ship • Water samples • Recordings of temperature and pressure • New species discovered • Tides, currents, wave action Thursday, August 22, 13 Exploring the Oceans • 1.3 Scientific Exploration • The Beginning of Oceanography • H.M.S. Challenger Report ~ 1873-1876 • Considered the most comprehensive study ever completed in the field of oceanography • British zoologist Sir Charles Wyville Thompson • Considered now by many as the “founder of oceanography” Thursday, August 22, 13 Exploring the Oceans • 1.3 Scientific Exploration • The Beginning of Oceanography • Fridtjof Nansen • Invented water- sampling bottle • Named “Nansen Bottle” • Able to sample from different depths Thursday, August 22, 13 Exploring the Oceans • 1.3 Scientific Exploration • The Beginning of Oceanography • SONAR ~ sound navigation ranging • Emits and receives sounds from the ocean floor • Able to discover varying depths Thursday, August 22, 13 Exploring the Oceans • 1.4 Exploring the Inner Space • Early explores and navigators increase their knowledge: • Mapping • Inventions Thursday, August 22, 13 Exploring the Oceans • Beneath the ocean’s surface = inner space • Why is exploring “inner space” important? Thursday, August 22, 13 Exploring the Oceans • Scientists are now interested in underwater discoveries • Can only explore with new technologies Thursday, August 22, 13 Exploring the Oceans • Diving Devices • Diving chamber • Ability for diver to stay under water for an extended period of time • Contained a supply of air Thursday, August 22, 13 Exploring the Oceans • Halley’s Chamber • Developed by Edmond Halley • Able to hold larger supply of air • Reserve air supply in a barrel, connected to a hose to the chamber • Difficult to maneuver Thursday, August 22, 13 Exploring the Oceans • Diving Suit • Made of watertight canvas • Heavy metal helmet with weighted boots • Air pumped through a tube and into the helmet • Limited movement Thursday, August 22, 13 Exploring the Oceans • Aqua Lung • Invented by Friedrich von Drieberg • Device that had a supply of air strapped to the diver’s back • Could only be used for a limited time Thursday, August 22, 13 • Aqua Lung • Breathes air from the tank through a mouthpiece device called a regulator • Regulator adjusts the air in the tank to correct pressure that a diver can safely breathe at any given depth • AKA Scuba tank • SCUBA = acronym for Self- Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus • Deepest dive 135 meters Thursday, August 22, 13 Exploring the Oceans • Diving Vessels • Scientists who explore inner space are called aquanauts • Bathysphere • Thick glass porthole for view • Allows scientists to explore greater depths attached to the ship by a thick cable • Submersibles ~ small, research submarines Thursday, August 22, 13 Exploring the Oceans • Modern Submersibles • Alvin • Self-propelled • Carry crew of 3 • Used to investigate hydrothermal vent communities • Travel more than 3900 meters • Jim Suit • Space age suit • Worn by Dr. Sylvia Earle in her record-setting dive, 380 metters Thursday, August 22, 13 Exploring the Oceans • Jason • Robot used to explore greater depths • No passengers aboard • Connected to surface ship • ROV ~ Remote Operating Vehicle • Designed to locate and recover objects on the ocean floor • Great increase of knowledge because ROV’s can maneuver easily around the ocean floor Thursday, August 22, 13 Thursday, August 22, 13 Thursday, August 22, 13 Thursday, August 22, 13.
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