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La Traducción Del Dialecto: Análisis Descriptivo Del Dialecto Geográfico Y Social En Un Corpus De Novelas En Lengua Inglesa Y Su Traducción Al Español

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La Traducción Del Dialecto: Análisis Descriptivo Del Dialecto Geográfico Y Social En Un Corpus De Novelas En Lengua Inglesa Y Su Traducción Al Español Universitat Jaume I Facultat de Ciències Humanes i Socials Departament de Traducció i Comunicació La traducción del dialecto: análisis descriptivo del dialecto geográfico y social en un corpus de novelas en lengua inglesa y su traducción al español Tesis doctoral Presentada por Isabel Tello Fons Dirigida por el Dr. Josep Marco Borillo Castelló de la Plana, 2011 2 Resumen El dialecto en la novela aparece cuando el autor decide hacer que su narración o diálogos se viertan según la variante de un área geográfica, una clase social, una época o una forma de hablar particular. La función del dialecto es la de mostrar la forma de hablar de una comunidad lingüística, siendo entonces el espejo en el que se refleja una sociedad o la situación que ésta vive, o la de servir al autor para establecer oposiciones entre los personajes (lo que le permite ironizar, criticar o alabar a un personaje, situación o sociedad). El estudio descriptivo de las traducciones al español de un corpus de novelas inglesas será el núcleo de esta investigación, la cual intentará averiguar si la técnica de traducción del dialecto más utilizada en español es la traducción hacia la lengua estándar o neutralización. Tratando de llevar a cabo un estudio global del problema, se analizarán las consecuencias macrotextuales que tiene la utilización de las técnicas de traducción observadas. La investigación sobre técnicas de traducción del dialecto, sobre la naturaleza misma de la variación y sobre la traducción del dialecto en España proporcionarán herramientas para extraer tendencias de traducción y para indagar en las causas que se encuentren detrás de éstas. Palabras clave: dialectos, literatura, técnica de traducción, modelo de análisis, norma de traducción. Resum El dialecte en la novel.la apareix quan l'autor decideix fer que la seua narració o diàlegs s’aboquen segons la variant d’un àrea geogràfica, una classe social, una època o una forma de parlar particular. La funció i del dialecte és la de mostrar la forma de parlar d’una comunitat lingüística, llavors és l’espill en el qual es reflecteix una societat o la situació que aquesta viu, o la de servir a l'autor per establir oposicions entre els personatges (el que li permet ironitzar, criticar o lloar a un personatge, situació o societat). L’estudi descriptiu de les traduccions a l’espanyol d’un corpus de novel.les angleses serà el nucli d’aquesta investigació, la qual intentarà esbrinar si la tècnica de traducció del dialecte més utilitzada en espanyol és la traducció cap a la llengua estàndard o neutralització. Tractant de dur a terme un estudi global del problema, s’analitzaran les conseqüències macrotextuals que té la utilització de les tècniques observades. La investigació sobre tècniques de traducció del dialecte, sobre la naturalesa mateixa de la variació i sobre la traducció del dialecte a Espanya, proveiran eines per extraure tendències de traducció i per a indagar en les causes que es troben darrere d’aquestes. Paraules clau: dialectes, literatura, tècnica de traducció, model d’anàlisi, norma de traducció. Abstract Dialects appear in literary works when the author decides its narration or dialogues to be rendered according to a dialect of a geographic area, social class, period of time, and idiolect. Dialects in literature hold the function of showing the way of speaking of a particular linguistic community -being then the mirror in which a society or its situation is reflected-, as well as allowing the author to stablish contrast among the different characters (which allows him to satirize, criticize or praise a given character, situation or society). The descriptive ii study of the Spanish translation of a corpus made up of English novels will be the core of the present investigation, which will try to find out if the most used dialect translation technique is the neutralization or translation to normative Spanish. In order to carry out a comprehensive study, the macrotextual consequences of the use of techniques seen in the translations will be analyzed. The research on the dialect translation techniques, on the nature of linguistic variation, and on the dialect translation in Spain, will provide us with tools both to draw translation trends and regularities, as well as to investigate the reasons behind them. Key words: dialects, literature, translation technique, model of analysis, translation norm. iii A mi padre iv Mi más sincero agradecimiento: Por su inmenso apoyo y dedicación, al director de esta tesis, el Dr. Josep Marco, quien me ha guiado, aconsejado y alentado en todo momento. Al Dr. Díaz-Cintas, Adi y Yen, por su ayuda en Londres. A Darío, Sergio, Begoña, Eugenia y Vicente, por haber contribuido desinteresadamente a la consecución de este trabajo solventando dudas y aportando sugerencias. A mi familia y amigos, por apoyarme sin reservas. v ÍNDICE INTRODUCCIÓN …………………………………………… 1 I. FUNDAMENTOS TEÓRICOS ................................................... 19 1. EL ESTUDIO DE LA VARIACIÓN LINGÜÍSTICA ..... 20 1.1. Años 60 y 70 …………………………………………. 23 1.1.1. Enfoque lingüístico ............................................... 23 1.1.2. Enfoque lingüístico funcional sistémico ……….. 28 1.1.3. Enfoque sociolingüístico ……………………….. 31 1.1.4. Enfoque traductológico …………………………. 36 1.2. Años 80 y 90 ………………………………………….. 42 1.2.1. Enfoque sociolingüístico ……………………….. 42 1.2.2. Enfoque traductológico …………………………. 44 1.2.2.1. Dicotomía uso/usuario ………………… 44 1.2.2.2. Perspectivas integradoras en la clasificación de la variación …………………… 52 1.3. Propuesta de clasificación de la variación lingüística … 78 2. LOS MODELOS DE ANÁLISIS DE LA VARIACIÓN LINGÜÍSTICA ……………………………………………… 91 3. CÓMO TRADUCIR LA VARIACIÓN LINGÜÍSTICA: VISIÓN PANORÁMICA …………………………………… 104 3.1. Neutralización o traducción hacia la lengua estándar … 106 3.2. La traducción coloquial ………………………….……. 111 3.3. Violación de la norma lingüística …………………….. 117 3.4. La traducción dialectal ……………………………….. 120 3.5. Otras alternativas ……………………………………… 131 3.6. Propuesta de técnicas de traducción del dialecto ….….. 134 4. APROXIMACIÓN EMPÍRICA AL DIALECTO EN LA NOVELA INGLESA ……………………………………….. 140 4.1. Función del dialecto en la traducción literaria ……….. 140 vi 4.2. El enfoque estilístico ………………………………….. 151 II. ANÁLISIS DEL CORPUS ……………………………………. 165 5. MATERIALES Y MÉTODO ADOPTADOS ………….. 166 6. CONTEXTUALIZACIÓN Y ANÁLISIS DE OBRAS ORIGINALES ………………………………………………. 175 6.1. Hard Times. For These Times ........................................ 177 6.2. Of Mice and Men ……………………………………… 192 6.3. Stalky & Co. …………………………………………... 202 6.4. The Bonesetter’s Daughter …………………………… 213 6.5. The Sound and the Fury ………………………………. 223 6.6. The Van ……………………………………………….. 235 6.7. Through the Looking Glass and What Alice Found There ..................................................................................... 245 6.8. Trainspotting ………………………………………….. 252 6.9. White Teeth …………………………………………… 262 6.10. Wuthering Heights …………………………………... 272 7. CONTEXTUALIZACIÓN Y ANÁLISIS TRADUCTO- LÓGICO DEL CORPUS DE TRADUCCIONES ………… 284 7.1. Tiempos difíciles ………..……………………………… 287 7.2. De ratones y de hombres………………………………. 302 7.3. Stalky & Co. ………………………………………….. 314 7.4. La hija del curandero …………………………………. 324 7.5. La camioneta ……..…………………………………… 331 7.6. El ruido y la furia .…………………………………….. 343 7.7. A través del espejo y lo que Alicia encontró allí …..…. 353 7.8. Trainspotting ………………………………………….. 364 7.9. Dientes blancos……………………………………….. 374 7.10. Cumbres borrascosas…..……………………………. 383 7.11. Conclusión y valoración del análisis ………………… 394 III. AMPLIACIÓN DEL CORPUS: OTRAS CULTURAS, OTROS TIEMPOS .................................................................................... 407 vii 8. LAS TÉCNICAS DE TRADUCCIÓN DEL DIALECTO EN FRANCIA Y CATALUÑA: DOS ESTUDIOS DE CASO ………………………………………………………… 408 8.1. La traducción del dialecto al francés ………………..... 410 8.1.1. Sourires de loup ………………………………… 410 8.1.2. Les fantômes de LuLing ………………………… 421 8.2. La traducción del dialecto al catalán …………………. 428 8.2.1. Dents blanques ………………………………….. 428 8.2.2. La filla del curandero ………………………….. 434 8.3. Conclusión ……………………………………………. 441 9. LAS TÉCNICAS DE TRADUCCIÓN DEL DIALECTO A LO LARGO DEL TIEMPO …………………………….. 446 9.1. Cumbres borrascosas ………………………………… 451 9.2. Tiempos difíciles ……………………………………… 467 9.3. Conclusión ……………………………………………. 481 10. CONCLUSION………….………………………………. 485 10.1. Summary of results and degree of attainment of the objectives ………………………………………………….. 485 10. 2. Assessment of results ………………………............. 492 REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS ………………… 502 viii INTRODUCCIÓN MOTIVACIÓN DE LA TESIS La importancia de la variación lingüística en la literatura ha sido destacada por muchos autores conscientes de su valor estilístico. Bakhtin (1989 [1975]), por ejemplo, resumió muy bien la naturaleza de la literatura como la expresión de ideas inmersas en el lenguaje humano, tanto el de la calle, como el de los ministerios, de los gremios y de la familia, de las regiones y de los países, de la actualidad y del pasado. El pensamiento de este autor incluye la omnipresencia de la variedad lingüística en la literatura como elemento ineludible, por lo que las distintas voces y registros serán comunes en las obras literarias. Estas voces, aunque tomadas de comunidades reales, son recreadas, modificadas, exageradas, menoscabadas y, en definitiva, diseñadas al antojo del autor para lograr determinados efectos. Bakhtin decía que la elaboración literaria representa la posición socio-ideológica del
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