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A Multi-Parameter Investigation of Volcanic Plume Behavior and Resultant Environmental Impact at a Persistently Degassing Volcano, Masaya, Nicaragua

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A Multi-Parameter Investigation of Volcanic Plume Behavior and Resultant Environmental Impact at a Persistently Degassing Volcano, Masaya, Nicaragua A MULTI-PARAMETER INVESTIGATION OF VOLCANIC PLUME BEHAVIOR AND RESULTANT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AT A PERSISTENTLY DEGASSING VOLCANO, MASAYA, NICARAGUA by Patricia Amanda Nadeau B.Sc. Hons., McGill University, 2004 THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE In the Department of Earth Sciences © Patricia Amanda Nadeau 2006 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY Fall 2006 All rights reserved. This work may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without permission of the author. APPROVAL Name: Patricia Amanda Nadeau Degree: Master of Science Title of Thesis: A Multi-Parameter Investigation of Volcanic Plume Behavior and Resultant Environmental Impact at a Persistently Degassing Volcano, Masaya, Nicaragua Examining Committee: Chair: Dr. Andrew Calvert Professor, Department of Earth Sciences ___________________________________________ Dr. Glyn Williams-Jones Senior Supervisor Assistant Professor, Department of Earth Sciences ___________________________________________ Dr. Diana Allen Supervisor Associate Professor, Department of Earth Sciences ___________________________________________ Dr. Kirstie Simpson Supervisor Volcanologist, Geological Survey of Canada ___________________________________________ Dr. John Stix External Examiner Associate Professor, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences McGill University Date Defended/Approved: ___________________________________________ ii ABSTRACT Recent advances in volcanic gas sensing technology make possible detailed investigations of the behavior of boundary layer gas plumes. An intensive survey of SO2 flux during two month-long campaigns revealed an apparent decrease of 30-50% downwind of Masaya volcano, Nicaragua. Dry deposition of S and aerosol conversion cannot account for such losses. Local topography modifies regional trade winds, causing plume acceleration. The resulting along-axis dilution of the plume leads to underestimates of total SO2 emissions. This apparent depletion can be accounted for by accurate determination of plume speed at the location of each SO2 flux measurement. Interaction of acidic plumes with elevated topography results in widespread vegetation damage downwind, which may be characterized by a multi-parameter approach incorporating ground-based datasets and Landsat NDVIs at Masaya and other volcanic systems. A thorough understanding of plume behavior is essential for accurate evaluation of volcanic SO2 output and resultant environmental impacts. Keywords: Masaya volcano; volcanic SO2 emissions; FLYSPEC; remote sensing; environmental impact iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my senior supervisor, Glyn Williams-Jones for his guidance, support, and enthusiasm over the course of this project – there were definitely times when I needed that enthusiasm. I was his first grad student, he was my first graduate supervisor – I think we each survived the breaking-in process pretty well! I certainly wouldn’t be going on to a Ph.D. if I didn’t have a great experience with him here at SFU. I would also like to thank my supervisory committee members, Diana Allen and Kirstie Simpson, for all of their help and input along the way, especially considering that volcanic SO2 was a bit off the beaten path for them. Thanks also to John Stix, my external examiner, for taking time out of his exceedingly busy schedule to review this thesis. Most of this research would have been impossible without the help of a great group of field assistants – I’d like to thank Kirstie Simpson for enduring many long days with no relief from her driving duties; Guillaume Mauri, who I’m sure would have much preferred to be somewhere else doing SP; and Annie Bérubé, Marianne Gagnon, and Geneviève Pépin, all of whom sacrificed a big chunk of their vacation time to help me out – I hope they got as much out of having them around as I did. I also owe a thank you to Jessica Liggett for (very patiently) teaching me how to drive standard, which kept the 2006 group from suffering the same fate as Kirstie. I’m also grateful for the help of a number of people in Nicaragua: the staff of Parque Nacional Volcán Masaya for allowing us access wherever we needed it; Carlos Molina-Palma and his family for their incredible hospitality and help with just about anything we needed; and Sergio for saving us with his impeccable painting skills. Many thanks to Tamsin Mather, Lizzette Rodríguez, and Matt Watson for their help with aerosol data processing, and to John Porter and Norm O’Neill for lending us Microtops instruments. I’d also like to thank Keith Horton for making sure we always had working FLYSPECs, even when that required emergency fed-ex-ing of things to Nicaragua. Thanks also go to Doew Steyn for his help in figuring out wind issues. Big thanks to my friends in the grad group at SFU – there were many talks, coffee breaks, and pub trips that helped keep me sane over the course of this thesis! Thanks also to iv my other friends scattered from Colonie to Montreal to wherever else – I wouldn’t have made it without you guys either. I also owe a thank you to Mr. Bob Meyer from Lisha Kill over ten years ago – I have to think I wouldn’t be here where I am if I hadn’t enjoyed my 8th grade Earth Science class so much. Finally, thanks to my family, especially my parents, for their unfailing support in whatever I do, even if they can’t quite figure out how exactly I ended up doing this whole “volcano thing.” I wouldn’t be here without their help. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Approval __________________________________________________________ ii Abstract __________________________________________________________ iii Acknowledgements _____________________________________________________ iv Table of Contents ______________________________________________________ vi List of Figures _________________________________________________________ ix List of Tables _________________________________________________________ xiv Quotation __________________________________________________________xv Chapter 1: Introduction ________________________________________________1 1.1 Background ........................................................................................................................1 1.2 Geologic Setting ................................................................................................................2 1.3 Volcanic Activity ...............................................................................................................4 1.4 Previous Studies ................................................................................................................6 1.5 Objectives...........................................................................................................................8 1.6 References ........................................................................................................................11 Chapter 2: Beyond COSPEC: Recent Advances in SO2 Monitoring Technology _______________________________________________ 15 2.1 Abstract.............................................................................................................................15 2.2 Introduction.....................................................................................................................15 2.3 Instrumentation...............................................................................................................16 2.3.1 Mini-DOAS ..............................................................................................................16 2.3.2 FLYSPEC ................................................................................................................18 2.4 Field Methodology..........................................................................................................21 2.4.1 Traditional methods.....................................................................................................21 2.4.2 Walking traverses........................................................................................................21 2.4.3 Automated scanning ....................................................................................................21 2.4.4 Automated networks....................................................................................................23 2.4.4.1 Potential enhancements to data acquisition networks ..............................................26 2.4.5 Plume speed / velocity..................................................................................................29 2.5 Other Gas Species...........................................................................................................35 2.6 Additional Remote Gas Sensing Techniques..............................................................36 2.7 Aerosols............................................................................................................................38 2.8 Conclusions......................................................................................................................38 2.9 References ........................................................................................................................39 vi Chapter 3: SO2 Flux Measurements at Masaya Volcano, Nicaragua: Apparent Downwind Depletion as a Result of Topographic Modification of Winds_______________________________________43 3.1 Abstract.............................................................................................................................43
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