Index ability and interoperability 277 Austria 113, 150, 156, 177, 182, 192–4, access, non-discriminatory 43, 46, 201 303–21, 333 authorization process 286–9, 291–2, accounting separation 56, 68, 356–7 293, 294, 299, 300 acquisitions 182–9 autonomy, managerial 90–108 ‘additivity principle’ 326, 332, 338 auto transportation 240, 343, 346 Adelaide–Darwin 262 availability-based concessions 250, Adif 199 253, 255, 260, 268, 269 ageing population 30 avoidable cost principle 350 airport rail links (ARLs) 250, 252, 253, 268, 269 bankruptcies 98 air transport 127–8, 130, 343, 346, Banverket 58 359 Baritaud, M. 325 Alexandersson, G. 2, 59, 103–4, BBG (Federal Railways Act/ 106 Bundesbahngesetz) 192 Allais, Maurice 324, 330, 336 BCG study 102 Alleo 181 BDZ Cargo 154 alliances 179–82, 318 Beacon Rail 224 Alpha Trains 222 Beckers et al. 175 Amtrak 241, 343 Belgium 16, 113, 151, 153, 308 Angel 211, 223, 224 benchmark competition 242, 245 Arenaways 176, 196 Beria et al. 70 Arlanda Express 262, 263, 267 BLS AG 243 100–101, 182, 202, 312, 313 BNA (Bundesnetzagentur) 307 Arriva RP 192 bottlenecks, monopolistic 42, 43, 48 Artesia 180 BRC 154 Arup 223 Brisbane Airtrain 262 asset management 227, 229 Britain see UK asset-only PPPs 252 British Rail 59, 61 assets brownfield concessions 270 return 317–18 BTRE 297 value 314–16, 320 Bulgaria 100, 154 ATOC (Association of Train Operating bundled regimes 82–3 Companies) 221, 223, 227 bus access 312–13 Augusta 193 business diversification 350, 360 Australia 222, 234, 261, 262, 297, 342, Butcher, L. 214, 217 344, 345 Australian National Railway cabotage 4, 44, 47, 48 Commission (AN) 342 Cantos et al. 105, 236, 238 Australian Rail Track Corporation capacity allocation 326–30, 332–3, (ARTC) 342 336, 338

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‘Cargo 10’ project 154 competitive tendering 97–8, 102, 105, CargoNet 154 106, 107, 175, 178, 179, 201, 234 cars 240, 343, 346 Sweden 240, 241, 245 CC (Competition Commission) complete trains transport 158, 159, 219–20, 226 160 CD Cargo 150 complexity 106, 108 CDC Infrastructures 270 complexity-related risk 259–60 CD Passenger 190 Comsa Rail Transport 151 ceiling price 348, 349, 351 concession 124, 253, 260–64 certifications for train drivers 91 concessionaires 249, 253, 260, 262, CFR Marfa 151 263, 264, 265, 266 Chandler, A. 324 conformity assessment 279, 288 Channel Tunnel 96, 308, 311 congestion, infrastructure 326, 328, Chicago Freight Car Leasing Australia 330 222 Connecting Europe Facility (CEF) 300 city centre station, type of access to Connex 194, 195 116 Conservative government (1979–1997) Class 1 railways (Japan) 348, 355 213–15 Class 2 railways (Japan) 348, 355 Conservative–Liberal Democrat Class 3 railways (Japan) 348, 355 Coalition government (2010–2015) CMA (Competition and Markets 220–22 Authority)/UK 315 construction costs 116–18 Combley, R. 277 construction procedures 116 commercialization 92–5, 101–8 container transport 159 commercial passenger services 234, contented mobility 29 240 contracts 93–4, 98, 102–3, 106, 107, commercial risks 250, 260–68 108, 175 Commission Recommendation cooperation 100–101, 359, 360, 361 2011/217/EU 294 coordination 94, 95, 98 Committee of the Regulatory Impact coordination mechanisms 78–83 Study on Government-Regulated cost factor 331–2 Public Service Charges (Japan) cost functions 232 354 costs comparator asset cost 316 allocation 313–14 Competent Authorities 5 competition, affect of 71 competition 1, 56, 61, 71, 91, 107, 108, construction 116–18 245, 333, 357 of diversity 297 between air and rail 127–34 full-cost principle 355 and costs 236 HSR 119–20 and European Commission 234 infrastructure 334–5, 337, 339 indirect 341 operating 9, 326 intermodal 70 of unbundling 78, 79 in Japan 347–8, 353–5, 360 and yardstick regulation 353–4, and rail freight 162, 241 360 and regulation 321 Creagh, Mary 223 and Roscos 229 Croatia 144, 154, 157 and third-party access 38–48 cross-acceptance 289, 299, 300 and vertical separation 72, 83 Crossrail 161, 162, 228, 229, 270 Competition Act 1980 (UK) 225 cross-subsidization 90–91, 337–8, 339, competitive advantage 12 350

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Crozet, Y. 125, 130, 134 Directive 2001/14/EC 3, 4, 18, 45, 325 CTRL (Channel Tunnel) 261 Directive 2001/16/EC 3, 275, 281, 282 customers 11, 12 Directive 2004/49/EC 4, 282 Czech Railways 190 Directive 2004/50/EC 4, 281–2 Czech Republic 150, 177, 183, 190–91, Directive 2004/51/EC 4 201 Directive 2007/58/EC 4 Directive 2007/59/EC 4 Darling, Alastair 219 Directive 2008/57/EC 275, 277, 280, DB Cargo 145 282, 286, 287–8, 291, 295 DB () 61, 103, 145, 184, and mutual recognition 289 185, 195, 196, 308 and NoBos 292, 293 acquisitions 100–101, 182, 202 Directive 2011-14/EC 335 and Connex 194 Directive 2012/34/EC 305–6, 307, 318 and HS 181 Directive 2012/34/EU 46, 47 and Railteam Alliance 179 direct negotiations 97–8, 102, 103, 107 DB Mobility Logistics AG (DB ML dispersing business 101 AG) 61 diversification 350, 360 DB Netze 61, 145 diversity, cost of 297 DB-ÖBB (Deutsche Bahn– domestic passenger services 5, 91, 130, Österreichische Bundesbahnen) 132, 182 176, 196 DRC (depreciated replacement cost) DB Railion 154 314, 315–16, 318, 320 DB Schenker 61, 145, 154, 155, 158, DSB 95–6 160, 161, 166 DSB Goods 154 monopoly scenario 162–5 Dubois, L.-P. 324 and Renfe 151 duopoly 164–5, 166 DB Schenker Rail Danmark Services Dutch Railways 145 A/S 154 Dutzik et al. 263–4 decentralisation 59 DV29 294 deep alliance 54 delays and performance 95 EC Declaration of Verification of the demand-creation activities 358 subsystem 288 demand functions 232 economic regulation 1–20 demographic change 22–33 economic regulation theory 92–3 Denmark 95–6, 103, 154, 201 efficiency 79, 238, 239, 245 density of trains 105 Eidan 352, 353 dependence 106, 108 Eiffage Rail Express 8 depreciation adjustment 316 elasticity, price 265, 337 DfT (Department for Transport)/UK Ellwanger, G. 30–31 211, 216, 219, 220, 221, 224, 225, ‘end-to-end’ alliance 180 270 ENRRB (European Network of Rail Directive 91/414/EC 333 Regulatory Bodies) 18, 19 Directive 91/440/EC 2–3, 43–4, 52, 55, Enterprise Act 2002 (UK) 219, 225 56, 57, 89, 98 entrepreneurship 103, 108 Directive 96/48/EC 275, 281, 282 entry regulations 348–9, 351 Directive 1991/440/EC 324–5 environmental protection 117–18 Directive 1995/19/EC 325 equilibrium theory 326 Directive 2001/4/EC 95 ERA (European Railway Agency) 4, Directive 2001/12/EC 3, 18, 44–5 13, 56, 282–3, 294, 299 Directive 2001/13/EC 3 Eriksen, K.S. 104

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ERTMS (the European Rail Traffic Fourth Railway Package 5–6, 17–18, Management System) 11 44, 46, 47, 48, 56, 58, 107, 138, essential facilities 40, 42, 313, 319 240 essential functions 54 on domestic market 91 essential requirements 277–8 and Interoperability Directive 282 Estonia 154, 157 fragmentation 94 ‘L’État et les Chemins de Fer’ (Walras) 26, 28, 65, 67, 68, 201 41 Directive 2008/57/EC 291 European Association for Railway HSLs 113, 114, 115, 116, 117–18, Interoperability (AEIF) 282 124 European Commission (EC) ix, 233–4, HSR 125 308, 324–5, 358 PPPs 257, 260, 270 see also directives RACs 331–2 European Harmonized standards 280, rail freight 145–6, 156 286 rail share 346 European railway area 4, 11, 56 franchises 246, 333, 337 ‘European transport policy for 2010: UK 61, 211, 215, 218, 220, 224, time to decide’ (EC/COM) 3 226–7 179, 308, 311 freight 44, 65, 70, 138–67, 234, 238, Eurotunnel 8, 256, 262, 267, 308 313, 346, 359 Eversholt 211, 224 and access 310 ex ante analyses 125 Australia 342 ex ante information 298, 333 France 65 ex ante value-for-money assessments Japan 341, 344 257 and passenger services 237 exit regulations 348–9, 351 and RACs 330, 331, 338 expenses and cross-subsidization 9, and Second Railway Package 91 10 Sweden 239, 240 ex post analyses 125 Switzerland 68, 243, 244, 245 ex post comparisons 257 USA 222, 238–9, 241–2, 343 ex post information 298, 333 freight freeways 144 Fret SNCF 146, 155, 158, 160, 161, ‘fair rail access charge’ (EC White 165, 166 Paper) 325 FS (Ferrovie dello Stato) 148–9, 196, Fair Trading Act 1973 (UK) 225 197, 202 fare regulation 349–50, 351 FSI (Ferrovie dello Stato Italiano) Federal Railroad Agency (FRA) 324 130 Felbermayr Holding GmbH 164 FS Logistica 149 financial crises 257–8 full-cost principle 54, 349, 355 financial leverage 265–6 funding, public 6, 178 financing 121–3, 257, 264 ‘The future of rail’ (DfT) 218 Finger, M. 2, 18, 70, 71 Finland 99, 153, 156, 201 game theory 93 first-order regulations 93, 107 Gasparic et al. 164, 165 First Railway Package 3, 44, 45, 46, GATX 222 56, 57, 90–91, 92, 281 GE Capital Rail Leasing 222 Flyvbjerg et al. 265 Gelderland 106 FOCs (freight operating companies) general equilibrium theory 326 211 geography, affect of HSR 116, 125 see also freight George, Pierre 22, 24

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Germany 8, 31, 47, 61, 63, 64, 68, 103, HS (high-speed) services 47, 171, 172, 177, 194–6, 201 197–8, 199 acquisitions 182 HSLs (high-speed lines) 116–18, 171, BNA 307 250, 253, 260, 264, 266, 270 and gross contracts 98 HSL Zuid 259 HSLs 113, 114, 115, 116, 118 HSR (high-speed rail) 25, 33, 112–35, market share of newcomers 183 181, 250, 252, 268, 269 NRA 18 Hulten, S. 59 open-access services 308 Hungary 99, 153, 156 rail freight 145, 156 HZ Cargo 154 rail share 346 and regional authorities 99 IEP ( Programme) Roscos 222 219, 221, 228, 229, 270 tendering 104 Iida, M. 343 Giuricin, A. 134 IMs (infrastructure managers) 7–11, Go-Ahead 182 15, 16, 45, 53, 68, 74, 173 Goerger, O. 30–31 and Fourth Railway Package 56 goods transport 142–3 and HSLs 118 Governmental Act no. 9/1993 (Czech and incentive misalignments 73, 84 Republic) 190 Netherlands 64 Great Britain 59, 61, 62, 78, 210–29, and non-discriminatory access 46 234, 257, 270 and RACs 323 see also UK and rail track charges 96 Great Southern Railway (GSR) 342 RFF 65 Greece 144, 157 RFI 130, 132–3 Green Cargo 148, 154 and timetabling 76–7 Griffiths, T. 183 UK 81 Grimm, C. 42 incentive misalignments 73–8, 79, 80, 84 gross contracts 98, 102–3, 106, 107, income and cross-subsidization 9, 10 108 incumbents 101, 150, 165, 171, 178, GSM-R 258 179, 180–83, 189, 190–202 guarantees 267 and freight 144 GySEV 153 and HS sector 172 and market shares 140 H&S Container Line GmbH 164 and third companies 184–5 Haeger & Schmidt International independence, managerial 90–108 GmbH 164 Independent Regulators’ Group – Rail harmonization, technical 297, 298, (IRG-Rail) 18 299–300 indexation adjustment 316 Harz Elbe Express 195 indirect competition 341, 353–5, 358, Haselsteiner, Hans-Peter 193 360 HAS (High Speed Alliance) 100 infrastructure HGK 338 British 211, 227 HKX (Hamburg-Koln-Express) 195 congestion 326, 328, 330 holding model 98–9, 103, 105, 107, costs 118, 334–5, 337, 339 108, 246, 318 pricing 9–10 Hood et al. 92 separate from rail operations 98–9, horizontal coordination 105 103–4, 105, 107 horizontal integration 163 and viability of lines 125 horizontal separation 55, 70, 236, 240 see also construction costs

Matthias Finger and Pierre Messulam - 9781783473335 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/29/2021 04:57:37AM via free access 370 Rail economics, policy and regulation in Europe infrastructure funds 223 /Downer 342 infrastructure-only concessions 266 KL ERL 256, 258 infrastructure-only PPPs 250, 252, 254 Kobe Rapid Transit Railway 348, 355 infrastructure-only traffic-based Korail 261 concessions 266 Korea, South 261 ‘Initial Industry Plans’ (IIP) 80 Kuala Lumpur ARL 262, 263 institutional perspective 94–5, 107, 108 institutional separation 56, 59, 64, 68, Laabsch, C. 237–8 173 Labour government (1997–2010) institutional vertical separation 355, 215–16 356 Lalanne, Léon 22–3 integrated PPPs 252, 254 Länder 64 intercity trains 270 Latvia 148, 156 InterConnex 194, 338 Latvian Railways (LDZ) 148, 150 intermodal transport 70, 159, 160 LDz Cargo Ltd 148 internalization of externalities 300 leisure travel 33 international passenger services 44, 47, LeNord 196 91, 130, 181 Leo Express 191 International Union of Railways Lévêque, F. 325 115–16 LG () 150–51 interoperability 5, 275–300 licenses for train drivers 4 Interoperability Directive see Directive Lisea 8 2008/57/EC Lithuania 150–51 interstate rail network, Australia 342 Ljungberg, A. 102 investment coordination 74–6 loan guarantees 267 IPO (initial public offering) 199 London Continental Railways 308 Ireland 238 long-distance services 177, 178, 179, IRR (internal rate of return) 125 190, 330, 331, 338 Italian Competition Commission Longobardi, T. 198 (AGCM) 196–7 Luton Airport 312 Italian Railways 243 Luxembourg 238 Italy 113, 118, 148–9, 176, 177, 196–8, 201 Madrid–Barcelona link 127–8 HSLs 47, 115, 116, 130–34, 172 Malaysia 262 lineal network 114 marginal costs 335–6, 339 and SNCF 182 marginal-cost track charges 96 marginal price theory 328 Japan 54, 70, 233, 235, 239, 242, 341, market power, network-specific 343, 344–60 42–3 and vertical integration 244, 245 Matthews, B. 325, 335, 336 Jensen, A. 235, 240 MÁV Cargo 153 Jernhusen 58 McNulty, R. 71, 78, 80, 81, 83 JNR (Japan National Railway) 50, 70, McNulty report 54 242, 344, 351 mergers 100–101 joint ventures 101, 179–82, 195 Merkert et al. 78 JR (Japan Railway) companies 242, Merkert, R. 103, 106 344, 347, 348, 351, 359 migration 27–8, 29 Minard, Charles-Joseph 23–4 Karsdorfer Eisenbahngesellschaft 145 minimum access package 305 Keolis 101, 181, 182, 190, 195–6 Mizutani et al. 242, 350, 354

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Mizutani, F. 347, 348, 349, 350, 351, network-specific market power 42–3 354 network structure 10 costs and train density 71, 105, 358 ‘New Approach to Technical MLIT (Ministry of Land, Harmonisation and Standards’ Infrastructure, Transport and 278, 280, 281, 290 Tourism)/Japan 347, 348 newcomers 183, 186–8, 189, 190–202 monopolistic bottlenecks 42, 43, 48 New Institutional Economics 83 monopoly 162–3, 165, 166, 175 ‘New opportunities for the railways: Morichi, K. 353 The privatisation of British Rail’ Moriconi-Ebrard, François 28 (HMSO) 213–14 MSM Group 195 New Public Management (NPM) 94 mutual recognition 276, 280, 289, 300 New South Wales 261 Nilsson, J.E. 58 Nash, C. 47, 55, 71, 72, 96, 106, 347 NMBS Logistics 164 on Britain 235 NNRA (Norwegian National Rail on Germany 103 Administration) 102 on HSR 125 NoBo (notified body) 279, 287–8, on intra-modal competition 134 292–3 on open-access passenger operations non-discrimination 245 183 non-rail businesses 350, 360 on RACs 325, 335, 336 North America 233 on vertical separation 358 see also USA (United States of Nash et al. 240–41 America) Natarajan et al. 180 Norway 96, 97, 98, 101, 102, 104, 154, National Audit Office (UK) 215 201 National Economic Research rail freight 157 Associates 297 Notified National Technical Rules National Express 312 277 nationalization, Prussia 41 NPA (‘not primarily abstractive’ ) test national passenger transport market, 61 opening of 5 NRAs (National (Railway) Regulatory national technical rules 293 Authorities) 3, 4–5, 6–7, 15, negotiations, direct 97–8, 102, 103, 107 18–19 net contracts 97–8, 102, 103, 107, 108 NS 64, 65, 100, 103 Netherlands 64–5, 66, 68, 80, 98, 99, NSAs (National Safety Authorities) 100, 177–8 283, 286, 288, 291–2 and competitive tendering 201 NSB 97, 101, 104 and contracts 103 NSB Goods 154 density of trains 105 NS International 179 and efficiency 238 NTV (Nuovo Trasporto Viaggiatori) HSR 113 130–32, 134, 180, 182, 197, 198, rail freight 153–4, 157 338 regionalization 106 182, 195 ÖBB (Austrian Federal Railways) 150, net present value 255 179, 192, 193 net revenue 266 OECD 72, 338–9 network access 10, 174–5 OECD International Transport Forum Network Rail 54, 61, 81, 211, 217, 227, 325 234 Office for Passenger Rail Services (UK) network safety 11 221

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Office of Passenger Rail Franchising PFI (Private Finance Initiative) 219, (UK) 213, 216 228 oil, price of 300 Pittman, R. 180, 343 Okabe, M. 349 PKP 145, 191 Olsen, S. 104 PKP Cargo 145 open-access services 178, 183, 311, 313 PKP Intercity 192 Austria 192–3 Poceirao–Caia 258, 260 Germany 64, 308 Poland 145, 146, 147, 156, 191–2, 201 and RACs 324, 333, 337, 338 political and regulatory risks 258–9 Switzerland 68, 244 population density 116 UK 175–6, 211 Porterbrook 211, 223, 224 open points 283–4, 288 ports and rail 153 ‘operating alliance’ 180 Portugal 260 operation of trains 125–6 PPPs (public–private partnerships) 8, organisational separation 56, 68 124, 248–70, 272–4, 334 Orlyval 249 Preston, J. 134, 235 ORR (Office of Rail Regulation)/UK price elasticity 265, 337 10, 17, 61, 176, 307, 309–10 prices 9–10, 191, 195, 200, 313–14 and Roscos 215–16, 219–20, 225 price signals 326–33 Overall Liberalization Index 173–4 principal–agent relationships 93–4 ownership unbundling 43, 54 private investors 183, 186–8 privatization Pacific National (PN) 342 British Rail 100, 211, 213–14, 222, Painvain, N. 258 223, 234, 235 pantographs 279 Japan 242, 341, 344, 347, 350, parcel loads 158 351–3 partial institutional separation PRM-TSI 225 355–6 production coordination 77–8 passenger rights 91 production costs 78 passenger services 5, 132, 179–89, 244, production planning 76 311–13, 346 profit, reasonable 316–17 Australia 342 ProRail 64, 65 commercial 234 Proxion Train Oy 153 domestic 5, 91, 130 PR (Polish Regional Railways) 192 France 65 Prussian Railway Law 40–41 Germany 64 PSO (public service obligation) 12, international 44, 47, 91 176, 179, 338 Japan 341, 344, 360 Germany 194–5 long-distance 330, 331, 338 and RACs 333, 339 separation from freight 237 Public Accounts Committee (UK) Sweden 240, 241 215 UK 61, 99 public authorities 253, 255, 256, 260, path allocation 332 261, 262, 263, 265 path dependency 26 public funding 6, 178 Perennes, P. 325 Public Transport Authorities (PTAs) performance measures 90, 95–6, 104 104–6, 107, 108 puente aéreo 127–8 permission system 349, 351, 360 Pulling, N. 277 Perpignan-Figueras tunnel concession Pumain, Denise 28 8, 263, 265, 268 punctuality 77, 78, 107

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Queensland Rail 342 retail margins 317 Quinet, E. 72, 325, 336 revenue 266 QW Leasing 224 ‘Review of the rolling stock market’ report (ORR) 216 RACs (rail access charges) 323–40 RFF 8, 65, 124, 146, 260 Rail Cargo Austria 153 RFI 130, 132–3 rail freight see freight ridership 263, 264, 265, 266, 268 Railion 145, 154 ridership guarantees 267 rail performance schemes 95–6, 107, 108 Ridley Plan 213 Railpool 222 Rigas, K. 59 rails 279 rigidity 259–60 Railteam Alliance 179–80 risks 250, 258–68 rail-to-rail competition 42 RKE nv 164 Railtrack 59, 61, 217, 234 ‘Roadmap to a single transport area’ rail-track charges 96, 108, 350 (EC/COM) 3 Railway Business Law (Japan) 351 Robins, D. 235 railway infrastructure managers see rolling stock 12–13, 175, 250, 282, 315 IMs (infrastructure managers) see also Roscos (railway rolling stock railway operators 11–13 companies) see also TOCs (train operating Romania 97, 151, 152 companies) Rome–Milan link 130, 134 Railways Act 1993 (UK) 213, 217 Rosa, A. 2, 18, 70 Railways Act 2005 (UK) 218 Roscos (railway rolling stock Railway Sector Act (Spain) 199 companies) 13, 59, 210–29 Railway Structural Reform Program ‘Route Utilisation Strategies’ (RUS) 80 (Russia) 343 RR (Russian Railways) 343–4 railway undertakings (RU) 53, 65, 73, rural desertification 27–8 74, 173, 175–6 Russia 343–4, 344, 345 ramp-up periods 262, 264 Rangan, S. 180 safety 5, 11 Ratarahti Oy 153 Saito, D. 343, 350 realignment mechanisms 80–82 Sanner, H. 237–8 real-time coordination 77–8 Saratoga–Schenectady railroad 324 reasonable profit 316–17 Sax, E. 40–41 Recast of the First Railway Package 5, SBB (Schweizerische Bundesbahnen) 14, 17, 18, 56, 58, 138, 166, 305–6 65, 68, 179, 243 RegioJet 190, 191 Schwartz et al. 27 regional authorities 99–100, 104, 108, SDG 118 240 SEA 256, 260, 263, 265, 267 regional rail services 99–100, 103–4, seaports 153 107, 177, 178, 179, 190, 199, 240, second-order regulations 93, 107 243, 244–5 Second Railway Package 3–4, 57, 91, regional science 24 144, 281–2, 297 Regulation 881/2004/EC 4, 282 Section 54 arrangements 217–18, 220 Regulation 1370/2007 4, 11–12, 97 Séguret, S. 183 Regulation 1371/2007 4 Seoul ARL 261 Regulation EC No. 1370/2007 47 separation 173, 174, 234, 245, 318 regulation perspective 92–3 Denmark 103 reliability 78 Sweden 238, 240 Renfe 128, 129, 151 see also vertical separation

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Shinkansen system 359 Sweden 2, 16, 47, 55, 60, 98, 101, 148, Shoji, K. 348, 350 178, 201, 233, 235, 239, 240–41 single European railway area 45, 56 and efficiency 238 SJ (Swedish state railway company) and gross contracts 98 58, 59, 101, 104, 148 rail freight 156 slots 13, 15, 175, 327 regionalization 103–4, 106, 244–5 Slovakia 100, 153, 157, 191, 201 and track charges 102 Smith, A.S.J. 235 and unbundling 58–9, 68 SNCB 151, 179, 308 vertical separation 236 SNCB Logistics 151, 153, 162, 164 Swifambo Rail Leasing 222 SNCF 65, 124, 126, 190, 202, 262 Switzerland 65, 68, 69, 105, 113, 242–5 acquisitions 182, 184, 185 and efficiency 238, 239 EIL (Eurostar) 308 Sydney ARL 261 and freight 145, 146, 158, 160 Symonds Travers Morgan 297–8 and HS railways 181 in Italy 198 Tågkompaniet 101 and Keolis 101 Taiwan HSR 250, 257–8, 261 and NTV 180 Teito Rapid Transit Authority (Eidan) and Railteam Alliance 179 352, 353 in Spain 151 tendered passenger services 311–13 SNCF Voyages 193 tendering 97–8, 102, 105, 106, 107, South Africa 222 175, 178, 201, 234 South America 234 Germany 64 South Korea 261 Netherlands 65 South West Trains 54, 81 and regional authorities 104 Spain 26, 199, 201 Sweden 240 and efficiency 238 Terminal Railroad Case 39–40 HSLs 113, 114, 115, 116, 118, 125, TGV 330, 331 126, 127–9 TGV Lyria 179 PPPs 263 179, 195 and RACs 339 Thameslink 219, 221, 228, 229 rail freight 151 Thello 180 specific cases 284, 288 third-party access 38, 39–48 SRA (Strategic Rail Authority) Third Railway Package 4, 57, 91 216–17, 218 Thompson, L.S. 83 Staggers Rail Act (US) 70, 235, 241 ticketing scheme 243 standards 1, 279–80, 285, 286, 287 timetables 76–7, 175, 243 state-ownership management 100, TOCs (train operating companies) 6, 108 8, 11–13, 15 station managers 13–14 business models 337–8 stations, city centre 116 cost factor 326, 331–2 Stelling, P. 235, 240 UK 59, 61, 211, 214, 215, 216, 220, St Louis 39–40 221, 225, 227, 229 ‘A strategy for revitalizing the Tokyo Metro 352, 359 Community’s railways’ (EC/COM) TP Ferro 8, 268 3 track access charges 9, 12, 13, 15, 70, Student Agency 190 72, 74, 80, 91, 96, 102, 106, 107, subsidies 11–12, 47, 99, 334, 338 108 subsystems 278–9, 286, 289, 292, 294, Switzerland 68 295, 300 and timetables 76

Matthias Finger and Pierre Messulam - 9781783473335 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/29/2021 04:57:37AM via free access Index ­375 track infrastructure 53 Roscos 210–29 track infrastructure management 54 unbundling 59, 61, 62, 68, 71, 78, 80 track slot 13, 15, 175, 327 ‘Wessex’ alliance 81 traffic unbundling 52–84, 98–9, 103, 108, density 239 174, 175, 355–7, 358 passenger 239, 240 Uranishi, S. 71, 105, 242, 358 utilisation policy 116 urban–rural migration 27–8 volumes 335 URSF (Ufficio per la Regolazione dei traffic-based concessions 250, 253, servizi ferroviari) 176 255, 256, 260–68, 269 USA (United States of America) 233, Trafikverket 58 244, 245, 342–3, 344, 345 train drivers’ licensing 4, 91 freight market 222, 238–9 train operators 54, 55, 64, 81, 84, and RACs 324 125–6 rail share 346 see also TOCs (train operating Staggers Act 70, 235, 241–2 companies) and vertical separation 235 train station managers 13–14 utility adjustments 316 transaction costs 78, 79, 94, 257 Trans-European Transport Networks value chain 53, 73–83, 84 (TEN-T) 300 van de Velde et al. 70, 72, 74, 80, 105, transparency 103, 106, 108, 245, 293 236, 238 Transport Development Program VD 154 2006–2013 (Estonia) 154 vehicles 287–9, 296, 299 Transport Policy Act (Sweden) 58, 59 Veolia Transport 101, 180 Trasse Schweiz AG 68 vertical coordination 105, 106 travel time, reduction of 127 vertical integration 54, 70, 71, 72, 73, Trenitalia 101, 130, 149, 180, 196, 197, 83, 84, 173, 174, 233, 237–8, 244, 198 245, 246, 344, 358 Trenord 176 Australia 342 Trentitalia Cargo 149 and bottleneck infrastructures 43 TSIs (Technical Specifications for DB Schenker Rail 163, 164 Interoperability) 3, 11, 275–6, Japan 235, 242, 348, 360 278, 281, 282–6, 288, 294–6, 298, South America 234 299, 300 Switzerland 65, 68, 243 tunnels 295–6 USA 239, 241, 343 Twente 106 and van de Velde et al. 236 ‘Wessex’ alliance 81 UK 2, 16, 47, 55, 98, 103, 178, 182 vertical separation 53–4, 59, 70, 72, 73, and competitive tendering 201 83, 84, 234, 245, 358 and complexity of rail sector 106 Australia 342 and contracts 103 and Directive 91/440 55 Directive 2008/57/EC 291 and efficiency 79 HSR 113 Estonia 154 NRA 18 Japan 341, 348, 355–7, 360 open-access services 176 and Nash 71 ORR 10, 17, 307 Sweden 238, 240, 241 passenger rail transport 99 USA 235, 239 PPPs 257, 261, 262, 270 and van de Velde et al. 236–7 privatization 100, 234, 235 viable alternative 309–10, 311, 313, rail share 346 318–19

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Vierth, I. 148 Winston, C. 42 Vogtlandbahn 194–5 work travel 33 Voyager Leasing 224 World Bank 72 VR-Group Ltd 153 Xrail 155, 163 WACC (Weighted Average Cost of Capital) 317, 318 yardstick regulation 341, 349–50, wagon loads 158, 159–60, 164 353–5, 358, 360 Walras, Leon 41 Yarra Tram 342 Waters, W.G. 7 yield management systems 128, 129 ‘Wessex’ alliance 81 Yoshino, M.Y. 180 Westbahn Management GmbH 182, 192–3, 194 ZSSK Cargo 153

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