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Idées Romaines Remarques Préliminaires Le Graveur a Été À La Fois Soigneux Et Màladroit

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Idées Romaines Remarques Préliminaires Le Graveur a Été À La Fois Soigneux Et Màladroit !.L �-.- -,� GEORGES DUMEZIL Idées romalnes• GALLIMARD REMARQUES PRÉLIMINAIRES SUR LA DIGNITÉ ET L'ANTIQUITÉ DE LA PENSÉE ROMAINE ; 1 Tous droits de reproduction, d'adaptation et de traduction réservés pour tous les pays, y compris l'U.R.S.S. © Éditions Gallimard, 1969. )i A Marcel Renard La pensée des plus anciens Romains regagne l'estime qu'elle mérite. On n'en est plus au temps - proche cependant: 1955- où, dans un manuel collectif, le responsable de la religion romaine ouvrait son exposé sur le spectacle navrant de la « confusion » et du « désordre » de sa matière, puis, contraint, ne fût-ce que par le férial, à parler des dieux, choisissait au nom de la prudence et de la raison un parti plus navrant encore : Plutôt que de chercher à hiérarchiHer ou à classer ces divinités - 1l0UA nVOll1l vu 1eR incertitude!! et les difficultés d'un classe­ ment de cr genre -- le plu!! simple, et peut-être aussi le plus rlitiCllllld, t'Mt de le!! pll!lHt'r en revue dans l'ordre alphabétique... Et t'on vOYllit ainsi Angerona ouvrir le défilé, avec une notice cil efret rcmplic Jc confusions, suivie d'Anna Perenna, de Car­ Illcntia, dc Caroa. Ce n'est qu'en treizième, quatorzième et quinzième position, après Furrina, qu'apparaissaient les pre­ miers grands dieux, que seule rapprochait l'identité de leurs initiales, Janus, Junon, Juppiter, auxquels succédaient Larenta, les Lares, les Lémures, Liber, Mars, etc., jusqu'au serre-file Volturous. Que penserait-on d'un exposé de la doctrine chré­ tienne qui commencerait par les Anges et où Jésus ne se présen­ terait qu'au dixième ou au quinzième rang, loin derrière l'Esprit, loin devant le Père, encadré par les deux saints Jean et par saint Joseph ? Les dieux n'étaient pas seuls à pâtir. Dix ans plus tôt, un romaniste voulait nous persuader que le mot ius avait d'abord signifié « rite magique » et, dans le « dynamisme romain » d'un autre auteur, des notions comme imperium, grauitas, maiestas perdaient à la fois leurs contours et leur ossature. Plus rapidement qu'on n'osait l'espérer, les études se trouvent aujourd'hui purgées du primitivisme et du confusionnisme 10 Idées romatnes Remarques préliminaires II sous leurs diverses formes, et aussi de tout ce que les conduc­ teurs et les manœuvres de la recherche latine avaient tiré des * « enseignements de l'ethnographie », - d'une ethnographie qui, Peut-o étermine à uelle époque la pensée romaine, par suivant les tempéraments, irritait, consternait ou divertissait ? � � , 9 . les ethnographes. Le plus récent exposé de la religion romaine la comb�n�lson de 1 her�tage mdo-e�r�péen et des produits ancienne, celui que MM. Jean Beaujeu et Henri Le Bonniec de. son geme propre, !l pns la forme ongmale que nous lui con­ ont donné dans Le Trésor spirituel de l' humanité (Les Grecs et les naissons dès les premIers textes littéraires et qui, jusqu'au temps Romains, 1967, p. 213-394), témoigne avec éclat de cet assainis­ d'J\ uguste,. n'a guère. vari� ? En partic,:lie� � quelle époque le sement. On ne pressent pas pour l'instant, encore qu'il soit sage d;�It romal�, .- drOl� rehgleux et droIt CIvIl et aussi, par les de l'attendre, quelle nouvelle sorte de délire le compromettra à fetlaux, drOlt mternatlOnal - qui paraît bien être l'ouvrage le nouveau pour un temps. plus caractéristique de Rome quand on la compare aux autres Cette restauration est due à des efforts divers, mais conver­ sociétés indo-européennes, s'est-il constitué avec sa casuistique gents. Pour ne parler que de la France, de bonnes monogra­ déliée, ses règles raisonnées, colorant de pr�che en proche toute phies ont été consacrées par des latinistes, en dehors de tout activité publique et privée ? Deux hasards heureux ont conservé système préconçu, à des divinités comme Liber, Vénus, Cérès : j�s9u'à .nos jou;s deux documents épigraphiques, les deux plus l'observation minutieuse des faits les plus anciens a ainsi dessiné VIeIlles mscnptlOns de Rome, qui permettent de répondre : dès des figures d'un type plausible, d'ailleurs conformes à l'image la fin des temps royaux, et sans doute plus tôt encore. traditionnelle. Des mots clés de la religion et généralement de la pensée romaine ont été étudiés avec la même attention et la même Le premier, trouvé en 1899, a été expliqué en 1955. Il établit indépendance : etc., et, en 1963, ratio, ritus, pietas, profanus, qU'';1ne. des règles de l'art augural, impliquant l'essentiel de l'or­ l'ensemble du vocabulaire du sacré. Parallèlement, les études gamsatlOn et du service des prêtrcs qui l'cxerçaient n'a pas comparatives indo-européennes ouvertes il y a trente ans n'ont va;ié� à travers les siècles répuhlicains, dcpuis les au ures des cessé de progresser et ont abouti aux premiers bilans que consti­ rOIs Jusqu'au consul-aug ure qu'était Cicéron. Lc dcrnier� état tuent, pour la théologie et pour le culte, La. 1!-eligion romaine de l'ét�ldc a été donnt: danR 1,(1 RdiKion romaine archaïque, p. 93- (1966) et, pour les légendes des ongmes, la seconde archaïque 98, ct JC nw horne il l'n rappelcr l'argumcnt principal. partie de Mythe et EpoPée, l (1968). J ,l'S fragml'Ilts d'inscription qui sc liscnt Rur lc tronçon de L' « idéologie » romaine ancienne qui s'est dégagée de ces cipPl' dhl'IT{' ail Lapis Nigcr, près du Comitium sur le Forum enquêtes est d'une bonne qualité intellectuelle. Si ceux qui la !lont n'lat ifs il la règle qu'énoncc Cicéron dans s n traité sur pratiquaient, aux premiers siècles de la ville et jusqu'assez � I� divination, Il 36, 77. Sui�ant cette règle,. aux calatores qui mar­ avant dans les temps républicains, n'ont pas éprouvé le besoin chent dcvant cux quand ds sont en serVIce, les augures « pres­ . ou n'ont pas eu le talent de lui donner une expression littéraire c�lvent d'?rdonner que l'on retire du joug, sur leur passage, les du niveau des hymnes védiques, elle n'en était pas moins riche, bctes de Joug » (nos augures praecipimus... ut iumenta iubeant nuancée, structurée, habile à la distinction et à l'agencement, diiungere), et cela pour éviter que ne se produise malencontreu­ apte à fournir à l'organisme social une justification déjà philoso­ s�ment /ne obueniatl un iuge(s) auspi�ium, c'est-à-dire qu'une phique de lui-même et aussi du monde, dans la mesure limitée bete de Joug, so�s l� Joug, fasse �e� excrements (en effet, explique où le monde l'intéressait. Il faut souligner que pendant long­ Paul, p. 226 L, luge(s) ausplclum est cum iunctum iumentum temps, en dépit de profondes influences étr� ques et su tout � : ste�cus fecit). On peut discuter sur le sens, sur l'origine de cette grecques et après de grands changements pohtlques et sO�laux, cramte et de cette précaution, mais seul le fait importe ici. Or, cette idéologie a conservé, tout en évoluant, de larges·provmces, . sur le Clpp� du Foru.m, mIS au JOur non loin du « uicus iugarius », et d'abord la province centrale définie par le groupement de de la rue dite « des Jougs », laquelle est la première transversale Juppiter, de Mars et e Qu ri us, où les principa x tr!li�s de � ! � � que rencontrai.ent le� aupures q�and, descendant de l' augura­ « l'héritage indo-europeen » etment non seulement mtelhglbles, culum du Capitole, ds s engageaIent sur la Sacra uia on lit mais actifs sur les esprits et explicatifs des événements de après une form�le d� �alédi�tion qui sem?le destinée à rotége l'actualité. le sup ort de 1 mscnptlOn, d abord, a, la hgne 4, le nomp du roi; p ' au datif (RECEl, « rëgi »), puis, aux lignes 8-10 : 12 Idées romaznes Remarques préliminaires 13 ...M KALATO 1 REM HAl... mâles dans la convention matrimoniale, était déjà pratiqué au ... OD : 10 : VXMEN ITAKAP IA : D ... début de la République ou dès la fin des temps royaux. Prête depuis une quinzaine d'années, l'explication vient seulement ce qui peut être complété [ ... iubet suu]m caliitorem hae[c d'en être donnée dans l'Hommage publié en l'honneur de l'actif *caliire... ], et [ex ... iug]o (ou subiugi] 0, ou iugari]o) iümenta ministre des études latines qu'est, à Bruxelles, M. Marcel Renard. capiat... , et, en tout cas, contient en clair les éléments essentiels Il est utile de la reproduire ici, avec quelques modifications. de la règle du iuge(s) auspicium: l'intervention du calator et l'ordre, orienté par un ablatif, de « prendre les bêtes de joug ». La suite de l'inscription se laisse expliquer dans le même sens L'inscription dite de DVENOS, qui paraît dater de la fin du et la fin (1. 15-16), . OD: IOVESTOD 1 LOI(V)QVIOD, est sans doute VIe siècle ou du début du ve avant notre ère, est tracée en trois à comprendre -0 iüsto *liquido, c'est-à-dire juxtapose deux lignes sans séparation de mots autour d'un vase à triple bouche, adjectifs qui sont, beaucoup plus tard encore, employés techni­ ou plutôt de trois vases artificiellement réunis. Trouvé en 1880 quement pour qualifier les auspices : pris selon la règle, sans dans un « dépôt votif » sur le versant méridional du Quirinal, à vice (iustus), et favorables (liquidus). côté de plusieurs autres de même type mais non inscrits, cet Le second document épigraphique prouve parallèlement objet, avec son message, a donné lieu jusqu'à ce jour à un très qu'un usage du droit civil qui suppose l'organisation classique grand nombre d'études, qu'on supposera ici connues 1.
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