Congestion Relief Toll Tunnels
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Zaalteksten En.Indd
ground in the city Under g aller EnPlease drop me in the box as you leave y texts Down the rabbit hole 1 We experience what is happening above ground on a daily basis, but what lies underneath the earth’s surface is usually hidden from view. And because that world is largely terra incognita for us, what happens there is shrouded in mystery. Stories about tunnels used to access and rob banks or as secret escape routes capture our imagination. By their very nature, illegal resistance movements operate ‘underground’, shunning the spotlight. The underground scene of artistic subcultures also prefers to avoid the glare of public attention. Besides arousing our curiosity, the unknown frightens us. The devil and other monstrous creatures are said to be lurking deep under the ground. Sewage workers would be well advised to offer up a quick prayer before removing a manhole cover. On the other hand, it is to the earth that we entrust our most cherished treasures. Venture down below and a wondrous world will open up to you! 1.1 Hepworth Manufacturing Company, The deep and Alice in Wonderland, 1903 mysterious underground It is very difficult to fathom what 1.2 Walt Disney Productions, is actually happening inside the earth Alice in Wonderland, 1951 and for a long time this was a matter of guesswork. Even now the deepest 1.3 In 1877 Thomas Wallace Knox, an Ameri- drilling operations into the earth’s can journalist and author of adventure crust are mere pinpricks. stories, wrote a weighty tome entitled The German priest and scholar Athana- The Underground World: a mirror of life sius Kircher tried to explain a number below the surface, with vivid descrip- of phenomena in the influential book tions of the hidden works of nature and he wrote in 1664: Mundus subterraneus, art, comprising incidents and adven- quo universae denique naturae tures beyond the light of day… divitiae. -
Geomorphology of Thermo-Erosion Gullies – Case Study from Bylot Island, Nunavut, Canada
Geomorphology of thermo-erosion gullies – case study from Bylot Island, Nunavut, Canada Godin Etienne & Fortier Daniel Département de Géographie – Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada Center for Northern Studies, (CEN) – Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada ABSTRACT In the valley of glacier C-79 on Bylot Island, snowmelt water runoff is creating thermo-erosion of permafrost wetlands. This process contributes to the rapid formation of gullies in ice-wedge polygons. One gully had been observed since 1999 and had a growth of 748 m since then. The geomorphology of this gully is characterized by an active thermo- erosion zone near the gully head, a poorly-active zone near the outlet and a moderately active zone in-between. Feedback mechanisms contribute to the erosion processes governing the development of the gully, accelerating erosion at its head and stabilizing it at its outlet. Erosion features such as sinkholes, collapses and baydjarakhs were consequently observed in the gully. Thermo-erosion processes have remained active and have had an impact on the ecosystem for more than a decade. RÉSUMÉ La thermo-érosion induite par la fonte du couvert nival cause la dégradation du pergélisol dans la vallée glaciaire C-79 sur l’Ile Bylot. Ce processus contribue à la formation rapide de réseaux de ravinement dans les polygones à coin de glace. L'observation d'un ravin depuis sa formation en 1999 et de son évolution jusqu’à 748 m en 2009, révèle trois types de zones d’érosion caractérisant sa géomorphologie : une zone de thermo-érosion très active en amont, une zone intermédiaire, et une zone faiblement active à proximité de l’exutoire. -
Order for Professional Services No. T3694 Design Services for Contract No
OPS No. T3694 Design Services for Contract No. T300.489 Interchange 18E Express E-ZPass and 16E Improvements Page 1 of 34 April 23, 2018 To: ALL CONSULTANTS Subject: REQUEST FOR EXPRESSIONS OF INTEREST ORDER FOR PROFESSIONAL SERVICES NO. T3694 DESIGN SERVICES FOR CONTRACT NO. T300.489 INTERCHANGE 18E EXPRESS E-ZPASS AND 16E IMPROVEMENTS The New Jersey Turnpike Authority (Authority) invites Expressions of Interest (EOIs) for a Simple project from engineering firms prequalified and eligible in the following Profile Codes Profile Code(s) Description(s) A250 Fully Controlled Access Highways A256 Toll Plazas (site, islands, tunnels, canopy) Attached (see Section I) is a list of all consultants currently prequalified and eligible to submit an EOI for the above referenced assignment. *Joint Ventures (*Firms interested in submitting an EOI as a Joint Venture must be prequalified as a Joint Venture with the Authority) that meet all of the Profile Code requirements are also eligible to submit an EOI. To qualify as a prequalified consultant, a firm must have on file with the Authority a current “Professional Service Prequalification Questionnaire” (PSPQ) package prior to submission of the EOI. A current PSPQ is one that has been on file with the Authority for no more than 24 months, or in certain cases for no more than 12 months. Only those firms who have been prequalified for the specified profile code(s) this project entails will be considered. Prequalification is not required for subconsultants. Prequalification is required however for Joint Ventures. The Authority shall be seeking participation of Small Business Enterprises (SBE) as subconsultants. -
Egypt and Israel: Tunnel Neutralization Efforts in Gaza
WL KNO EDGE NCE ISM SA ER IS E A TE N K N O K C E N N T N I S E S J E N A 3 V H A A N H Z И O E P W O I T E D N E Z I A M I C O N O C C I O T N S H O E L C A I N M Z E N O T Egypt and Israel: Tunnel Neutralization Efforts in Gaza LUCAS WINTER Open Source, Foreign Perspective, Underconsidered/Understudied Topics The Foreign Military Studies Office (FMSO) at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, is an open source research organization of the U.S. Army. It was founded in 1986 as an innovative program that brought together military specialists and civilian academics to focus on military and security topics derived from unclassified, foreign media. Today FMSO maintains this research tradition of special insight and highly collaborative work by conducting unclassified research on foreign perspectives of defense and security issues that are understudied or unconsidered. Author Background Mr. Winter is a Middle East analyst for the Foreign Military Studies Office. He holds a master’s degree in international relations from Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies and was an Arabic Language Flagship Fellow in Damascus, Syria, in 2006–2007. Previous Publication This paper was originally published in the September-December 2017 issue of Engineer: the Professional Bulletin for Army Engineers. It is being posted on the Foreign Military Studies Office website with permission from the publisher. FMSO has provided some editing, format, and graphics to this paper to conform to organizational standards. -
Toll Roads in the United States: History and Current Policy
TOLL FACILITIES IN THE UNITED STATES Bridges - Roads - Tunnels - Ferries August 2009 Publication No: FHWA-PL-09-00021 Internet: http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/ohim/tollpage.htm Toll Roads in the United States: History and Current Policy History The early settlers who came to America found a land of dense wilderness, interlaced with creeks, rivers, and streams. Within this wilderness was an extensive network of trails, many of which were created by the migration of the buffalo and used by the Native American Indians as hunting and trading routes. These primitive trails were at first crooked and narrow. Over time, the trails were widened, straightened and improved by settlers for use by horse and wagons. These became some of the first roads in the new land. After the American Revolution, the National Government began to realize the importance of westward expansion and trade in the development of the new Nation. As a result, an era of road building began. This period was marked by the development of turnpike companies, our earliest toll roads in the United States. In 1792, the first turnpike was chartered and became known as the Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike in Pennsylvania. It was the first road in America covered with a layer of crushed stone. The boom in turnpike construction began, resulting in the incorporation of more than 50 turnpike companies in Connecticut, 67 in New York, and others in Massachusetts and around the country. A notable turnpike, the Boston-Newburyport Turnpike, was 32 miles long and cost approximately $12,500 per mile to construct. As the Nation grew, so did the need for improved roads. -
Flytogets Årsrapport 2009 INNLEDNING
Flytogets årsrapport 2009 INNLEDNING Når alt er på sitt beste, kan man bli enda bedre. Det er Flytogets filosofi. I tillegg har vi gjennomført to store operasjoner som ytterligere vil tilføre De siste årene kan vi vise til gode resultater og målinger både økonomisk verdi til Flytoget i årene som kommer. Vi kjører nå til og fra Drammen. For og omdømmemessig. å øke kapasitet og komfort har vi lagt til enda en vogn til togene våre. Vi økte vår markedsandel på reiser til og fra Oslo Lufthavn, til tross for at OSL Tradisjonen tro scorer vi fortsatt blandt de beste i Norge på tilfredshet blant opplevde merkbar reduksjon i sin trafikk. Billettløse reiser har vært, og er, et ansatte. Dette er vi stolte av. Fokuset på medarbeiderskap mener vi er viktig fokuspunkt for å etterstrebe effektivitet og punktlighet. I år var 50 % nøkkelen til forbedring år etter år. av alle reiser billettløse, noe som var vår målsetting da året startet. Men så ser jo Flytoget lys i tunellen oftere enn de fleste andre, da. 23 2009 2008 NØKKELTALL/KEYFIGURES Alle tall i mill NOK Driftsinntekter/Operating income 724 719 Driftskostnader/Operating costs 575 520 Driftsresultat/Operating revenues 149 199 Netto finans/Net financial cost -1 -4 Ekstraordinære kostnader/Extraordinary costs 0 0 Årets resultat/Annual results (MNOK) 148 195 INNHOLD Balanse/Balance Immaterielle eiendeler/Immaterial assets 275 289 Nøkkeltall s. 05 Administrerende direktør s. 06 Anleggsmidler/Fixed assets 1 083 914 Styrets beretning s. 09 Kontanter/Current assets 81 168 Presentasjon av styret s. 14 Fordringer/Receivables 49 15 Regnskapsprinsipper s. -
The Influence of Geology on Battlefield Terrain and It's Affects on Military Operations in Mountains and Karst Regions: Examp
Rudarsko-geološko-naftni zbornik Vol. 19 str. 57 - 66 Zagreb, 2007. UDC 341.31:550.9 Original scientific paper UDK 341.31:550.9 Originalni znanstveni rad Language/Jezik:English/Engleski THE INFLUENCE OF GEOLOGY ON BATTLEFIELD TERRAIN AND IT’S AFFECTS ON MILITARY OPERATIONS IN MOUNTAINS AND KARST REGIONS: EXAMPLES FROM WW1 AND AFGHANISTAN UTJECAJ GEOLOGIJE BOJNOG POLJA NA VOJNE OPERACIJE U PLANINSKOM I KRŠKOM PODRUČJU: PRIMJERI IZ PRVOG SVJETSKOG RATA I IZ AFGANISTANA MARKO ZEČEVIĆ1, ENIO JUNGWIRTH2 1 Ministry of Defence, Material Resources Directorate, Bauerova 31, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia e-mail:[email protected] 2 Ministry of Defence, Institute for Researches and Development of Defense Systems, Ilica 256 b, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia e-mail:[email protected] Key words: Military geology, “geological intelligence”, mountain Ključne riječi: Vojna geologija, “geološko izvješćivanje”, ratovanje u warfare, karst regions, terrain analysis planinama, krška područja, analiza terena Abstract Sažetak During the World War I conflict between the Austrian and Italian Tijekom 1. svjetskog rata u sukobu između talijanske i austro-ugar- army, Austrian engineer units constructed hallways in the karst region of ske vojske na rijeci Soči, austrijske su inženjerijske postrojbe izgradile Soča river. Those hallways, karst phenomena (caverns, caves) and other tunele u kršu. Takvi umjetni objekti (tuneli) i prirodni krški fenomeni fortifications, gave the Austrian army a tactical advantage. The construc- (kaverne, prirodne spilje), kao i druge fortifikacije omogućile su austro- tion principle of caverns is the consequence of the geological structure ugarskoj vojsci prednost u taktičkom smislu. Princip izgradnje tunela of the terrain. We are watching another military conflict in Afghanistan. -
Exploring the War Underground Aims
World War One Centenary : Continuations and Beginnings (University of Oxford / JISC) Exploring the War Underground by Chris Stephens 2012-10-29 15:44:57 Life on the Western Front front was lived underground, either in trenches or dugouts, or even deeper beneath the surface in caves, souterraines ' medieval underground quarries - or complex tunnel systems, designed to defend the frontlines from subterranean attack and then take the fight to the enemy in a deadly, troglodyte game of cat and mouse. The battlefields of Europe and beyond were underpinned by this subterranean world, for it was an essential part of the bloody business of trench warfare and the attritional nature of a conflict, where technology and industrial might had far outpaced long-outdated notions of strategy and tactics. (Matt Leonard) It is difficult to comprehend what the underground world of the Western Front would have been like, and very difficult to reconstruct today. For the 2012 television adaption of Sebastian Falks novel Birdsong, producers attempted to build an accurate replica of part of the vast network of tunnels, believed to be the first undertaking of this kind. However for those studying Birdsong or conflict archaeology this simulation provides an alternative immersive experience to explore the conflict landscapes and material culture of the First World War. The simulation takes you on a journey through an underground tunnel network, as you descend underground though a mine shaft and explore the tunnels you can listen to Matt Leonard, conflict archeologist, explain how men survived in this environment. Within the simulation are contemporary photographs and film footage from the Durand Group, a world-authority on subterranean warfare during the First World War. -
Punktlighetsrapport 2007
Punktlighetsrapport / Punctuality Report 2007 1 Innhold / Contens Forord / Introduction 3 Punktlighet / Punctuality 4 Persontrafikken / Passenger services 6 Lokaltog / Suburban 6 Flytoget / Gardermoen 10 Mellomdistanse / Regional 10 Strekningsvis punktlighet / Punctuality by line 12 Persontrafikk langdistanse / Long-distance passenger 12 Utlandstog / Cross-border 13 Godstrafikk / Freight 14 Punktlighet i togtrafikken / Train punctuality 1999–2007 16 Forsinkelsestimer / Hours lost to delays 2007 17 Forsinkelsesårsaker totalt / Overall causes of delays 17 Sporkapasitet / Track capacity 18 Flaskehalser / Bottlenecks 18 Kapasitetsforbedringer 2007 / Capacity enhancements in 2007 20 Eksempler på beregnet tidstap ved saktekjøringer / Examples on time lost owing to speed restrictions 21 Krav til oppetid / Uptime requirements 22 Trafikkutvikling / Traffic changes 25 Persontrafikken / Passenger services 25 Godstrafikken / Freight 26 2 Forord / Introduction Jernbaneverkets andel av forsinkelser i togtrafikken, inklu- Jernbaneverket’s rate of train delays and cancellations is sive innstillinger (kanselleringer) defineres som ”oppetid”. described as the infrastructure’s “uptime”. To meet the target For å tilfredsstille behovet for oppetid mht punktlighet, for uptime in punctuality terms, which should be close to som bør være nær 100 %, er det stilt krav til de forhold som 100%, we apply requirements in respect of the following påvirker dette; contributory factors: – tidstap på grunn av saktekjøringer. – Time lost owing to speed restrictions – forsinkelsestimer og innstillinger av tog som skyldes – Delays and service cancellations owing to infrastructure forhold i infrastrukturen. conditions – høy tilgjengelighet og lav feilfrekvens i anleggene til – High levels of availability and low failure rates in Jernbane- Jernbaneverkets. verket’s infrastructure Dette er viktige bidrag til god punktlighet og regularitet. These factors play a major part in good timekeeping and service reliability. -
Jernbaneverket
On track in 2008 A brief look at the activities of Jernbaneverket Director General Elisabeth Enger is preparing for record railway investments and recruiting more and more young people to Jernbaneverket, the Norwegian National Rail Administration ALL ABoard! 155 years of Norwegian Contents railway history All aboard! 155 years of Norwegian railway history 2 1854 Norway’s first railway line opens, linking Kristiania As Jernbaneverket’s new Director General, I see a high level of commitment to Key figures 2 (now Oslo) with Eidsvoll. the railways – both among our employees and others. Many people would like 1890-1910 Railway lines totalling 1 419 km are built in Norway. All aboard! 3 to see increased investment in the railway, which is why the strong political will 1909 The Bergen line is completed at a cost equivalent to This is Jernbaneverket 4 the entire national budget. to achieve a more robust railway system is both gratifying and inspirational. 2008 in brief 6 1938 The Sørland line to Kristiansand opens. Increased demand for both passenger and freight transport is extremely positive Working for Jernbaneverket 8 1940-1945 The German occupation forces take control of NSB, because it is happening despite the fact that we have been unable to offer our Norwegian State Railways. Restrictions on fuel Construction 14 loyal customers the product they deserve. Higher funding levels are now providing consumption give the railway a near-monopoly on Secure wireless communication 18 transport. The railway network is extended by grounds for new optimism and – slowly but surely – we will improve quality, cut Think green – think train 20 450 km using prisoners of war as forced labour. -
State Highway 5 Tumunui Tomo - a Case of Road Resilience to Piping in the Rotorua-Taupo Area Proc
Martins, P. & Van Toan, D. (2017) State Highway 5 Tumunui tomo - a case of road resilience to piping in the Rotorua-Taupo area Proc. 20th NZGS Geotechnical Symposium. Eds. GJ Alexander & CY Chin, Napier State Highway 5 Tumunui tomo - a case of road resilience to piping in the Rotorua-Taupo area P Martins Beca Ltd, Tauranga, NZ [email protected] (Corresponding author) D Van Toan Beca Ltd, Auckland, NZ [email protected] Keywords: piping erosion, tomo, road resilience, Rotorua-Taupo ABSTRACT On 23 June 2016, following a heavy rain event, a section of SH5 at the locality of Tumunui, about 18km south of Rotorua, was closed due to flooding. When the water recessed a little, significant damage to the road and adjacent properties was revealed. The New Zealand Transport Agency - Bay of Plenty East Network Outcomes Contract (BoPE NOC) is the road asset management contract covering the damaged section of SH5. Due to the immediate risk to road users arising from the event, the geotechnical incident response procedure of the BoPE NOC was triggered. Based on the geotechnical investigation undertaken it was concluded that the damage sustained by SH5 at Tumunui was due to reactivation of a naturally occurring internal erosion process that had been developing across the area since at least the 1970’s. The process is intrinsically associated with the geomorphic context of the site and the underlying geology. Following the event, a risk assessment was undertaken and concluded that with management controls in place it was possible to keep the road partially open to traffic. -
Toll Facilities in the United States
TOLL FACILITIES US Department IN THE UNITED of Transportation Federal Highway STATES Administration BRIDGES-ROADS-TUNNELS-FERRIES February 1995 Publication No. FHWA-PL-95-034 TOLL FACILITIES US Department of Transporation Federal Highway IN THE UNITED STATES Administration Bridges - Roads - Tunnels - Ferries February 1995 Publication No: FHWA-PL-95-034 PREFACE This report contains selected information on toll facilities in the United States. The information is based on a survey of facilities in operation, financed, or under construction as of January 1, 1995. Beginning with this issue, Tables T-1 and T-2 include, where known: -- The direction of toll collection. -- The type of electronic toll collection system, if available. -- Whether the facility is part of the proposed National Highway System (NHS). A description of each table included in the report follows: Table T-1 contains information such as the name, financing or operating authority, location and termini, feature crossed, length, and road system for toll roads, bridges, tunnels, and ferries that connect highways. -- Parts 1 and 3 include the Interstate System route numbers for toll facilities located on the Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways. -- Parts 2 and 4 include a functional system identification code for non-Interstate System toll bridges, roads, and tunnels. -- Part 5 includes vehicular toll ferries. Table T-2 contains a list of those projects under serious consideration as toll facilities, awaiting completion of financing arrangements, or proposed as new toll facilities that are being studied for financial and operational feasibility. Table T-3 contains data on receipts of toll facilities.