1D Basin Modelling and Hydrocarbon Resourceassessment of the Taoudeni Basin, Mali

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1D Basin Modelling and Hydrocarbon Resourceassessment of the Taoudeni Basin, Mali Institutt for geologi og bergteknikk Hovedoppgaver 2008 2008 Amadou, Ibrahim (S. Lippard) 1D Basin Modelling and Hydrocarbon ResourceAssessment of the Taoudeni Basin, Mali. The intracratonic Taoudeni Basin is the largest sedimentary basin in NW Africa covering large parts of Mali and neighbouring Mauritania. The basin was formed during the mid-late Proterozoic and subsidence continued through to the mid-Paleozoic when Hercynian deformation and uplift occurred. Up to 6000 m of late Precambrian and Paleozoic sediments are found in the basin. A preliminary phase of drilling in the 1970s and 1980s penetrated most of the sedimentary succession and two potential petroleum systems, Late Precambrian and Paleozoic, have been defined. The Late Precambrian system has proven source rocks (algal stromatolites) and black shales and reservoirs in carbonates and sandstone sequences. The Paleozoic system comprises Silurian-Devonian marine shale source rocks and reservoirs in overlying Devono-Carboniferous sandstones and underlying Cambro-Ordovician sandstones. Potential trapping styles are unconformity traps and large scale Hercynian folds. There are several risks to exploration in the Taoudeni Basin. There is a lack of knowledge on the volume and distribution of source, reservoir and seal rocks in the basin, and the detailed structural architecture of the basin itself is poorly understood. Poblems with petroleum generation modelling in the basin include the thermal effects of Hercynian uplift and erosion and the intrusion of Mesozoic dolerites. Using a uniform low heat flow, appropriate for intracratonic basins, the provisional results indicated that the Paleozoic source rocks may have been only marginally mature prior to Hercynian uplift, whereas the Late Precambrian source rocks were probably mature to overmature prior to uplift. The resource assessment and hydrocarbon potential of the Infracambrian petroleum system has been carried out focusing on the source and reservoir rocks development in relation to hydrocarbon generation, migration and entrapment. The conditions that favour the discovery of a potentially commercial volume of hydrocarbons in the basin are: i. The distribution of the source and reservoir rocks within the basin. ii. The time relation between entrapment and maturation, heat flow and migration of the hydrocarbons. The basin‟s hydrocarbon resources are estimated using the “GeoX/Starter” software. Because of the limited data base on the Mali side, the data from Mauritania have been used to some extent to generate data base for the prospect evaluation. The recoverable oil resources in a single prospect are estimated to be 565.9 MMBL. Árnason, Stefán Geir (B. Nilsen) Prognose for tettingsinjeksjon i Rogfast undersjøiske tunnel. Prognosis for rock grouting in the planned Rogfast subsea tunnel. E39 Rogfast is an approximately 25 km long subsea road tunnel which is being planned by Statens vegvesen (Norwegian Public Roads Administration). The tunnel will cross the Boknafjorden and Kvitsøyfjorden between Randaberg and Vestre Bokn in the south-western part of Norway. The deepest point of the tunnel will be at around 360 m below sea level, so when completed, the Rogfast tunnel will be the longest and deepest subsea road tunnel in the world. A prognosis for rock grouting in the Rogfast subsea tunnel has been prepared based on knowledge about engineering geological conditions along the trace of the tunnel and experience from other tunnels in similar rock types in the Boknafjorden area. The grouting requirement is evaluated in the form of relative lengths of the tunnel which are assumed to require grouting for control of water leakages. The grouting requirement is characterized as minor if the relative length of tunnel sections which are assumed to require grouting is less than 10%, relative length of grouted sections of 11 - 20% is characterized as moderate, 21 - 30% as large and greater than 30% very large. The tunnel is expected to be excavated in rocks belonging to the Ryfylke schist group, the Karmøy ophiolite, the Torvastad group and the Precambrian basement. The grouting requirement in phyllite and greenstone belonging to the Ryfylke schist and the Torvastad group respectively is estimated to be minor, while it is considered to be minor to moderate in gabbroic rocks belonging to the Karmøy ophiolite and moderate in gneissic rocks belonging to the Precambrian basement. It is a general trend that the hard rock environment in the vicinity of large fault zones is commonly associated with areas with increased permeability, especially the jointed side rock of faults, the so called transition part. Due to their orientation in the in situ stress field, the side rocks of N - S trending faults are considered to have the largest grouting requirement. Results from a systematic prognosis shows that 66% of the total tunnel length is considered to have a grouting requirement which can be characterized as minor, while only 6% of the tunnel length is assumed to have a grouting 1 Institutt for geologi og bergteknikk Hovedoppgaver 2008 requirement which can be characterized as large or higher. The largest grouting requirement in the rock mass along the trace of the tunnel is considered to be in jointed side rocks of weakness zones and faults. A large part of the Rogfast tunnel will be under considerable water pressure. Norwegian subsea tunnels have been constructed successfully where grouting has been carried out against water pressures of 20 - 30 bar. Modern grouting equipment is capable of handling grouting pressures which are well above the water pressure expected in the Rogfast tunnel. Consequently it is assumed that grouting in the Rogfast tunnel will in general not be bound with any big problems. Circumstances may of course come up where grouting can be difficult because of difficult ground conditions. It is therefore very important that probe drilling ahead of the tunnel face is taken seriously so that possible problem zones are discovered in time. Norm for maximum allowable permanent water inflow into the Rogfast tunnel are briefly addressed. Due to the length of the tunnel it seems reasonable to suggest that a norm is set for the subsea section of the tunnel which is at the lower boundary of what has commonly been accepted before, or around 200 l/min/km. Under land in Randaberg and Vestre Bokn the tunnel passes natural areas which are considered to be sensitive to changes in groundwater level. Due to increase in environmental concern, lower norms are suggested for maximum allowable permanent inflow in the tunnel land. Anders S. Bratholm (R. Sinding-Larsen) OPECs prisscenarioer i forhold til fremtidig produksjon av syntetisk olje og dets konsekvens for norske produksjonsscenarioer. OPECs pricescenarios relative to the future global production of synthetic crude oil and its possible impact on existing Norwegian production scenarios. I en verden med stadig økt etterspørsel etter olje, fallende produksjonstall i flere land, samt høy oljepris over en lengre periode, fører dette til at substitutter til konvensjonell olje blir stadig mer aktuelt. Det finnes i dag gode alternativer, som lar seg konsumere med få eller ingen endringer. Et av alternativene er syntetisk olje som kan lages fra biomasse, gass eller kull. Disse omtales ofte som biomass-to-liquids (BTL), gas-to-liquids (GTL) og coal-to-liquids (CTL). Denne teknologien ble utviklet som et resultat av Tysklands behov for drivstoff under første og andre verdenskrig. Tyskland hadde ikke tilgang på olje, men forekomster av kull. Teknologi for å omdanne kull til olje ble derfor utviklet. I dag planlegges det flere fabrikker som skal starte opp produksjon av syntetisk olje. De landene som er mest interessert er USA, Kina, India og Sør-Afrika. Både USA, Kina og India har et høyt forbruk av olje og er nettoimportører av olje. Samtidig har disse landene rikelig tilgang på kull, noe som gir muligheter for stor innenlands produksjon av syntetisk olje fra kull. Ved å øke den innenlandske produksjonen av olje, vil disse landene få tilgang til olje til 26-45 dollar per fat, redusere sin avhengighet av produksjonslandene, samt redusere utslipp ved håndtering av klimagasser. Hovedutfordringen for produksjonen av syntetisk olje i dag, er usikkerheten rundt fremtidig oljepris. Dersom oljeprisen faller under produksjonskostnadene, vil produsentene av syntetisk olje tape penger. I tillegg er ikke all teknologien helt på plass, samt tilgangen til kvalifisert personell er begrenset. Dersom oljeprisen holder seg på et høyt nivå fremover, vil det være å forvente at produksjonen av syntetisk olje øker. Et økt tilbud av olje i markedet, vil føre til at prisene synker, eller ikke stiger like mye. Hvor mye prisene endres vil være avhengig av hvor stor den fremtidige produksjonen blir. For å finne den fremtidige produksjonen av syntetisk olje, brukes International Energy Outlook 2007. Denne rapporten benytter seg av tre ulike scenarioer, hvor prisbanene er en viktig driver for hvordan den fremtidige produksjonen av syntetisk olje vil bli. International Energy Agency (IEA) har anvendt forsiktige prisbaner i sine prediksjoner. Det forventes at høyere prisbane bør anvendes. Ved å bruke en lineær sammenheng mellom prisbanene fra IEA og egen prisbane, kommer det frem en annen prediksjon på syntetisk olje, som er høyere. Hvordan vil denne produksjonen av syntetisk olje påvirke Norges produksjon av olje? Norge går nå inn i en reduksjonsfase, hvor produksjonen faller år for år. I en slik fase er oljeprisen viktig. Høy oljepris vil gi muligheter til å bruke mer penger på forskning, teknologi, som igjen vil gi en økt produksjon. Motsatt fall om oljeprisen er lav. Norges forhold til Russland og politisk enighet om produksjon i omstridte områder som Barentshavet, Norskehavet og Jan Mayen, vil også være viktig for fremtidig produksjon på norsk sokkel. Oljedirektoratet har gitt ut en rapport som omfatter Norges fremtidige produksjon av olje, hvor det tas hensyn til fremtidig oljepris og spillerom og politisk enighet for aktørene på norsk sokkel. Det blir av Oljedirektoratet presentert fire ulike scenarioer. Disse er ”full gass”, ”teknolab”, ”stengetid” og ”blod, svette og tårer”.
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