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Flavonoid Glucodiversification with Engineered Sucrose-Active Enzymes Yannick Malbert
Flavonoid glucodiversification with engineered sucrose-active enzymes Yannick Malbert To cite this version: Yannick Malbert. Flavonoid glucodiversification with engineered sucrose-active enzymes. Biotechnol- ogy. INSA de Toulouse, 2014. English. NNT : 2014ISAT0038. tel-01219406 HAL Id: tel-01219406 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01219406 Submitted on 22 Oct 2015 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Last name: MALBERT First name: Yannick Title: Flavonoid glucodiversification with engineered sucrose-active enzymes Speciality: Ecological, Veterinary, Agronomic Sciences and Bioengineering, Field: Enzymatic and microbial engineering. Year: 2014 Number of pages: 257 Flavonoid glycosides are natural plant secondary metabolites exhibiting many physicochemical and biological properties. Glycosylation usually improves flavonoid solubility but access to flavonoid glycosides is limited by their low production levels in plants. In this thesis work, the focus was placed on the development of new glucodiversification routes of natural flavonoids by taking advantage of protein engineering. Two biochemically and structurally characterized recombinant transglucosylases, the amylosucrase from Neisseria polysaccharea and the α-(1→2) branching sucrase, a truncated form of the dextransucrase from L. Mesenteroides NRRL B-1299, were selected to attempt glucosylation of different flavonoids, synthesize new α-glucoside derivatives with original patterns of glucosylation and hopefully improved their water-solubility. -
A Biosystematic Study of Allium Amplectens Torr
University of the Pacific Scholarly Commons University of the Pacific Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 1974 A biosystematic study of Allium amplectens Torr Vickie Lynn Cain University of the Pacific Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds Part of the Life Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Cain, Vickie Lynn. (1974). A biosystematic study of Allium amplectens Torr. University of the Pacific, Thesis. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/1850 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in University of the Pacific Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A BIOSYSTEMI\'l'IC STUDY OF AlHum amplectens Torr. A 'lliesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of Biological Sciences University of the Pacific In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirewents for the.Degree Master of Science in Biological Sciences by Vickie Lynn Cain August 1974 This thesis, written and submitted by is approved for recommendation to the Committee on Graduate Studies, University of the Pacific. Department Chairman or Dean: Chairman I; /') Date d c.~ cA; lfli ACKUOlvl.EDGSIV!EN'TS 'l'he author_ wishes to tha.'l.k Dr. B. Tdhelton a.YJ.d Dr. P. Gross for their• inva~i uoble advise and donations of time. l\'Iy appreciation to Dr. McNeal> my advisor. Expert assistance in the library vJEts pro:- vlded by Pr·, i:':I. SshaJit. To Vij c.y KJ12nna and Dolores No::..a.n rny ap-- preciatlon for rwraJ. -
Relation Structure/Activité De Tanins Bioactifs Contre Les Nématodes
En vue de l'obtention du DOCTORAT DE L'UNIVERSITÉ DE TOULOUSE Délivré par : Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse (INP Toulouse) Discipline ou spécialité : Pathologie, Toxicologie, Génétique et Nutrition Présentée et soutenue par : Mme JESSICA QUIJADA PINANGO le jeudi 17 décembre 2015 Titre : RELATION STRUCTURE/ACTIVITE DE TANINS BIOACTIFS CONTRE LES NEMATODES GASTROINTESTINAUX (HAEMONCHUS CONTORTUS) PARASITES DES PETITS RUMINANTS Ecole doctorale : Sciences Ecologiques, Vétérinaires, Agronomiques et Bioingénieries (SEVAB) Unité de recherche : Interactions Hôtes - Agents Pathogènes (IHAP) Directeur(s) de Thèse : M. HERVÉ HOSTE Rapporteurs : M. ADIBE LUIZ ABDALLA, UNIVERSIDAD DE SAO PAULO Mme HEIDI ENEMARK, NORWEGIAN VETERINARY INSTITUTE Membre(s) du jury : 1 M. FRANÇOIS SCHELCHER, ECOLE NATIONALE VETERINAIRE DE TOULOUSE, Président 2 M. HERVÉ HOSTE, INRA TOULOUSE, Membre 2 Mme CARINE MARIE-MAGDELAINE, INRA PETIT BOURG, Membre 2 M. SMARO SOTIRAKI, HAO-DEMETER, Membre 2 M. VINCENT NIDERKORN, INRA CLERMONT FERRAND, Membre QUIJADA J. 2015 Cette thèse est dédiée à mes parents, Teresa et Héctor, À mon mari, Rafäel, pour son soutien inconditionnel, son amour illimité, sa patience, sa loyauté, son amitié et surtout sa confidence, À ma grand-mère, Marcolina, car m'ait donné le plus grand et précieux cadeau en ma vie : ma foi en Dieu ma forteresse et mon espoir (Isaïas 41:13). À mes adorés sœurs, belle- sœurs et frère : Yurlin, Indira, Iskay, Olga, Zoraida et Jesus. Merci pour l’amour infini que m’ont toujours été donné, celui qu’a été prolongé par l'amour de mes merveilleux neveux. 1 QUIJADA J. 2015 REMERCIEMENTS Je remercie tout d’abord mon Dieu pour me donner le cadeau de la vie, et la forteresse pour vivre chaque jour. -
Revisiting Greek Propolis: Chromatographic Analysis and Antioxidant Activity Study
RESEARCH ARTICLE Revisiting Greek Propolis: Chromatographic Analysis and Antioxidant Activity Study Konstantinos M. Kasiotis1*, Pelagia Anastasiadou1, Antonis Papadopoulos2, Kyriaki Machera1* 1 Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Department of Pesticides Control and Phytopharmacy, Laboratory of Pesticides' Toxicology, Kifissia, Athens, Greece, 2 Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Department of Phytopathology, Laboratory of Non-Parasitic Diseases, Kifissia, Athens, Greece * [email protected] (KMK); [email protected] (KM) Abstract a1111111111 Propolis is a bee product that has been extensively used in alternative medicine and recently a1111111111 a1111111111 has gained interest on a global scale as an essential ingredient of healthy foods and cosmet- a1111111111 ics. Propolis is also considered to improve human health and to prevent diseases such as a1111111111 inflammation, heart disease, diabetes and even cancer. However, the claimed effects are anticipated to be correlated to its chemical composition. Since propolis is a natural product, its composition is consequently expected to be variable depending on the local flora align- ment. In this work, we present the development of a novel HPLC-PDA-ESI/MS targeted OPEN ACCESS method, used to identify and quantify 59 phenolic compounds in Greek propolis hydroalco- holic extracts. Amongst them, nine phenolic compounds are herein reported for the first time Citation: Kasiotis KM, Anastasiadou P, Papadopoulos A, Machera K (2017) Revisiting in Greek propolis. Alongside GC-MS complementary analysis was employed, unveiling Greek Propolis: Chromatographic Analysis and eight additional newly reported compounds. The antioxidant activity study of the propolis Antioxidant Activity Study. PLoS ONE 12(1): samples verified the potential of these extracts to effectively scavenge radicals, with the e0170077. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0170077 extract of Imathia region exhibiting comparable antioxidant activity to that of quercetin. -
2.1 Structure Elucidation 14 2.2 Synthesis 15
, HIERDIE EKSEMPlAAR MAG ONDER University Free State GEEN OMSTANDIGHEDE UIT DIE mml~lmmMMllllllln34300000347405 Universiteit Vrystaat BIBLIOTEEK VER\VYDER WORD NIE THE STRUCTURE AND SYNTHESIS OF OLIGOFLA VANOIDS AND OLIGOSTILBENES FROM CASSIA ABBREVIATA. Dissertation submitted infulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science in the Department of Chemisrty Faculty of Natural Sciences at University of Orange Free State Bloemfontein by Makhosazana Claribel Mthembu Supervisor: Prof. E. Malan Co-supervisor Dr J. C. Coetzee JANUARY 2000 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express my gratitude to the following people: • God the Almighty for the love and support he has shown me throughout my studies. • My supervisors Professor f. Malan and Dr j. C. Coetzee, their guidance and helpful recommendations throughout this study will always be appreciated: • • Proff. Malan for his constructive guidance, critism and invaluable support in putting this work in paper. • Dr j. C. Coetzeefor recording my NMR spectra, his encourangement and unselfish assistance. • Proff. V. Brandt ,D. Ferrdra and NRF sponsor for granting me this opportumity. • Finally the members of the fomily and [riends, Irene,jaqui, Zanele, Vusl and Busi for their love, tolerance and constant encouragement, I owe the greatest debt to them. M. C. Mthembu Table of Content Abstract LITERATURE SURVERY CHAPTER 1: MONOMERIC STILBENES 1 1.1 Nomenclature 1 1.2 Structure and Natural Occurrence 3 1.3 Structure Elucidation 5 1.4 Synthesis 5 CHAPTER 2: OLIGOMERIC STILBENES 11 2.1 Structure Elucidation 14 2.2 Synthesis 15 CHAPTER 3.: FLA VAN-3-0LS 16 3.1 Nomenclature 16 3.2 Structure and Natural Occurrence 17 3.3 Structure Elucidation 19 CHAPTER 4: LEUCOANTHOCY ANIDINS. -
Perspectives on Tannins • Andrzej Szczurek Perspectives on Tannins
Perspectives on Tannins on Perspectives • Andrzej Szczurek Perspectives on Tannins Edited by Andrzej Szczurek Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Biomolecules www.mdpi.com/journal/biomolecules Perspectives on Tannins Perspectives on Tannins Editor Andrzej Szczurek MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade • Manchester • Tokyo • Cluj • Tianjin Editor Andrzej Szczurek Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw Poland Editorial Office MDPI St. Alban-Anlage 66 4052 Basel, Switzerland This is a reprint of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Biomolecules (ISSN 2218-273X) (available at: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/biomolecules/special issues/Perspectives Tannins). For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated on the article page online and as indicated below: LastName, A.A.; LastName, B.B.; LastName, C.C. Article Title. Journal Name Year, Volume Number, Page Range. ISBN 978-3-0365-1092-7 (Hbk) ISBN 978-3-0365-1093-4 (PDF) © 2021 by the authors. Articles in this book are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. The book as a whole is distributed by MDPI under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND. Contents About the Editor .............................................. vii Andrzej Szczurek Perspectives on Tannins Reprinted from: Biomolecules 2021, 11, 442, doi:10.3390/biom11030442 ................ 1 Xiaowei Sun, Haley N. Ferguson and Ann E. Hagerman Conformation and Aggregation of Human Serum Albumin in the Presence of Green Tea Polyphenol (EGCg) and/or Palmitic Acid Reprinted from: Biomolecules 2019, 9, 705, doi:10.3390/biom9110705 ................ -
Polymerization Degrees, Molecular Weights and Protein-Binding Affinities of Condensed Tannin Fractions from a Leucaena Leucocephala Hybrid
Molecules 2014, 19, 7990-8010; doi:10.3390/molecules19067990 OPEN ACCESS molecules ISSN 1420-3049 www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules Article Polymerization Degrees, Molecular Weights and Protein-Binding Affinities of Condensed Tannin Fractions from a Leucaena leucocephala Hybrid Mookiah Saminathan 1, Hui Yin Tan 2, Chin Chin Sieo 1,3, Norhani Abdullah 3,4, Clemente Michael Vui Ling Wong 5, Emilia Abdulmalek 6 and Yin Wan Ho 1,* 1 Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; E-Mails: [email protected] (M.S.); [email protected] (C.C.S.) 2 Faculty of Applied Sciences and Computing, Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, 53300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; E-Mail: [email protected] 3 Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; E-Mail: [email protected] 4 Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia 5 Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia; E-Mail: [email protected] 6 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; E-Mail: [email protected] * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +603-8947-2161; Fax: +603-8947-2101. Received: 18 March 2014; in revised form: 11 May 2014 / Accepted: 21 May 2014 / Published: 12 June 2014 Abstract: Condensed tannins (CTs) form insoluble complexes with proteins and are able to protect them from degradation, which could lead to rumen bypass proteins. Depending on their degrees of polymerization (DP) and molecular weights, CT fractions vary in their capability to bind proteins. -
WO 2011/086458 Al
(12) INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT) (19) World Intellectual Property Organization International Bureau (10) International Publication Number (43) International Publication Date _ . ... _ 21 July 2011 (21.07.2011) WO 2011/086458 Al (51) International Patent Classification: (81) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every A61L 27/20 (2006.01) A61L 27/54 (2006.01) kind of national protection available): AE, AG, AL, AM, AO, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BH, BR, BW, BY, BZ, (21) International Application Number: CA, CH, CL, CN, CO, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DK, DM, DO, PCT/IB20 11/000052 DZ, EC, EE, EG, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, GT, (22) International Filing Date: HN, HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IS, JP, KE, KG, KM, KN, KP, 13 January 201 1 (13.01 .201 1) KR, KZ, LA, LC, LK, LR, LS, LT, LU, LY, MA, MD, ME, MG, MK, MN, MW, MX, MY, MZ, NA, NG, NI, (25) Filing Language: English NO, NZ, OM, PE, PG, PH, PL, PT, RO, RS, RU, SC, SD, (26) Publication Language: English SE, SG, SK, SL, SM, ST, SV, SY, TH, TJ, TM, TN, TR, TT, TZ, UA, UG, US, UZ, VC, VN, ZA, ZM, ZW. (30) Priority Data: 12/687,048 13 January 2010 (13.01 .2010) US (84) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every 12/714,377 26 February 2010 (26.02.2010) US kind of regional protection available): ARIPO (BW, GH, 12/956,542 30 November 2010 (30.1 1.2010) us GM, KE, LR, LS, MW, MZ, NA, SD, SL, SZ, TZ, UG, ZM, ZW), Eurasian (AM, AZ, BY, KG, KZ, MD, RU, TJ, (71) Applicant (for all designated States except US): AL- TM), European (AL, AT, BE, BG, CH, CY, CZ, DE, DK, LERGAN INDUSTRIE, SAS [FR/FR]; Route de EE, ES, FI, FR, GB, GR, HR, HU, IE, IS, IT, LT, LU, Promery, Zone Artisanale de Pre-Mairy, F-74370 Pringy LV, MC, MK, MT, NL, NO, PL, PT, RO, RS, SE, SI, SK, (FR). -
Ep 3138585 A1
(19) TZZ¥_¥_T (11) EP 3 138 585 A1 (12) EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION (43) Date of publication: (51) Int Cl.: 08.03.2017 Bulletin 2017/10 A61L 27/20 (2006.01) A61L 27/54 (2006.01) A61L 27/52 (2006.01) (21) Application number: 16191450.2 (22) Date of filing: 13.01.2011 (84) Designated Contracting States: (72) Inventors: AL AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB • Gousse, Cecile GR HR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC MK MT NL NO 74230 Dingy Saint Clair (FR) PL PT RO RS SE SI SK SM TR • Lebreton, Pierre Designated Extension States: 74000 Annecy (FR) BA ME •Prost,Nicloas 69440 Mornant (FR) (30) Priority: 13.01.2010 US 687048 26.02.2010 US 714377 (74) Representative: Hoffmann Eitle 30.11.2010 US 956542 Patent- und Rechtsanwälte PartmbB Arabellastraße 30 (62) Document number(s) of the earlier application(s) in 81925 München (DE) accordance with Art. 76 EPC: 15178823.9 / 2 959 923 Remarks: 11709184.3 / 2 523 701 This application was filed on 29-09-2016 as a divisional application to the application mentioned (71) Applicant: Allergan Industrie, SAS under INID code 62. 74370 Pringy (FR) (54) STABLE HYDROGEL COMPOSITIONS INCLUDING ADDITIVES (57) The present specification generally relates to hydrogel compositions and methods of treating a soft tissue condition using such hydrogel compositions. EP 3 138 585 A1 Printed by Jouve, 75001 PARIS (FR) EP 3 138 585 A1 Description CROSS REFERENCE 5 [0001] This patent application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. -
Oenological Tannins : Characteristics, Properties and Functionalities
Oenological Tannins : characteristics, properties and functionalities. Impact on wine quality. Adeline Vignault To cite this version: Adeline Vignault. Oenological Tannins : characteristics, properties and functionalities. Impact on wine quality.. Agricultural sciences. Université de Bordeaux; Universitat Rovira i Virgili (Tarragone, Espagne), 2019. English. NNT : 2019BORD0263. tel-02499650 HAL Id: tel-02499650 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02499650 Submitted on 5 Mar 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THÈSE EN COTUTELLE PRÉSENTÉE POUR OBTENIR LE GRADE DE DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITÉ DE BORDEAUX ET DE L’UNIVERSITÉ ROVIRA i VIRGILI ÉCOLE DOCTORALE SCIENCES DE LA VIE ET DE LA SANTE ÉCOLE DOCTORALE BIOQU ĺMICA Y BIOTECNOLOG ĺA SPÉCIALITÉ OENOLOGIE Par Adeline VIGNAULT TANINS ŒNOLOGIQUES : CARACTÉRISTIQUES, PROPRIÉTÉS ET FONCTIONNALITÉS Impact sur la qualité des vins Sous la direction de Pierre-Louis TEISSEDRE et de Fernando ZAMORA Soutenue le 25 novembre 2019 Membres du jury : Pr. RICARDO DA SILVA, Jorge Université de Lisbonne Président Pr. KALLITHRAKA, Stamatina Université d’Athènes Rapporteur Pr. MARÍN ARROYO, Remedios María Université de Navarre Rapporteur Pr. GÓMEZ PLAZA, Encarna Université de Murcia Examinateur Pr. TEISSEDRE, Pierre-Louis Université de Bordeaux Directeur de Thèse Pr. -
Problems Encountered in Measuring the Leucoanthocyanin Content of Pears
AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF RENATA MAE URY for the M. S. in Foods and Nutrition (Name) (Degree) (Major) Date thesis is presented Q/zA/ 3-3L /9£V Title PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED IN MEASURING THE LEUCO- ANTHOCYANIN CONTENT OF PEARS Abstract approved (Major professor) (T^ This study explored some of the difficulties involved in measur- ing the leucoanthocyanin content of Bartlett pears by a currently used method which involves extracting the leucoanthocyanin from the plant tissue, converting it to anthocyanidin and measuring the resulting pigment colorimetrically. Both the extraction and the conversion of leucoanthocyanin were investigated. (ethaholic) The effectiveness of five solvents, 70% acetone^ 95% ethanol, methanol, 40% aqueous acetone and 0. 1 N HCl in 40% aqueous acetone, was studied. Acetone extracted approximately 60% of the leucoantho- cyanin, ethanol extracted one-fourth and methanol extracted one- third. The conversion was studied by varying the normality of the de- veloper (HCl in n-butanol), the dispersing medium and the source of leucoanthocyanin (marc, slurry or synthetic leucocyanidin). The conversion appeared to be dependent on interrelations among all three of these factors. For developing the anthocyanidin from marc previously extracted with ethanol, a combination of a dispersing medium of 70% acetone and a normality of 0. 6 was better than ethanol and a normality of either 0. 025 or 0. 6. Seventy percent acetone and 0. 025 N gave the small- est conversion. For developing the anthocyanidin from the slurries, 0. 025 N HC1 in n-butanol was used, as browning occurred due to phlobaphene formation with higher normalities. This normality plus a dispersing medium of 70% acetone gave greater yields of anthocyani- din than did ethanol, methanol or aqueous acetone and 0. -
48003 Hughes Et Al 2017 Accepted Version.Pdf
ResearchOnline@JCU This is the Accepted Version of a paper published in the Journal: Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition Hughes, Samuel D., Ketheesan, Natkunam, and Haleagrahara, Nagaraja (2017) The therapeutic potential of plant flavonoids on rheumatoid arthritis. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 57 (17). pp. 3601-3613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2016.1246413 © 2015. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition ISSN: 1040-8398 (Print) 1549-7852 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/bfsn20 The Therapeutic Potential of Plant Flavonoids on Rheumatoid Arthritis Samuel D. Hughes, Natkunam Ketheesan & Nagaraja Haleagrahara To cite this article: Samuel D. Hughes, Natkunam Ketheesan & Nagaraja Haleagrahara (2016): The Therapeutic Potential of Plant Flavonoids on Rheumatoid Arthritis, Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1246413 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2016.1246413 Accepted author version posted online: 22 Nov 2016. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 122 View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=bfsn20 Download by: [JAMES COOK UNIVERSITY] Date: 23 March 2017, At: 16:37 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT The Therapeutic Potential of Plant Flavonoids on Rheumatoid Arthritis Samuel D. Hughes1, Natkunam Ketheesan2 & Nagaraja Haleagrahara3,* 1,2,3Biomedicine, College of Public Health, Medical & Veterinary Sciences, and 2, 3Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine (AITHM), James Cook University, Townsville, Australia *Address correspondence to: Nagaraja Haleagrahara, Biomedicine, College of Public Health, Medical & Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.