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Cahiers D'asie Centrale Cahiers d’Asie centrale 3/4 | 1997 L’héritage timouride : Iran – Asie centrale – Inde, XVe-XVIIIe siècles Maria Szuppe (dir.) Édition électronique URL : http://journals.openedition.org/asiecentrale/447 ISSN : 2075-5325 Éditeur Éditions De Boccard Édition imprimée Date de publication : 1 octobre 1997 ISBN : 2-85744-955-0 ISSN : 1270-9247 Référence électronique Maria Szuppe (dir.), Cahiers d’Asie centrale, 3/4 | 1997, « L’héritage timouride : Iran – Asie centrale – Inde, XVe-XVIIIe siècles » [En ligne], mis en ligne le 03 janvier 2011, consulté le 07 mai 2020. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/asiecentrale/447 Ce document a été généré automatiquement le 7 mai 2020. © Tous droits réservés 1 Le public occidental, même orientalisant, est plus habitué à associer le nom de Tamerlan à des conquêtes foudroyantes, impitoyables et destructrices qu’à des œuvres de paix. Or, paradoxe, de cet Empire qui semble s’être défait plus rapidement encore qu’il n’avait été rassemblé, est sortie l’une des plus brillantes cultures du monde islamique, qui devait rayonner bien au delà du siècle – notre XVe siècle – dévolu par l’histoire à la dynastie des descendants de Timour pour régner dans sa région d’origine. Et il ne s’agit pas seulement de culture artistique, de ce mécénat auquel les conquérants s’adonnent volontiers. Certes, ses vestiges resplendissent encore à Samarcande, Shahr-i Sabz, Turkestan/Yasi, et dans les villes d’art martyres que sont devenues Hérat et Mazar-e Sharif. Mais la culture timouride a aussi été politique, économique, religieuse et bien sûr militaire. Sans être, sans doute, le seul modèle, elle a imprégné profondément les sociétés turco-iraniennes, au moins jusqu’au XIXe siècle où les derniers héritiers de Timour durent s’incliner devant la puissance coloniale, anglaise à Delhi, russe à Boukhara, cependant que l’Iran Qadjar, une fois de plus, réagissait aux pressions extérieures par une recherche de l’authenticité nationale. Exploration sans conformisme ni préjugés d’un domaine tellement partagé et déchiré, depuis le XIXe siècle, qu’on en oublie son unité ancienne, ce volume apporte aussi des éléments de compréhension du présent, où Timourides et Moghols, voire Safavides, servent une fois de plus de référence, cette fois aux nouvelles nations de la zone. NOTE DE LA RÉDACTION Cahiers d’Asie centrale, 3/4 | 1997 2 SOMMAIRE Avant-propos Table de translittération adoptée pour le persan avec variantes pour l’arabe Abréviations The Timurid Legacy: A Reaffirmation and a Reassessment Maria Eva Subtelny Le cadre événementiel Descendants et successeurs de Timour : la rivalité territoriale entre les régimes ouzbek, safavide et moghol Audrey Burton Modèles politiques Military Manpower in Late Mongol and Timurid Iran Beatrice Forbes Manz Change in Political Culture: The Rise of Sheybani Khan Nurten Kılıç La naqshbandiyya sous les premiers Sheybanides Bahtijar Babadžanov Yasa and Shari‘a in Early 16th century-Central Asia Ken’ichi Isogai State Building under the Mughals: Religion, Culture and Politics Muzaffar Alam Emigration of Iranian Elites to India during the 16-18th centuries Masashi Haneda Économies, sociétés, culture La politique monétaire du Timouride ‘Omar Sheykh au Ferghana à la fin du XVe siècle Ludmila Špeneva Les relations entre Astrakhanides, khans kazaks et ‘Arabshahides : dernières données numismatiques Boris Kočnev Traits principaux de l’urbanisme dans le Mavarannahr et le Turkestan à la fin du XVe et au XVIe siècle Margarita Filanovič Cahiers d’Asie centrale, 3/4 | 1997 3 La propriété foncière des cheikhs Juybari Jürgen Paul Le rôle de la femme dans la société de l’Asie centrale sous les Timourides et les Sheybanides Raziya Mukminova Le rayonnement artistique Shrines of Saints and Dynastic Mausolea: Towards a Typology of Funerary Architecture in the Timurid Period Claus-Peter Haase L’évolution architecturale des couvents soufis à l’époque timouride et post-timouride Mavluda Yusupova Le décor du « Complexe Vert » à Bursa, reflet de l’art timouride Marthe Bernus-Taylor Farhad le peintre : à propos des ateliers de peinture de Boukhara à l’époque de ‘Abd al-‘Aziz Khan, 1645-1680 Yves Porter La mémoire À propos de Fazlallah b. Ruzbehan Khonji Esfahani et du mausolée d’Ahmad Yasavi Michele Bernardini Timur in the Political Tradition and Historiography of Mughal India Irfan Habib L’évolution de l’image de Timour et des Timourides dans l’historiographie safavide du XVIe au XVIIIe siècle Maria Szuppe Index des noms propres Cahiers d’Asie centrale, 3/4 | 1997 4 Avant-propos 1 1996 fut, en Ouzbékistan, l’année de celui que nous appelions Tamerlan, d’un nom qui faisait trembler, et que ses lointains descendants préfèrent appeler Amir Timour. Ne voulant pas doubler les imposantes manifestations officielles – auxquelles l’IFEAC et nombre de chercheurs locaux et étrangers participèrent du reste –, l’Institut a préféré, cette année-là, consacrer son colloque d’automne à un thème complémentaire et qui correspond bien à sa devise : l’héritage timouride. C’est une partie des communications de ce colloque, revues et enrichies par leurs auteurs, que nous présentons dans ce numéro double : le colloque a été, en effet, si riche que, même dans un volume double, il nous a été impossible de faire entrer toutes les communications. Il faudra donc au lecteur attendre le numéro suivant de la revue pour découvrir complètement la richesse de ces journées des 24-26 septembre 1996, constituant, pour le nombre et la qualité des participants, le colloque le plus important réuni jusqu’ici par l’IFEAC. 2 Nous avons, avec une grande joie, accueilli à cette occasion des savants venus du monde entier, d’Europe, d’Amérique du nord, du Japon, de l’Inde et, bien sûr, du monde ex- soviétique rencontrer leurs collègues ouzbeks et français ou renouer avec eux des liens distendus depuis la dislocation de 1991. Timourides, Safavides, Grands Moghols, dynasties de l’Asie centrale (Sheybanides, Janides, khans Chaghatayides, etc.) ont revécu, l’espace de quelques journées, dans le cadre magique du musée des Arts appliqués, chez nos amis de l’Association nationale ouzbèque pour les relations culturelles internationales et dans les locaux désormais achevés de l’IFEAC. 3 L’enthousiasme avec lequel ces spécialistes ont accepté notre invitation (et parfois l’ont devancée), la durée du séjour de ceux qui ont pu le prolonger pour travailler sur place, témoignent du besoin, à l’échelle mondiale, auquel a répondu la création de l’Institut. 4 Le volume couvre une vaste période, du XVe au XVIIIe siècle, et s’articule autour de trois domaines géographiques principaux : l’aire ouzbèque (les Sheybanides et les Janides), l’aire iranienne (les Safavides) et l’aire moghole, toutes tributaires à des degrés divers de l’héritage des Timourides de Samarcande et de Hérat. Les articles cherchent à dégager ce qui, dans les structures et les manifestations politiques et socio- culturelles de ces royaumes si divisés, remonte à un modèle commun hérité de l’époque où l’Empire timouride était la référence par excellence, consciente ou non, du monde musulman oriental. Cahiers d’Asie centrale, 3/4 | 1997 5 5 L’héritage timouride a évidemment subi des évolutions contrastées. L’art en est l’exemple le plus spectaculaire. L’architecture et la peinture se développent dans trois directions distinctes, en Asie centrale, dans l’Iran safavide et dans l’Inde du Nord, à partir d’un modèle principal (qui n’était cependant pas unique, surtout pour l’Iran et l’Inde), l’école timouride de Hérat. La question des contacts politiques, des échanges artistiques ou scientifiques, de l’émigration massive des élites (iraniennes aussi bien que chaghatây) de l’Empire timouride vers l’Inde de Bâbur et vers les Etats ouzbeks vient tout naturellement à l’esprit ; celle de la "timouridisation" des élites safavides au XVIe s. est peut-être moins connue. Dans tous les cas, il reste beaucoup à étudier. On appréciera, nous en sommes sûrs, la masse de documents et d’analyses nouveaux qu’apporte ce volume, qui se veut à la fois d’exploration et de synthèse. 6 La parution de leur numéro 3-4 commence à donner aux Cahiers d’Asie centrale l’aspect d’une série. L’accueil qui a été fait par la communauté scientifique au premier volume montre que cette publication aussi, comme l’Institut qui la patronne, répond à un besoin. C’est ce qui nous rend confiants dans son avenir, et nous estimerons avoir réussi si nous sommes parvenus à révéler ce besoin et à indiquer les moyens de le satisfaire, avec assez de clarté pour que le flambeau ne puisse plus être éteint. La Rédaction Cahiers d’Asie centrale, 3/4 | 1997 6 Table de translittération adoptée pour le persan avec variantes pour l’arabe â –ا â –آ b –ب p –پ t –ت (s (arabe : ṯ ou th –ث j –ج ch, č –چ ḥ –ح kh –خ d –د (ẕ (arabe : ḏ –ذ r –ر z –ز ž –ژ s –س sh –ش ṣ –ص ż –ض ṭ –ط ẓ –ظ ‘ –ع Cahiers d’Asie centrale, 3/4 | 1997 7 gh –غ f –ف q –ق k –ک g –گ l –ل m –م n –ن (v, u, o, ow (arabe: aw –و h, -a –ه (y, i, ey (arabe: ay –ی à –ىَ ’ –ء îya- –یه khw –خو a, -at- –ۃ - voyelles persane : a, â, e, i, o, u - voyelle arabes : a, â, à, i, î, u, û - ezâfa persan : -e, -ye - article arabe : al- (même devant les lettres solaires) Cahiers d’Asie centrale, 3/4 | 1997 8 Abréviations EI2 : Encyclopédie de l’Islam (Encyclopædia of Islam), 2e édition, Paris-Leiden, 1954- CHI, vol. VI : The Cambridge History of Iran, vol. VI : “The Timurid and Safavid Periods”, Peter Jackson and Laurence Lockhart (ed), Cambridge University Press, 1986 CHI, vol.
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