A Biosystematic Study of Allium Amplectens Torr
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The Condensed Tannins of Okoume (Aucoumea Klaineana Pierre)
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN The condensed tannins of Okoume (Aucoumea klaineana Pierre): A molecular structure and thermal stability study Starlin Péguy Engozogho Anris 1,2*, Arsène Bikoro Bi Athomo1,2, Rodrigue Safou Tchiama2,3, Francisco José Santiago-Medina4, Thomas Cabaret1, Antonio Pizzi4 & Bertrand Charrier1 In order to promote convenient strategies for the valorization of Aucoumea klaineana Pierre (Okoume) plywood and sawmill wastes industry in the felds of adhesives and composites, the total phenolic content of Okoume bark, sapwood and heartwood was measured. The molecular structure of tannins extracted from the bark was determined by Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-Of-Flight (Maldi-ToF) mass spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The total phenolic content displayed signifcant diference (p = 0.001) between the bark, sapwood and heartwood which decreased as follows: 6 ± 0.4, 2 ± 0.8 and 0.7 ± 0.1% respectively. The pro-anthocyanidins content was also signifcantly diferent (p = 0.01) among the three wood wastes, and the bark was the richest in condensed tannins (4.2 ± 0.4%) compared to the sapwood (0.5 ± 0.1%) and heartwood (0.2 ± 0.2%). Liquid chromatography coupled mass spectroscopy (LC-MS) and Maldi-ToF analysis of the bark showed for the frst time that Okoume condensed tannins are fsetinidin, gallocatechin and trihydroxyfavan based monomers and complex polymers obtained with glycosylated units. No free catechin or robitinidin units were detected, whereas distinctive dihydroxy or trihydroxyfavan-3-benzoate dimers were observed in the investigated condensed tannin extracts. FTIR analysis showed the occurrence of glucan- and mannan-like sugars in the condensed tannins, and Maldi-ToF highlighted that these sugars should account for ten glycosylated units chemically bonded with two fsetinidins and one gallocatechin trimer. -
Chemistry and Pharmacology of Kinkéliba (Combretum
CHEMISTRY AND PHARMACOLOGY OF KINKÉLIBA (COMBRETUM MICRANTHUM), A WEST AFRICAN MEDICINAL PLANT By CARA RENAE WELCH A Dissertation submitted to the Graduate School-New Brunswick Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Program in Medicinal Chemistry written under the direction of Dr. James E. Simon and approved by ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ New Brunswick, New Jersey January, 2010 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Chemistry and Pharmacology of Kinkéliba (Combretum micranthum), a West African Medicinal Plant by CARA RENAE WELCH Dissertation Director: James E. Simon Kinkéliba (Combretum micranthum, Fam. Combretaceae) is an undomesticated shrub species of western Africa and is one of the most popular traditional bush teas of Senegal. The herbal beverage is traditionally used for weight loss, digestion, as a diuretic and mild antibiotic, and to relieve pain. The fresh leaves are used to treat malarial fever. Leaf extracts, the most biologically active plant tissue relative to stem, bark and roots, were screened for antioxidant capacity, measuring the removal of a radical by UV/VIS spectrophotometry, anti-inflammatory activity, measuring inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells, and glucose-lowering activity, measuring phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) mRNA expression in an H4IIE rat hepatoma cell line. Radical oxygen scavenging activity, or antioxidant capacity, was utilized for initially directing the fractionation; highlighted subfractions and isolated compounds were subsequently tested for anti-inflammatory and glucose-lowering activities. The ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions of the crude leaf extract were fractionated leading to the isolation and identification of a number of polyphenolic ii compounds. -
Acrolepiopsis Assectella
Acrolepiopsis assectella Scientific Name Acrolepiopsis assectella (Zeller, 1893) Synonym: Lita vigeliella Duponchel, 1842 Common Name Leek moth, onion leafminer Type of Pest Moth Taxonomic Position Class: Insecta, Order: Lepidoptera, Family: Acrolepiidae Figures 1 & 2. Adult male (top) and female (bottom) Reason for Inclusion of A. assectella. Scale bar is 1 mm (© Jean-François CAPS Community Suggestion Landry, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, 2007). Pest Description Eggs: “Roughly oval in shape with raised reticulated sculpturing; iridescent white” (Carter, 1984). Eggs are 0.5 by 1 0.2 mm (< /16 in) (USDA, 1960). Larvae: “Head yellowish brown, sometimes with reddish brown maculation; body yellowish green; spiracles surrounded by sclerotised rings, on abdominal segments coalescent with SD pinacula, these grayish brown; prothoracic and anal plates yellow with brown maculation; thoracic legs yellowish brown’ crochets of abdominal prologs arranged in uniserial circles, each enclosing a short, longitudinal row of 3–5 crochets” 1 (Carter, 1984). Larvae are about 13 to 14 mm (approx. /2 in) long (McKinlay, 1992). Pupae: “Reddish brown; abdominal spiracles on raised tubercles; cremaster abruptly terminated, dorsal lobe with a Figure 3. A. assectella larvae rugose plate bearing eight hooked setae, two rounded ventral on stem of elephant garlic lobes each bearing four hooked setae” (Carter, 1984). The (eastern Ontario, June 2000) (© 1 cocoon is 7 mm (approx. /4 in) long (USDA, 1960). “The Jean-François Landry, cocoon is white in colour and is composed of a loose net-like Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, 2007). structure” (CFIA, 2012). Last updated: August 23, 2016 9 Adults: “15 mm [approx. /16 in wingspan]. Forewing pale brown, variably suffused with blackish brown; terminal quarter sprinkled with white scales; a distinct triangular white spot on the dorsum near the middle. -
Heredity Volume 20 Part 3 August 1965
HEREDITY VOLUME 20 PART 3 AUGUST 1965 GENETIC SYSTEMS IN ALLIUM III. MEIOSIS AND BREEDING SYSTEMS S. VED BRAT Botany School, Oxford University Received12.11.65 1. INTRODUCTION REGULATIONof variability in a species is mainly determined by its chromosome behaviour and reproductive method. Their genotypic control and adaptive nature has been pointed out by Darlington (1932, '939) and by Mather (i4). Their co-adaptation is vita! for the genetic balance of a breeding group. Consequently, a forced change in the breeding system of a species upsets its chromosome behaviour during meiosis as in rye (see Rees, 1961) or it may lead to selection for a change in chromosome structure securing immediate fitness as in cockroaches (Lewis and John, 1957; John and Lewis, 1958). In nature, coordination between chromosome structure and behaviour, and the breeding system fulfils the need for compromise between long term flexibility and immediate fitness. This is achieved through the control of crossing over within the chromosomes and recombination between them. The sex differences in meiosis, however, have a special significance in this respect and I have discussed the same earlier (i965b). Thus, the meiotic mechanism provides recom- bination within the genotype and the breeding systems extend the same to the population. The present study is an attempt to find out the working correlations between the two components of the genetic systems in the genus Allium. 2. MATERIALSAND METHODS Mostof the Allium species used in the present studies were obtained from Botanic Gardens but wild material was examined where possible (table i, Ved Brat, x 965a). Meiosis was studied from the pollen mother cells after squashing in acetic orcein (Vosa, i g6 i). -
Condensed Tannins 7
120 Biochem. J. (1961) 78, 120 Condensed Tannins 7. ISOLATION OF (-)-7:3':4'-TRIHYDROXYFLAVAN-3-OL [(-)-FISETINIDOL], A NATURALLY OCCURRING CATECHIN FROM BLACK-WATTLE HEARTWOOD* By D. G. ROUX AND E. PAULUS Leather Industries Research Institute, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa (Received 9 May 1960) The interrelated flavonoid compounds (+ )- aqueous phase extracted with ethyl acetate in each in- 7:3':4'-trihydroxyflavan-3:4-diol (Keppler, 1957) stance. The combined organic and ethyl acetate extracts of 2:3-trans:3:4-cis configuration (Clark-Lewis & from each fraction were evaporated to 50 ml. and applied Roux, 1959), (+ )-fustin (2:3-trans) and in bands to sheets (5 ml./sheet) of 221 in. x 18j in. What- 1958, man no. 3 chromatographic paper. The chromatograms fisetin (Roux & Paulus, 1960) have been isolated were developed by upward migration in 2 % acetic acid for from black-wattle-wood tannins. In the present 12 hr. The fustin (RF 0-43 on Whatman no. 3 paper), the study a new catechin, (-)-fisetinidol, correspond- polymeric leuco-fisetinidin and the ( +)-mollisacacidin ing to these substances has been isolated, and their (traces) (RF 0 57) bands were located with toluene-p- biogenesis is discussed. sulphonic acid. Bands in the region Rp 050 which appeared yellowish in ordinary light were cut out and eluted with 70% ethanol. Concentrate of the eluents gave 0-113 g. of EXPERIMENTAL AND RESULTS pale-yellow crystals. The mother liquors were purified by All melting points are uncorrected. Mixed melting running on five sheets, as above, yielding a further 0-05 g. points were on equimolecular mixtures of the substances Pale-yellow crystals of (- )-fisetinidol, m.p. -
Gabon): (Khaya Ivorensis A. Chev
Analysis and valorization of co-products from industrial transformation of Mahogany (Gabon) : (Khaya ivorensis A. Chev) Arsène Bikoro Bi Athomo To cite this version: Arsène Bikoro Bi Athomo. Analysis and valorization of co-products from industrial transformation of Mahogany (Gabon) : (Khaya ivorensis A. Chev). Analytical chemistry. Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, 2020. English. NNT : 2020PAUU3001. tel-02887477 HAL Id: tel-02887477 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02887477 Submitted on 2 Jul 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THÈSE Présentée et soutenue publiquement pour l’obtention du grade de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITÉ DE PAU ET DES PAYS DE L’ADOUR Spécialité : Chimie Analytique et environnement Par Arsène BIKORO BI ATHOMO Analyse et valorisation des coproduits de la transformation industrielle de l’Acajou du Gabon (Khaya ivorensis A. Chev) Sous la direction de Bertrand CHARRIER et Florent EYMA À Mont de Marsan, le 20 Février 2020 Rapporteurs : Pr. Philippe GERARDIN Professeur, Université de Lorraine Dr. Jalel LABIDI Professeur, Université du Pays Basque Examinateurs : Pr. Antonio PIZZI Professeur, Université de Lorraine Maitre assistant, Université des Sciences et Dr. Rodrigue SAFOU TCHIAMA Techniques de Masuku Maitre assistant, Université des Sciences et Dr. -
Perspectives on Tannins • Andrzej Szczurek Perspectives on Tannins
Perspectives on Tannins on Perspectives • Andrzej Szczurek Perspectives on Tannins Edited by Andrzej Szczurek Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Biomolecules www.mdpi.com/journal/biomolecules Perspectives on Tannins Perspectives on Tannins Editor Andrzej Szczurek MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade • Manchester • Tokyo • Cluj • Tianjin Editor Andrzej Szczurek Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw Poland Editorial Office MDPI St. Alban-Anlage 66 4052 Basel, Switzerland This is a reprint of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Biomolecules (ISSN 2218-273X) (available at: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/biomolecules/special issues/Perspectives Tannins). For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated on the article page online and as indicated below: LastName, A.A.; LastName, B.B.; LastName, C.C. Article Title. Journal Name Year, Volume Number, Page Range. ISBN 978-3-0365-1092-7 (Hbk) ISBN 978-3-0365-1093-4 (PDF) © 2021 by the authors. Articles in this book are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. The book as a whole is distributed by MDPI under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND. Contents About the Editor .............................................. vii Andrzej Szczurek Perspectives on Tannins Reprinted from: Biomolecules 2021, 11, 442, doi:10.3390/biom11030442 ................ 1 Xiaowei Sun, Haley N. Ferguson and Ann E. Hagerman Conformation and Aggregation of Human Serum Albumin in the Presence of Green Tea Polyphenol (EGCg) and/or Palmitic Acid Reprinted from: Biomolecules 2019, 9, 705, doi:10.3390/biom9110705 ................ -
ABSTRACT YUZUAK, SEYIT. Utilizing Metabolomics and Model Systems
ABSTRACT YUZUAK, SEYIT. Utilizing Metabolomics and Model Systems to Gain Insight into Precursors and Polymerization of Proanthocyanidins in Plants (Under the direction of Dr. De-Yu Xie). Proanthocyanidins (PAs) are oligomers or polymers of flavan-3-ols. In plants, PAs have multiple protective functions against biotic and abiotic stresses. PAs are also important nutraceuticals existing in common beverages and food products to benefit human health. To date, although the biosynthesis of PAs has been intensively studieed and fundamental progress has been made in over the past decades, many questions remain unanswered. For example, its direct precursors of extension units are unknown and their monomer structure diversity are also unclear. These questions about proanthocyanidins result from not having of model systems and effective technologies. Our laboratory has made significant progress in enhancing the understanding of these unknown and unclear points regarding proanthocyanidins. In my dissertation research reported here, I focus on two areas: testing muscadine as a crop system to develop metabolomics for studying precursor diversity and isolating enzymes from a red cell tobacco system to understand the precursors of the extension units of PA. First, I developed a metabolomics protocol to analyze anthocyanidins and anthocyanins in muscadine grape. This study demonstrated that muscadine berries can produce at least six anthocyanidins, revealing the diversity of pathway precursors for PAs. The Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry is reviewing this work. Second, I developed a metabolomics protocol of HPLC-qTOF-MS/MS to analyze flavan- 3-ols and dimeric PAs in muscadine grape. This study also demonstrated the high structure diversity of flavan-3-ols, particularly methylated flavan-3-ols. -
East Bay Regional Park District Checklist of Wild Plants Sorted Alphabetically by Scientific Name
East Bay Regional Park District Checklist of Wild Plants Sorted Alphabetically by Scientific Name This is a comprehensive list of the wild plants reported to be found in the East Bay Regional Park District. The plants are sorted alphabetically by scientific name. This list includes the common name, family, status, invasiveness rating, origin, longevity, habitat, and bloom dates. EBRPD plant names that have changed since the 1993 Jepson Manual are listed alphabetically in an appendix. Column Heading Description Checklist column for marking off the plants you observe Scientific Name According to The Jepson Manual: Vascular Plants of California, Second Edition (JM2) and eFlora (ucjeps.berkeley.edu/IJM.html) (JM93 if different) If the scientific name used in the 1993 edition of The Jepson Manual (JM93) is different, the change is noted as (JM93: xxx) Common Name According to JM2 and other references (not standardized) Family Scientific family name according to JM2, abbreviated by replacing the “aceae” ending with “-” (ie. Asteraceae = Aster-) Status Special status rating (if any), listed in 3 categories, divided by vertical bars (‘|’): Federal/California (Fed./Calif.) | California Native Plant Society (CNPS) | East Bay chapter of the CNPS (EBCNPS) Fed./Calif.: FE = Fed. Endangered, FT = Fed. Threatened, CE = Calif. Endangered, CR = Calif. Rare CNPS (online as of 2012-01-23): 1B = Rare, threatened or endangered in Calif, 3 = Review List, 4 = Watch List; 0.1 = Seriously endangered in California, 0.2 = Fairly endangered in California EBCNPS (online as of 2012-01-23): *A = Statewide listed rare; A1 = 2 East Bay regions or less; A1x = extirpated; A2 = 3-5 regions; B = 6-9 Inv California Invasive Plant Council Inventory (Cal-IPCI) Invasiveness rating: H = High, L = Limited, M = Moderate, N = Native OL Origin and Longevity. -
ABSTRACT ZENG, HAINIAN. Development
ABSTRACT ZENG, HAINIAN. Development-dependent Formation and Metabolism of Anthocyanins and Proanthocyanidins in Acer Species. (Under the direction of David Danehower, William Hoffmann, Jenny Xiang and De-yu Xie). Anthocyanins are one of the richest pigments, which belong to flavonoid compounds in plant kingdom. They have many biological and ecological functions. Over the past many years, numerous efforts have been made to determine the biosynthetic pathway of anthocyanins and also to identify several regulatory proteins mainly in flowers and fruits of model plants and crop plants. However, many questions concerning the metabolism of anthocyanins in foliage remains unsolved. One example is “How can developmental processes impact on accumulation patterns of anthocyanins in leaves”. In this study, we choose several cultivars from one of the most popular ornamental plants Acer palmatum Thunb. to understand the mechanism of developmental changes of pigmentation in leaf. Several other maple species were also analyzed. We propose that the metabolism of anthocyanins play an essential role in such changes. We use an integrated approach of phytochemistry and metabolic profiling to determine the biosynthesis and metabolism of anthocyanins and their impacts on foliage color. Proanthocyanidin analysis was carried out as well to determine their relationship to both anthocyanin production and foliar coloration. We have found that even for green leaves with no/trace amount of detectable anthocyanins, the biosynthetic pathway of anthocyanidin/proanthocyanidin -
Anthocyanin Pigments: Beyond Aesthetics
molecules Review Anthocyanin Pigments: Beyond Aesthetics , Bindhu Alappat * y and Jayaraj Alappat y Warde Academic Center, St. Xavier University, 3700 W 103rd St, Chicago, IL 60655, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] These authors contributed equally to this work. y Academic Editor: Pasquale Crupi Received: 29 September 2020; Accepted: 19 November 2020; Published: 24 November 2020 Abstract: Anthocyanins are polyphenol compounds that render various hues of pink, red, purple, and blue in flowers, vegetables, and fruits. Anthocyanins also play significant roles in plant propagation, ecophysiology, and plant defense mechanisms. Structurally, anthocyanins are anthocyanidins modified by sugars and acyl acids. Anthocyanin colors are susceptible to pH, light, temperatures, and metal ions. The stability of anthocyanins is controlled by various factors, including inter and intramolecular complexations. Chromatographic and spectrometric methods have been extensively used for the extraction, isolation, and identification of anthocyanins. Anthocyanins play a major role in the pharmaceutical; nutraceutical; and food coloring, flavoring, and preserving industries. Research in these areas has not satisfied the urge for natural and sustainable colors and supplemental products. The lability of anthocyanins under various formulated conditions is the primary reason for this delay. New gene editing technologies to modify anthocyanin structures in vivo and the structural modification of anthocyanin via semi-synthetic methods offer new opportunities in this area. This review focusses on the biogenetics of anthocyanins; their colors, structural modifications, and stability; their various applications in human health and welfare; and advances in the field. Keywords: anthocyanins; anthocyanidins; biogenetics; polyphenols; flavonoids; plant pigments; anthocyanin bioactivities 1. Introduction Anthocyanins are water soluble pigments that occur in most vascular plants. -
Oenological Tannins : Characteristics, Properties and Functionalities
Oenological Tannins : characteristics, properties and functionalities. Impact on wine quality. Adeline Vignault To cite this version: Adeline Vignault. Oenological Tannins : characteristics, properties and functionalities. Impact on wine quality.. Agricultural sciences. Université de Bordeaux; Universitat Rovira i Virgili (Tarragone, Espagne), 2019. English. NNT : 2019BORD0263. tel-02499650 HAL Id: tel-02499650 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02499650 Submitted on 5 Mar 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THÈSE EN COTUTELLE PRÉSENTÉE POUR OBTENIR LE GRADE DE DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITÉ DE BORDEAUX ET DE L’UNIVERSITÉ ROVIRA i VIRGILI ÉCOLE DOCTORALE SCIENCES DE LA VIE ET DE LA SANTE ÉCOLE DOCTORALE BIOQU ĺMICA Y BIOTECNOLOG ĺA SPÉCIALITÉ OENOLOGIE Par Adeline VIGNAULT TANINS ŒNOLOGIQUES : CARACTÉRISTIQUES, PROPRIÉTÉS ET FONCTIONNALITÉS Impact sur la qualité des vins Sous la direction de Pierre-Louis TEISSEDRE et de Fernando ZAMORA Soutenue le 25 novembre 2019 Membres du jury : Pr. RICARDO DA SILVA, Jorge Université de Lisbonne Président Pr. KALLITHRAKA, Stamatina Université d’Athènes Rapporteur Pr. MARÍN ARROYO, Remedios María Université de Navarre Rapporteur Pr. GÓMEZ PLAZA, Encarna Université de Murcia Examinateur Pr. TEISSEDRE, Pierre-Louis Université de Bordeaux Directeur de Thèse Pr.