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Die Syrischen Und Sudanatolischen Gottheiten

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Die Syrischen Und Sudanatolischen Gottheiten DIE SYRISCHEN UND SUDANATOLISCHEN GOTTHEITEN Die" Herrin des Palastes" Der Name Ninegal, "Herrin (des) Palast(es)", ist in der Mitte des dritten J ahrtausends ein Epitheton der Inanna. Der Kult der Gottin ist seit der neusumerischen Zeit im Norden Babyloniens und in Syrien verbreitet. Ihre bedeutendste Kultstadt ist Qatna. 1 In einer Opferliste aus Mari erscheint sie in der Reihen­ folge Ningursanga "Herrin (des) Berg(es)", Ninegal und Ningal, gefolgt von Dagan, dem "Konig (von) Terqa". 2 Wahrscheinlich gelangte Ninegal zusammen mit den ebenfalls dort verehrten Got­ tinnen - der Inanna-Hypostase "Herrin der Steppe", der Korn­ gottin Nisaba und der Gazbaya - vom mittleren Euphrat nach Qatna, Kummanni,3 U garit und tJ:attusa. Bereits in althethitischer Zeit begegnet sie im hethitischen Pan­ theon:4 In der althethitischen Tafel des KI.LAM-Festrituals bildet sie ein Paar mit Zababa (und tJ:alzukki), 5 und in dem Zeremoniell des achten Tages des AN.TAtJ:.SUMsAR-Festrituals erscheint sie zusammen mit der Sonnengottin (von Arinna) und Mezzulla.6 Ihrer Herkunft vom mittleren Euphrat entsprechend fiihrt sie in der GroBreichszeit - in den Opferlisten des Kultes der tJ:ebat und des Tessop von tJ:alab - das Epitheton Bitganu , ,ganaische Tochter",7 das verselbstandigt auch neben Ninegal stehen kann.8 Da es sich bei bi)tu "Tochter" urn eine assyrische Form handelt, 1 D.O. Edzard 1967, 55 und H. Gese 1970, 167. 2 Bearbeitet von G. Dossin 1967. 3 KUB 6.45 Vs. 163. 4 Belegt ist sie in der althethitischen Tafel des KI.LAM-Festrituals KBo 17.9 + ( = StBoT 25, 1980 Nr. 12), bearbeitet von I. Singer 1984, 32-38, und dem Festritual KBo 20.10 + KBo 25.59( = StBoT 25, 1980 Nr. 59). 5 KBo 17.9+ Vs. 17' und KUB 57.59 Vs. II 8'. 6 Siehe S. 789 und D. Yoshida 1992, 155; vgl. auch KUB 57.59 Vs. II und IBoT 3.183 7 KUB 27.13 Vs. I 10; Bitbanu ist aus assyrisch bi'tu "Tochter" und baml "hanaisch, aus ljana (stammend)" zusammengesetzt (die ljanaer sind Halb­ nomaden am mittleren Euphrat), siehe auch S. 313 f. 8 KBo 14.142 Vs. I 16. SYRISCHE GOTTHEITEN 383 muB sie uber Assyrien nach 1j:attusa gelangt sein. Mit ihr scheint die in Emar belegte Gottin ,,[1j:]anana des Palastes" identisch zu sein.9 In den Opferlisten fur den Kult des Tdsop (von 1j:atti?) ist Ninegal dem Tdsop als Konkubine zugeordnet. lO Die Opferlisten fUhren sie als "ALAM 'Bild' Ninegal" (der althethitischen Tradi­ tion folgend) neben Ugur saumat(a)ri auf. 11 In den Opferlisten fUr den Kult der Sa(w)oska sowie im (b)isuwa-Festritual findet sich ent­ sprechend die Folge ,,Dzalmi ('Bild') Ninegal", 12 der in den Opfer­ listen fiir den Kult der 1j:ebat das (hurritische) Wortpaar Tagi­ Tagidu, "die schone Tagidu" zu entsprechen scheint. In einem Gotterfigurenarrangement "sitzt sie am Thron des Tessop."13 In der Schwurgotterliste des Staatsvertrages Suppiluliumas mit Sattiwaza von Mittani ist sie in der Gruppe der hethitischen Gotter hinter Enlil und Ninlil und in der Gruppe der hurritischen Gotter hinter dem Kornmadchen Sala, der Parhedra des Kumarbi, pla­ ziert. 14 In U garit wird ihr im Friihjahrsmonat 1j:iyari auf einer Schale Erde dargebracht, denn sie solI die Fruchtbarkeit der Boden segnen. 15 Die syrische GoUin flebat Die bedeutenste, iiber J ahrtausende hindurch in Nordsyrien und in Siidanatolien verehrte Gottin ist 1j:ebat. 16 Der Name ist erstmals im Pantheon von Ebla in der Form Dba-a-ba-du belegt.17 In den 9 Emar VI.3 1986, Nr. 373:98. 10 Akkadisch esertu: 1473/u Rs. IV 5' und ... Dbi-it-b]a-nu E-SE-ER-TJ DU-ub-bi-na ,,[ ... Bitb]anu, Konkubinen des Tessop", daraus abgeleitet hur­ ritischnasarti(KBo 14.142Vs. I 14, 16undKUB 27.13 Vs. I 19, E. Laroche 1980, 179). 11 KBo 14.138 13'-14'; KBo 23.67 Vs. II 14'; KUB 27.1 Vs. II 54; KUB 32.84 Rs. IV? 23'; KUB 32.97( + )KUB 34.102 Rs. IV 8'; KUB 45.50 Vs. II 6'. 12 Opferlisten: KUB 27.1 Vs. II 54 und KUB 45.37 Rs. III 12'; (b)isuwa-Fest­ ritual: KBo 15.37 Vs. II 38; KBo 33.181 Vs. I 11'; KUB 40.102 Vs. II 13'. DZalmi ist die hurritisierte Form von assyrisch DSalmu, die im Anu-Adad­ Tempel von Assur zusammen mit der ISbara verehrt wird (KAV 78 Rs. 28), D. Prechel 1993. 13 KUB 45.28+ Vs. 7' (vgl. auch KUB 60.15317'), siehe S. 257. 14 CTH 51, 52. 15 RS 24.256, zuletzt iibersetzt von M. Dietrich und O. Loretz 1988, 315 f., Zeile 4. 16 Literatur: J. Danmanville 1972-1975; V. Haas 1978, 65-66. 17 TM.75.G.1464Rs. IX 11-X6; TM.75.G.10143Vs. VII9-15; TM.75.G.1918 Vs. XIII 15-21; TM.75.G.2428 Vs. III 27-39; TM.75.G.2429 Rs. IX 4-18; .
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