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Home , Ahr (wine region), Auslese, Baden (wine region), Beerenauslese, German wine, Ice wine

Food Science 470 Appreciation

Herr Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dipl.-Ing. Christian BUTZKE

Department of Food Science

History Geography Statistics Growing areas and classifications varieties Wine styles

2 Germany = ½ Sauerkraut x Sausage

Germany

https://youtu.be/fFrcl6VGrDQ Martin Niemöller 1892-1984

First they came for the Socialists, but I did not speak out, because I was not a Socialist. Then they came for the Trade Unionists, but I did not speak out, because I was not a Trade Unionist. Then they came for the Jews, but I did not speak out, because I was not a Jew. And when they came for me, there was no one left to speak out for me … Dr. Angela Merkel German Chancellor 2005+ Dr. Angela Merkel German Chancellor 2005-2021 German Language

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jo0Hsx-yHiI German History

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wuClZjOdT30 FS 470 11/26/18 The Romans – again!

Neumagener Wine Ship www.gnu.org Topography of Germany German 2000 vs 2040 Wine Regions of Germany

Der Brockhaus: Wine www.brockhaus.de Tonight’s

Mosel

Rheinhessen 100 miles

Alsace

Alsace Germany Cool-climate Winegrowing Principles

Southwest corner of country => warmest climate

Along major rivers => moderated temperatures

Steep hillside slopes => maximum sun exposure

Slate covered => night-time heat Climate Change

1ºC = 1.8ºF Germany Statistics

13 major growing areas 255,000 acres of vineyards 100,000 grape growers 25,000 wine producers 217 million gallons of wine (2003) 5.3 gal/capita wine consumption (2004)

Price Points Wine Advent Calendar Grape Acreage Thousands of Acres

REGION 2004/2000* REGION 2004/2000* 1. 2,995 11. Chile 468 2. 2,210 12. Australia 410 3. 2,140 13. Greece* 323 4. Turkey 1,475 14. Ukraine* 313 5. China 1,125 15. South 293 Africa* 6. USA 976 16. Bulgaria* 278 7. Iran 713 17. Germany* 263 8. Portugal 610 18. * 228 9. Romania 575 19. Yugoslawia* 205 10. Argentina 525 20. Croatia* 148

EUROPE 11,978 Includes table and raisins! WORLD 19,763 Wine Production Millions of Gallons

REGION 2004 2000 1990 1. France 1,210 1,519 1,733 2. Italy 1,136 1,363 1,448 3. Spain 1,067 1,102 1,020 4. USA 539 616 417 5. Argentina 349 330 370 6. China 296 N/A N/A 7. Australia 285 214 116 8. South Africa 235 182 238 9. Germany 217 259 225 10. Portugal 188 177 299 11. Chile N/A 169 106 EUROPE 4,861 5,310 5,918 WORLD 6,869 7,292 7,477 Wine Production )!!! (!!! '!!! &!!! +,-./ 01-,23 %!!! Gallons x 1000 45 $!!! 63-789: #!!! "!!! ! "**! #!!! #!!& World’s Wine Importers Million gallons

1. Germany 2004 359

2. United Kingdom 2001 264

3. United States 2001 141

www.calwinexport.com Germany 13 Regions (Anbau-Gebiete)

1. 8. 3% 2. 15% 9. Rheinhessen 26% 3. Franken 10. Pfalz 23% 4. Hessische Bergstrasse 11. -Unstrut 5. Mittelrhein 12. Sachsen 6. -- 10% 13. Württemberg 11% 7. Appellation Control

France AOC Appellation d‘Origine Contrôlée

Germany QbA Qualitätswein bestimmter Anbaugebiete

Italy DOC Denominazione di Origine Controllata

Portugal DOC Denomiacao de Origem Controlada

Spain DO Denominacion de Origen

USA AVA American Viticultural Area Germany

Anbaugebiete Bereiche Großlagen Einzellagen Ahr 1 1 43 Baden 9 15 315 Franken 3 22 211 Hessische Bergstraße 2 3 24 Mittelrhein 2 11 111 Mosel-Saar-Ruwer 6 20 507 Q.b.A. Nahe 1 7 312 Pfalz 2 25 330 Rheingau 1 11 120 Rheinhessen 3 24 442 Saale-Unstrut 2 4 20 Sachsen 2 4 16 Württemberg 6 20 207 13 39 167 2,658 Germany Major Grape Varieties

White (64%) Red (36%)

Riesling (20%) Spätburgunder (11%) Müller-Thurgau (15%) (8%) ( x Madeleine Royale) (5%) Portugieser (5%) (5%) (3%) Grauburgunder (4%) Schwarzriesling (2%) Weissburgunder (3%) Lemberger (2%)

Riesling

Germany’s most famous grape variety Riesling Aroma

Lime Lemon Melon Peach

Green Apple Orange Passionfruit Honey Pineapple

Apricot Grapefruit Mineral Kerosene Spätburgunder ()

Germany’s most popular red variety Germany Ripeness categories

QmP (Qualitätswein mit Prädikat) 26% Trockenbeeren- Beeren-Auslese Auslese Spätlese QbA (Qualitätswein bestimmter Anbaugebiete) 68% Tafelwein 6% Germany Levels of Sweetness (in bottle)

Residual

Trocken Dry < 9 g/L also: "Classic" and "Selection" Halbtrocken Semi-dry < 18 g/L

Not mentioned Off-dry = sweet “süß, lieblich” Ripeness Sugar => + Residual Sugar

ALC. 8.5% BY VOL. Germany

Ripeness Categories

www.germanwineusa.com Label (Etikett)

1 Appellation (13) 2 3 Village and 4 Grape variety 5 Level of sweetness 6 Ripeness category 7 Official ID number 8 Producer or Bottler www.germanwineusa.com Labels

Traditional Contemporary Germany’s Dessert Wines Concentration Principles

Beeren-Auslese (“Berries’ Selection”) 110 - 128 Oechsle (26 – 30 )

Trocken-Beeren-Auslese (“Dry Berries’ Selection”) 150 - 154 Oechsle (34 - 35 Brix)

Eiswein (“Icewine”) 110 - 128 Oechsle (26 – 30 Brix) Sugar (Density) Scale (in Germany, , ) Oechsle

261,300 Brix = 261.3 - (Oechsle + 1,000)

261,300 Oechsle = - 1,000 261.3 - Brix vs. Late

Concentration of , acids and aromas

IW: Partial freezing of the berry’s water and of frozen berries

LH: Dehydration of berries via perforation of cell walls by Botrytis fungus and

BA, TBA: Dehydration of berries via perforation of cell walls by fungus Late Harvest (Botrytised) Wines Examples

TrockenBeerenAuslese Sauterne Germany & Austria France Hungary Botrytis cinerea “”

Late-season infections:

• Relative humidity 92+%

• Free moisture on berry surface

• Temperatures up to 82°F

Legal definition: ATF Rule, 78-4, 1978 ATF C.B. 61, allows the use of "Late Harvest", provided the amount of sugar contained in the grapes at the time of harvest and the amount of residual sugar in the finished wine are accurately stated on the

…label. harvest dates may NOT be stated on labels since such dates would have little meaning due to variations of growing locations, grape varieties, and climatic conditions … Ice Wine Ice Wine

Harvest time Ice Wine

After the first night frost Ice Wine

Icewinemaker Ice Wine

Frozen cluster BEFORE pressing Ice Wine

Legal definition:

ATF Ruling 78-4, 1978 C.B. 61, allows use of the term "ice wine" for wine made from grapes that were “partially frozen on the vine”. Ice Wine

What’s “frozen”? Ice Wine

What’s “frozen”?

Grapes starting to freeze: <32°F

Grapes frozen solid: <12°F

Optimum ice wine pressing: 16-20°F

Canadian definition: 18°F (-8°C) Ice Wine

Politics vs. wine quality:

• Ice Wine is Canada’s biggest export wine

• Canada is US’ biggest export market Ice Wine

Frozen cluster AFTER pressing Ice Wine

After pressing: sugar-less “snow” remaining Ice Wine

Whole Cluster Pressing of frozen grapes Ice Wine

Condensation on wine press Ice Wine

ca. 35-40 Brix

Pressed ice wine juice Carl Zuckmayer 1896-1977 A Rivercruise www.rivercruises.com Ruine Ehrenfels, Rheingau Rheingau Germany’s most prestigious wine region

50 miles 120 vineyards 8,000 acres 6.6 million gal 80% Riesling Rheingau Germany’s most prestigious wine region “Erstes Gewächs”

The German “Premier ”

Rheingau: • 2,797(35%) of 7,974 acres approved for classification

Specifications: • Varieties: Riesling or Spätburgunder (Pinot Noir) • Vineyard-designated • limited to 528 gal/acre • Hand-harvest only • Wines pass official sensory evaluation

www.germanwineusa.org “Charta Riesling”

• 100% Rheingau QbA

Specifications: • Variety: 100% Riesling • Does NOT mention vineyard site • Hand-harvest only • Residual Sugar: 9 to 18 g/L • Titratable Acidity: at least 7.5 g/L • Wines must pass official sensory evaluation Rüdesheim am Rhein, Rheingau Rüdesheim am Rhein, Rheingau Mittelrhein Kaub am Rhein “Deutsches Eck” at Rivers Rhein and Mosel “Deutsches Eck” at Koblenz

Rhein

Mosel Mosel, Vines & Autobahn A61 Bereich “Terrassenmosel” Bernkastel-Kues, Mosel

Bernkastel-Kues, Mosel

Mosel Loops Mosel Loop at Mosel Loop at Trittenheim

www.germanwineusa.org (Black Gate) at Germany Summary

Coolest major winegrowing climate in Europe Along major rivers and steep hillside slopes Finest white variety: Riesling World’s largest wine buyer; 9th largest producer Wine characteristics: Quality classification based on ripeness Crisp (high acidity), fruity, floral Usually low in alcohol (around 10%) aging uncommon

Food Science 470 Wine Appreciation

Christian BUTZKE Professeur d’Œnologie Department of Food Science La France L’Alsace Vineyards Rain Shadow of the

winesofalsace.com Vineyards

60 miles The Villages - Riquewihr

Architecture - Strasbourg Architecture - Riquewihr L’Alsace Statistics

Northernmost wine region of France 40,000 acres of vineyards 5,000 winegrowers 30 million gallons of wine 90% White; 21% Sparkling 25% exported (2% to US) Alsace Major Grape Varieties

White (90%) Red (10%)

Riesling (22%) Pinot Noir (10%) (21%) Gewurztraminer (19%) (15%) Sylvaner (9%) (2%) Grapes Restaurants Food Desserts European Parliament Wine Societies Wine Societies

Confrérie des Compagnons Goustevin de Normandie