S USTAINABLE UNDERGROUND CONCEPTS SUSTAINABLE UNDERGROUNDCONCEPTS NORWEGIAN TUNNELLING SOCIETY PUBLICATION NO. 15 NORWEGIAN TUNNELLING SOCIETY REPRESENTS EXPERTISE IN • Hard Rock Tunneling techniques • Rock blasting technology • Rock mechanics and engineering geology USED IN THE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF • Hydroelectric power development, includ- ing: - water conveying tunnels - unlined pressure shafts - subsurface power stations - lake taps - earth and rock fill dams • Transportation tunnels • Underground storage facilities • Underground openings for for public use NORSK FORENING FOR FJELLSPRENGNINGSTEKNIKK Norwegian Tunnelling Sosiety P.O. Box 34 Grefsen, N-0409 Oslo, Norway [email protected] - www.tunnel.no SUSTAINABLE UNDERGROUND CONCEPTS Publication No. 15 NORWEGIAN TUNNELLING SOCIETY 2006 DESIGN/PRINT BY HELLI GRAFISK AS, OSLO, NORWAY Publication No. 15 ISBN-NR. 82-92641-04-1 Front page picture: Gjøvik Olympic Mountain Hall, span 61 meters. Courtesy VS-Group/Bjørn Fuhre Layout/Print: Helli Grafisk AS [email protected] www.helligrafisk.no Disclaimer This publication issued by the NorwegianT unnelling Society (NFF) is prepared by professionals with expertise within the actual subjects. The opinions and statements are based on sources believed to be reliable and in good faith. Readers are advised that the Publications from NorwegianT unnelling Society NFF are issued solely for informational purposes. The opinions and statements included are based on reliable sources in good faith. In no event, however, shall NFF and/or the authors be liable for direct or indirect incidental or conse- quential damages resulting from the use of this information. SUSTAINABLE UNDERGROUND CONCEPTS Norway is a mountainous country. Topographical features along the western coastline are long fjords cutting into steep and high mountains. The south-eastern and middle part of the country takes on smoother forms; still dominated by mountains and rocky underground. The topography hence creates necessity, opportunities and challenges for rock engineering in the development of the infrastructure of the country. Commended virtues in the engineering sector are competence, ability to find new solutions and conscious approach with regard to environment and costs. The present publication, number 15 in the English language series from the Norwegian Tunnelling Society NFF, has – as always – the intention of sharing with our colleagues and friends internationally the latest news and experience gained in the use of the underground; this time with focus on sustainable concepts. Tunnels for roads, railways and hydroelectric power still constitute the dominating part of underground construction. However, underground space for the use of the general public, storage facilities for a variety of products including gas and oil products, treatment plants for water and waste, are all becoming increasingly important these days. Security, safety and strategic aspects are likely to enhance this trend in the future. The methods, technologies and achievements described in this publication are based on recent or ongoing tunnelling and underground projects. In addition, this publication is also presenting an extract of knowledge gained by executing the development project called “Tunnels serving the society” initiated by national authorities and supported by a number of private sector companies. NFF expresses thanks to the contributors of this publication. Without their efforts the distribution of Norwegian tunnelling experience would indeed not have been possible. Oslo, January 2006 Norwegian Tunnelling Society International Committee The Editorial Committee Jan K.G.Rohde Eivind Grøv Nils Røren Aslak Ravlo Chairman 3 Contents PREFACE: Sustainable Underground Concepts ................................................................................................... 3 FROM FIRESETTING TO FULL-FACE TUNNEL BORING MACHINES ..................................................... 9 WHY DID THE HYDROPOWER INDUSTRY GO UNDERGROUND? ......................................................... 13 Introduction Early reasons for going underground Development after 1945 Underground hydropower plants with unlined waterways. Operational experience from unlined pressure shafts and tunnels References. STORAGE OF HYDROCARBON PRODUCTS IN UNLINED ROCK CAVERNS ....................................... 19 Introduction Aboveground storage Going underground The concept of underground storage Advantages of underground storage References UNDERGROUND TELECOMMUNICATION CENTRES ............................................................................... 31 Introduction Geological considerations and rock construction aspects Major considerations after blasting and excavation Design criteria Construction principles and examples Operation and maintenance Cost Final remarks STRATEGIC INFRASTRUCTURE, DEFENCE, COMBINED PURPOSES .................................................. 37 Defence Facilities Introduction Why the Armed Forces should go underground Design Criteria Design Principles Final Remarks UNDERGROUND FACILITIES FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT Why build this type of plants in excavated rock caverns? .................................................................................. 41 Location aspects favouring underground solutions. Operational aspects favouring underground solutions. Design and construction aspects favouring underground solutions. Environmental impact aspects favouring underground solutions. Economic aspects favouring underground solutions. Basic preconditions for placing wastewater treatment plants in rock caverns. 5 AN EXAMPLE:THE CENTRAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT FOR THE NORTH-JAEREN REGION IN NORWAY (Stavanger area) ................................................................... 42 General Concept development Conceptual layout and arrangements Construction Operation experience NEW OSET WATER TREATMENT PLANT FACILITIES SITUATED UNDERGROUND ........................ 45 Introduction The existing plant The new plant Water treatment and use of alternative sources for raw water supply Geological considerations and rock engineering aspects Cavern layout and pillar width Geological follow-up during construction Rock excavation Control of blast induced vibrations Project implementation References UNDERGROUND WASTE STORAGE CONCEPTS AT BOLIDEN ODDA AS, NORWAY ......................... 55 Introduction Location and layout of the plant First generation of caverns Second generation of caverns Sarcophagus for Hg barrels Disposal of rock spoil Geology Investigations, modelling and monitoring programme Environmental impact studies Safety of the rock cavern storage concept Conclusion References RAILWAY TUNNELS IN URBAN AND ENVIRONMENTALLY VULNERABLE AREAS ......................... 63 Historical review of the “environmental” tunnelling in the Oslo area To-day’s practise of the planning and the construction of “environmental” tunnels. An Example Experience to be considered for future tunnelling projects References NEW METHODS FOR TUNNEL INVESTIGATION ........................................................................................ 71 Investigation methods Borehole inspection Two-dimensional (2D) resistivity Geophysical survey from helicopter Mapping by digital analysis Radar interferometry Measuring While Drilling (MWD) Refraction seismic modelling Adequate investigations for Norwegian conditions 6 TUNNEL LEAKAGE AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS............................................................................. 77 Numerical modelling Experience from 2D modelling Experience from 3D modelling Tunnelling effects on the groundwater table Accepted leakage in natural landscapes Procedure to determine accepted leakage rate in sensitive landscapes Accepted leakage in urban areas Procedure to determine accepted leakage rate in urban areas TECHNIQUES FOR GROUNDWATER CONTROL ......................................................................................... 83 Techniques for groundwater control Laboratory testing of grout cements Grouting strategies Documentation of grouting procedures: mapping of experience Natural sealing processes Water infiltration Pre-grouting techniques NORWEGIAN SUBSEA TUNNELLING ............................................................................................................. 89 Introduction Completed Norwegian projects Basic principles and lessons learned from Norwegian sub sea tunnels Future developments References THE STAD NAVAL TUNNEL. PROTECTION OF SHIPS IN STORMY WEATHER .................................. 99 Background and location of the tunnel Advantages of the proposed tunnel Size and shape of the tunnel Geology and estimated rock mass quality Estimated rock support ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................................................. 103 NORWEGIAN TUNNELLING SOCIETY. INTERNATIONAL SUPPORT GROUP .................................. 107 ORDERFORM ........................................................................................................................................................ 111 7 8 NORWEGIAN TUnnELLING SOCIETY PUBLICATION NO. 15 FROM FIRE-SETTING TO FULL-FACE TUNNEL BORING MACHINES Sylvi Sørensen Blunt Aslak Ravlo ABSTRACT The development of blasting, rock engineering and underground construction is part of history. To remind ourselves of the past and to attract young people to the sector is one of the many duties of the profession. One contribution may