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2.15. ALBANIAN LITERATURE by Jorgo Bulo Albania Has Long Been at a Cross-Road of Civilizations and Geo- Political Interests

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2.15. ALBANIAN LITERATURE by Jorgo Bulo Albania Has Long Been at a Cross-Road of Civilizations and Geo- Political Interests 161 LITERATURE 2.15. ALBANIAN LITERATURE By Jorgo Bulo Albania has long been at a cross-road of civilizations and geo- political interests. From the Illyrian times until Skanderbeg, and con- tinuing after his death under the yoke of the Empire of Sultans, Alba- nian culture has developed and evolved but was also disrupted rou- tinely. After the 15th century, the country fell almost backwards so- cially and economically. As a result of the Ottoman occupation, lead- ing intellectuals following pace with European humanism, left Albania to settle in the West. Among the intellectual elite who left, many emerged as renowned figures in the hu- manist world such as Marin Barleti (1460- 1513) who in 1510 published A History of Skanderbeg in Rome, which was translated into many European languages. Other writ- ers to distinguish themselves outside Al- bania were Marin Beçikemi (1408-1526), Gjin Gazulli (1400-1455), Leonik Tomeu (1456-1531), M. Maruli (15th century) and M. Artioti (1480-1556) who made contribu- tions in various fields of science, art and philosophy. In the meantime, cultural life in the country underwent a decline. Monuments of material and spiritual culture disappeared under the ruins of war. This drastic change of even religious structure (emerge of muslum religion in occupied regions), in fact, it pushed Albanian culture to survive even under conditions of several centuries of occupation facing the pressures of Is- lam and the Oriental world, although it did exert a deep and comprehensive influence, but failed to oppress the Albanian patrimo- nial culture. Frontpiece of “History of The resistance in the cultural field was first expressed through Skanderbeg” written by the elaboration of the Albanian language in the area of church texts Marin Barleti published in Rome in 1510 and publications, mainly of the Catholic confessional region in the North, but also of the Orthodox in the South. The Protestant reform invigorated hopes for the development of the local language and literary tradition when priest Gjon Buzuku brought the Catholic liturgy into the Albanian language, trying to do for Albanian what Luther did for the German language. The “Missal” by Gjon Buzuku, published in 1555, is consid- ered to be the first work of written Albanian. The refined level of the 162 LITERATURE language and the stabilised orthography is a result of an earlier tradi- tion of the presence of Albanian literarture. The first known evidence dates from 1332 A.D. and deals with the French Dominican Guglielm Adae, Archbishop of Tivar, who in a report in Latin writes that Albanians use Latin letters in their books although their language is quite different from Latin. Of special impor- tance in supporting this argument is a baptising formula (Unte paghesont premenit Atit et Birit et spertit senit - the Holy Trinity) of 1462, written in Albanian within a text in Latin by the bishop of Durrës, Pal Engjëlli. Also of importance is a glossary with Albanian words recorded in 1497 by Arnold von Harf, a German who had travelled through Albania, and a 14th century fragment from the Bible accord- ing to Saint Mathew, also in Albanian, using Greek letters. Albanian writings of these centuries would likely have been not only religious texts, but historical chronicles too. They are men- tioned by the humanist Marin Barleti who, in his book “Rrethimi i Shkodrës” (The Siege of Shkodër, 1504), confirms that he has leafed through such chronicles written in the language of the vulgus (in vernacula lingua / language of the people). Despite the obstacles generated by the Ottoman Counter-reform which was opposed to the development of na- tional languages in Christian religious literature, this process went on uninter- rupted. During the 16th to 17th centuries many great works were published in Al- banian regarding the catechisms like: “E mbësuame krishterë” (Christian Teachings, 1592) by Lekë Matrënga, “Doktrina e krishterë” (The Christian Doctrine, 1618) and “Rituale romanum”, in 1621 by Pjetër Budi, who was also the first writer of original Albanian prose and poetry. At this time, Frang Bardhi published the first Latin-Albanian dictio- nary and an essay in Latin as an apol- ogy for George Kastriot (1636), while the treaty “Cuneus Prophetarum” (The Band of Prophets, 1685) by Pjetër Bogdani, the most universal personality of Alba- nian Middle Ages, was published in the later half of that century. Bogdani’s work is an original theological-philosophical work merging data from various sources, the principal issues of theology and a full biblical his- Frontepiece of the tory as well as the complicated prob- “Cuneus Prophetarum” (The Band of Prophets) by Pjeter Bogdani, 1685 163 LITERATURE lems of scholasticism, cosmogony, astronomy, pedagogy and so on. Bogdani brought the humanist spirit into Albanian culture and praised the role of knowledge and culture in the human life. With his written work in a language of polished style, he marked a turning point in the history of Albanian literature. During 18th century, the literature of Orthodox and Muslim con- fessional cultural circles witnessed a greater development. An anony- mous author from Elbasan brought a number of sections from the Bible into Albanian, as well as T. H. Filipi, also of Elbasan, who brought the “Dhiata e Vjetër dhe e Re” (The Old and the New Testament). These efforts multiplied in the following century with the 1827 publi- cation of the integral text “Dhiata e Re” (The New Testament) by G. Gjirokastriti and with the big corpus of (Christian) religious transla- tions by Kostandin Kristoforidhi (1830-1895), in both dialects of Alba- nian. These publications helped in the process of integrating the two dialects into a unified literary language and in setting up the basis for the establishment of the national church of the Albanians with the liturgy in Albanian language. Although in the different direction of this trend, the culture of Voskopoja is also to be mentioned. This was a culture that during the 17th century became a great hearth of civilization and a metropolis of the Balkan peninsula, with an Academy and a printing press and with personalities like Teodor Kavaljoti, Dh. Haxhiu and Grigor Voskopojari, whose works of knowledge, philology, theology and philosophy built a progresive image of Albania of the time. Although the literature that evolved in Voskopoja was mainly in the Greek language, the need to erect obstacles to Islamisation made nec- essary the use of national languages, encouraging the development of national cultures. Walachian and Albanian were also used for the teaching of Greek in the schools of Voskopoja, and books in Walachian were also printed in its printing presses. The works of Voskopoja writers and scholars have brought in some elements of the ideas of Eu- ropean Enlightenment. The most distinguished of them was Teodor Kavaljoti, the works of whom, ac- cording to the notes of the German Albanolog H.E. Thunman, remained largely unpublished. In most part, his writing dealt with issues from almost all branches of philosophy, and shows the influence of Plato, Des Cartes, Malebranche and Leibnitz. “The rising of the cross “ A result of the influence of Islam and the culture of the invader fresco from Voskopoja th “Dormition of the Virgin” was the emerge in the 18 century of a school of a kind of poetry, church, 18th century written in Albanian but in the Arab alphabet. Authors such as N. 164 LITERATURE Frakulla, M. Kyçyku, S. Naibi, H.Z. Kamberi, Sh. and D. Frashëri, Sheh Mala, and others dealt with motifs borrowed from Oriental lit- erature, wrote religious texts and poetry in a language suffocated by Orientalisms and developed religious lyric and epic. This school did not have a long life or any specific influence on the later literary devel- opments. In order to complete the framework of cultural developments of Albania during the 17th and 18th centuries, it should be mentioned that this was the period of famous painters Onufri and his son Nikolla (16th century) and K. Shpataraku and D. Selenica (18th century) who where carrying on the tradition of post-Byzantine religious art, but not with- out influence from the European Renaissance. However most Mus- lim religious or cult buildings reflected the Islamic art. The 19th century was a time of national movements in the Balkans, and an organised ideological and literary movement, which was called the Albanian National Renaissance, started to emerge. It was inspired by the ideas of national Romanticism and Enlighten- ment, which were cultivated among the circles of Albanian scholars mainly émigrés in the old Albanian settlements in Italy and more recent ones in Istanbul, Bucharest, USA, Sophia and Cairo. The National Renaissance had goals of nurturing Albanian as a language of culture, the organisation of national education and the establishment of a rich and multidicipline national culture and litera- ture targeting at the creation of the independent state. These goals gave birth to the school of Albanian Romanticism. It was a typical Balkan Romanticism, imbued with the spirit of national liberation, with the nostalgia of the émigré and the rhetorical pathos of evoking the Albanian of George Kastriot, Skanderbeg. This literary school developed furthest in poetry. Regarding the motifs and poetical forms, its hero was the ethical man, the fighting Albanian, and to a lesser degree the tragic man. It is closely linked with the folklore tradition. This rich period starts with “Rapsodi të një poeme arbëreshe” (Rhapsody of an Arbëresh Poem, 1866) by De Rada, fol- lowed by “Përmbledhje të këngëve popullore dhe rapsodi të poemave shqiptare” (Collection of Albanian Folk Songs and Rhapsodies of Albanian Poems, 1871) by Zef Jubani, and “Bleta shqiptare” (Albanian Bee,1878) by Thimi Mitko, which became part of the cultural programme of the National Re- naissance for strengthening the cultural identity of Albanians.
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