CENTER FOR IRANIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER Vol. 15, No. 2 SIPA--New York Fall 2003 ENCYCLOPÆDIA IRANICA SHIRIN EBADI WINNER OF Fascicles 1 and 2 of Volume XII Published; Fascicle 3 in Press 2003 NOBEL PEACE PRIZE

The first and second fascicles way in which Hedayat’s satire per- of Volume XII of the Encyclopædia meates many of his short stories. Iranica were published in the Sum- Hillmann reviews plots and themes mer and Fall of 2003. They fea- of Hedayat’s fiction, some fifty or ture over 120 articles on various as- more works written from the mid- pects of Iranian culture and history, in- 1920s through the mid-1940s, and cites cluding four series of articles on spe- features of Hedayat’s distinctive ways cific subjects: four entries on Sadeq of narration which advanced the capa- Hedayat, four entries on Hazara groups bilities of the language in Persian lit- in , four entries on Helmand erature and served as an indigenous River, and eight entries on . model for later Iranian short story writ- ers and novelists. Shirin Ebadi, lawyer and human SADEQ HEDAYAT rights activist who contributed the en- AND Persian literature is also treated in try CHILDREN’S RIGHTS IN to the the following eight articles: HASAN Encyclopædia Iranica and whose book Four articles discuss the life and GHAZNAVI, poet at the court of History and Documentation of Human work of Sadeq Hedayat, the foremost Bahramshah Ghaznavi, by J. S. Rights in Iran was published by the modern Persian fiction writer who had Meisami; HATEF ESFAHANI, influential Center for Iranian Studies in 2000, was a vast influence on subsequent genera- poet of 18th century, by the late Z. Safa awarded the 2003 Nobel Peace Prize. tions of Persian writers: LIFE AND WORK Continued on page 2 Continued on page 10 by H. Katouzian & EIr.; THEMES, PLOTS, AND TECHNIQUES by M. C. Hillmann; TRANSLATION OF PAHLAVI Gala Benefit Dinner TEXTS by T. Daryaee; and SELECTED Houston, October 16th, 2004 BIBLIOGRAPHY by EIr. Hedayat’s contri- bution to Folklore Studies will be Annual gala benefit dinners orga- will also be live music. treated in the Supplement. Dicussing nized by Friends of the Encyclopædia It is hoped that as many support- Hedayat’s work, Katouzian notes that Iranica are becoming a feature of our ers of the Encyclopædia Iranica as pos- he displays an effortless skill in his fundraising activities. The recent se- sible wil attend the Gala. For further choice of metaphor and imagery, par- ries of such galas began in New York information please refer to our website ticularly in his masterpiece The Blind in 1999, followed successively by one at www.iranica.com. Owl (Buf-e kur). He also discusses the in Washington D.C. in 2001, Los An- geles in 2002, and Miami in 2003. The BALLET OF ZAL & RUDABE next gala benefit dinner will take place in Houston, Texas on October 16, 2004. Following the efforts of Mrs. Houri Mostowfi-Moqaddam and Ms. A committe chaired by Mrs. Lily Nazli Mohajer, the ballet Zal and Lajevardian-Kooros and Mr. Ali Rudabeh a love story from the Iranian Saberioon with the participation of a Book of Kings (the ), cho- number of socially active Iranian- reographed by Robert de Warren, is Americans of Houstan, Texas, has been scheduled to be shown in January of formed to organize a benefit dinner for 2005 in San Francisco for the benefit the Encyclopædia Iranica on Saturday, of the Encyclopædia Iranica. Mr. War- 16th of October at elegant River Oak ren, presently Artistic Director & CEO Country Club. of Sarasota Ballet of Florida, led the National Ballet of Iran from 1965-76 The program includes honoring a and has choreographed Zal and number of prominent individuals for Rudabeh as “an amalgam of Persian their distinguished achievements, as dance movements and contemporary SADEQ HEDAYAT well as live and silent auctions. There classical ballet.” CISNewsletter 2

equally ambitious cleric within a cor- Continued from page 1 rupt bureaucratic environment of the late Qajar era to reach a high rank in the government.

Also presented are two Tajik poets and essayists: MOHAMMED-SEDDIQ HAYRAT, Tajik poet from of late 19th century; and RAHIM HASHEM, essayist, critic, and translator of 20th century, both by H. Borjian.

HAZARAJAT

HAZARA, the third largest ethnic RAHIM HASHEM group of Afghanistan after the Pashtuns and the , represents nearly a fifth Old Quarters of HERAT, and EIr; ABD-ALLAH , Persian of the total population. Their name most Timurid Period poet of 15th-16th century, by M. probably derives from the Persian word Bernardini. hazar, which means “thousand,” a tribal-military unit of 1000 soldiers. The such the source of constant dispute be- Hazaras speak a Persian dialect with tween Persia and Afghanistan since the th HAZIN LAHIJI, Persian poet and many Turkish and some Mongolian mid-19 century. This subject is treated scholar of 18th century, is discussed by words. Most Hazaras are Twelver in four articles: GEOGRAPHY by M. J. J. Perry. The author concludes that Shi’ites, a factor which has contributed Hanifi, and EIr.; IN ZOROASTRIAN TRA- Hazin was an open-minded, tolerant, to their political and socio-economic DITION by G. Gnoli; MEDIEVAL PERIOD cultivated and cosmopolitan Shi’ite marginalization. The history of the by C. E. Bosworth; LATTER PART OF THE scribe of the late Safavid and post- Hazaras is marked by several wars and 19TH CENTURY AND IN THE 20TH CENTURY Safavid Persia who fled a politically forced displacements. Driven by pov- by A. Khazeni. dangerous and economically depressed erty, the Hazaras have migrated milieu for the courts of Muslim , throughout the 20th century. Four ar- Discussing the great role the where he contributed to the ticles treat various aspects of Hazara, Helmand River and its region played in Persianization of the ruling elite. HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY by A. Khazeni; the entire Zoroastrian tradition, Gnoli HISTORY; and ETHNOGRAPHY AND SOCIAL notes that numerous indications lead to REZAQOLI KHAN HEDAYAT, literary ORGANIZATION, both by A. Monsutti; the assumption that “in an unspecific historian, administrator, and poet of the Hazaragi Dialect by J. Kieffer. but archaic period, probably during the Qajar period, is treated by P. Losensky. course of the 6th century B.C.E., a The entry presents in detail Hedayat’s HELMAND RIVER process occurred in which the Helmand literary and educational contributions and other localities of its region were and notes that serving as the deputy di- Helmand River, on the border of identified with elements of traditional rector of the newly established Dar al- Iran and Afghanistan, is significant for cosmography and mythical geography.” Fonun in the mid 19th century, he was both its place in Zoroastrian mythology It was considered not only as the center instrumental in designing its curricu- and for being the main source of the of mythical Kayanid dynasty’s power lum. During this time, he also began water supply of Sistan province and as and its divine farr but also the lake in composing the two massive prose which the seed of the prophet Zoroaster works for which he is perhaps best is cared for and protected by the 99,999 known, Rawzat al-safa-ye naseri and fravashis (souls of the departed heros) Majma al-fosaha. Although much of from which will be born the three great Hedayat’s voluminous output in saviors in Zoroastrian tradition. and religious lore exists only in manu- script, many of his most important Beginning with a description of the works on lexicography, rhetoric, and economic outlook and dependency of literary and political history have been Sistan on the flow of Helmand River published in both lithograph and print and a century and a half of dispute over editions. the division of water resources, the en- try on Helmand in the latter part of the th th MOHAMMAD HEJAZI, novelist and 19 century and the 20 century con- playwright, is discussed by M. cludes that numerous rounds of nego- Ghanoonparvar. Examining Hejazi’s tiations between Iran and Afghanistan work, the entry discusses Ziba, his best have occurred, resulting in agreements novel, in some detail. Ziba is the story in 1926, 1928, 1939, and 1972. These of an attractive and ambitious courte- failed to create a resolution. During the san who manipulates his lover, a young, MOHAMMAD HEJAZI drought that began in the late 1990s, the 3 CISNewsletter

Taliban dammed the Helmand in cen- iers and the endowments he had made tral Afghanistan, completely drying the for the happiness of their souls. On the Hamun lake and causing the abandon- controversial question of the date of ment of villages in Persian Sistan. Zoroaster, he argued for the validity of the Zoroastrian tradition of placing the HERAT Prophet 258 years before Alexander, therefore in the 7th-6th century BCE. Occupying an important place in Among those who studied with him medieval as well as modern history of were Ilya Gershevitch, , Persia, the city of Herat, in northwestern Richard Frye, Jacques Duchesne- Afghanistan, is the subject of seven Guillemin, , Firouz articles: GEOGRAPHY by A. Khazeni and Kotwal, Mahyar Navvabi, Ahmad EIr.; PRE-ISLAMIC HISTORY by W. J. Tafazzoli, Mehrdad Bahar, Vogelsang; MEDIEVAL HISTORY and WALTER BRUNO HENNING Badrozzaman Gharib, and Hamid MEDIEVAL URBANISM AND TOPOGRAPHY, Mahamedi. both by M. Szuppe; LOCAL HISTORIES achievements associated with his court. OF HERAT by J. Paul; HERAT QUESTION The entry HELLENISM, referring to by A. Amanat; and HERAT FRONTIER IN In his treatment of HERAT QUESTION partial or complete adoption of Greek LATTER HALF OF 19-20TH CENTURIEs by Amanat provides us with a detailed nar- language, manners, and lifestyle in the A. Khazeni. HERAT FROM SOVIET rative of the controversy over Herat ancient Near East by non-Greeks, is OCCUPATION TO POST-TALIBAN PERIOD from the middle of the 18th century, treated by L. Martinez-Sève. From the will be treated in the Supplement. when following Nader Shah’s assassi- time that Cyrus expanded Achaemenid nation in 1747 the city became the fo- power to the shore of the Aegean Sea In her treatment of the medieval cus of a century-long power struggle with the capture of Sardis in 546 BCE, history of Herat, Szuppe notes that and regional rivalry that came to an end Iranians and Greeks began to learn from when the Arab armies appeared in only with Persia renouncing its sover- and adapt to each other in many areas— Khorasan in the 650s, Herat was eignty over the city under the British religion, art, technology, fashion, and counted among the twelve capital towns pressure in 1857. Defeat in the 1838 and more. After Alexander the Great’s con- of the and in the 1856 Anglo-Persian wars over Herat quest of the Persian Empire in 331 BCE, medieval period, it was one of the four convinced the Qajar state never to en- the cultural interaction shifted to new main urban centres of Eastern Iranian gage militarily against Persia’s imperial grounds. This foreign cultural presence world. Under the Timurids in the 15th neighbors. In the longer historical span, was both a challenge and a contribu- century, Herat assumed the role of the Amanat notes that the humiliation of tion to be absorbed and integrated into main capital of an empire that extended losing Herat invoked in Persian Iran’s historical development. in the West as far as Central Persia. The memory, especially during the Pahlavi new prosperity of Herat began with the era, the image of Qajar infirmity and The entry, HEGEL ON PERSIA, pre- nomination of Shahrokh, the youngest ineptitude, and a painful national loss sented by M. Azadpour, deals with the son of Timur, as governor of Herat in second only to that of the Caucasian views of the noted western philosopher 1397 and culminated under Sultan provinces to Russia three decades ear- on the role of Persian civilization in Hosayn Bayqara, whose reign is viewed lier. world history. as the golden age of the city in modern times, not only because of the relative Hegel, in his influential work, The stability of political and economic life, PRE-ISLAMIC HISTORY AND Philosophy of History, develops the idea but also for cultural and scientific CULTURE that the historical process of self-con- Pre-Islamic history and culture is the subject of 23 entries. The entry WALTER BRUNO HENNING by W. Sundermann guides the reader through the entire range of Henning’s writings. Henning’s discoveries were many and fundamental. He was the scholar who made sense of Paikuli inscription and HASANLU PIC? demonstrated that it was a monument by the Sasanian Narseh to celebrate his victory against his rival. He also clari- fied the sense of ’s very impor- tant inscriptions in Ka’ba-ye Zardosht in three languages: Pahlavi, Parthian and Greek, in which he records an ac- count of his campaigns in Roman Horse breastplate bronze Mesopotamia and , and records from HASANLU TEPPE information about his court and court- HERACLES CISNewsletter 4

Gignoux; HERACLES or Hercules, one of the most popular Greek gods in the Hellenistic East and by far the best-at- tested Greek god in the Iranian world, by F. de Jong; HEPHTHALITES, second wave of Hunnic tribal invaders in 4th century, by A. D. H. Bivar; HELIOCLES I, last Greek king in Bactria in 2nd cen- tury BCE, by O. Bopearachchi; HERACLEITUS OF EPHESUS, Greek philoso- pher, writer on the magi of 6th century BCE; HERACLEIDES OF CYME, Greek au- thor of Persian history of 4th century BCE; and HECTAEUS OF MILETUS, Greek author from Miletus, 6th-5th century BCE, all by J. Wiesehöfer; HELMET IN MARTIN HAUG PRE-ISLAMIC PERIOD by B. A. LITVINSKY. magic in , by S. Shahbazi. HARHAR, land and city at western border of Media, and HARZIANU, city and district in Media, both discussed by I. HISTORY, Medevedskaya; WILLY HARTNER, Ger- MEDIEVAL TO MODERN man historian of science who contrib- uted to the study of Persian calendar, Seven entries treat Iran’s history by A. Panaino; HASANLU TEPPE, ar- from medieval to modern times: chaeological site in Western Azarbaijan, HENDUSHAH B. SANJAR, 14th century au- by R. H. Dyson; HASHTPAY, name of a thor of the Persian book Tajareb al- game from Sasanian era, by A. salaf; HARUN B. ALTUNTAS, a governor Panaino; HATRA, strongly fortified an- of Khwarazm in Ghaznavid period; Golden Cup from HASANLU TEPPE cient city in Upper Mesopotamia, and HARUN-AL-RASHID, fifth caliph of HAUMAVARGA, term distinguishing one Abbasid dynasty; and HARRAN, Ancient of the three groups of Saka tribes, both town of Upper Mesopotamia, all by C. sciousness of freedom, as driving force by R. Schmitt; MARTIN HAUG, German E. Bosworth; HAYDAR MIRZA, Safavid of history, begins with the Persians, and scholar and one of the founders of Ira- prince, by M. Mazzaoui; HASAN BEG that the history of Zoroastrian nian studies in the 19th century, by A. RUMLU, author and cavalryman of Achaemenid Persia “constitutes strictly Hintze; HAZARBED, title of high state Safavid period, by Sh. Quinn; HASAN- the beginning of world history.” Hegel official in Sasanian Iran, by R. ALI BEG BESTAMI, associate and advisor engages in an extensive treatment of the Shayegan; HARPAGOS, Median magnate of Nader Shah, by E. Tucker; HAYDAR Zoroastrian Iranian civilization, focus- of 6th century BCE, by M. KHAN A MUOGLI, revolutionary activist of ing on Achaemenid Persia. The signifi- Dandamayev; HARUT AND MARUT, early 20th century, by A. R. cance of Achaemenid Persians as the fallen angels who taught mankind Sheikholeslami. “first Historical People” is expressed in the Zoroastrian religious system. The Mazdean light enables the individual human beings to achieve freedom to act in as many ways as their natural pro- pensities allow. Hegel traces a replica- tion of the Zoroastrian space, opened up by the antithesis between light and darkness in the political organization of the Persian empire: “We find the Per- sian empire consisting of a number of states, which are indeed dependent, but which have retained their own individu- ality, their manners, and laws. As Light illuminates everything – imparting to each object its peculiar vitality–so the Persian Empire extends over a multi- tude of nations, and leaves to each one its particular character.”

Other articles on pre-Islamic his- tory and religion include: the concept ELMET IN RE SLAMIC ERIOD of HELL IN , by P. H P -I P 5 CISNewsletter

election law, his tenures as governor general of Fars and of dur- ing the critical years of World War I and its aftermath, and finally his premiership for six years under Reza Shah.

ALI-ASGHAR HEKMAT, man of let- ters, cabinet minister, and the chief ar- chitect of the modernization of the edu- cational system under Reza Shah, best remembered as a progressive and effi- cient Minister of Education, is by A. Milani and EIr. Hekmat played a piv- otal role in the foundation of the Uni- ALI-ASGHAR HEKMAT versity of , modern schools, the Archeological Museum (Muze-ye Iran- SHAMSI MORADPUR HEKMAT e Bastan), the National Library, etc. PRE-MODERN SOCIAL Following a discussion of Hekmat’s lit- RELATIONS erary work and his character traits the SHI’ISM article concludes: “One could say that Three articles treat aspects of so- Hekmat, like Mohammad Ali Foruqi Shi’ism and Ismailism are treated cial relations in pre-modern times: and Mehdiqoli Hedayat (both prime in twelve entries: HASAN B. ALI B. ABI- HASAB O NASAB, term used to ministers), was among the statesmen TALEB, eldest surviving grandson of the express complementary aspects of no- who continued the old tradition of Prophet Mohammad through his daugh- bility, by L. Marlow. Hasab, properly learned and capable viziers.” ter Fatema, and second Imam of the refers to the store of inherited as well Shites after his father Ali. He was as acquired merit while nasab was HARRIMAN MISSION, mission of brought up in the Prophet’s household strictly defined by heredity. HAYDARI American diplomat W. A. Harriman to until the age of seven when his grand- AND NEMATI, mutually hostile urban Persia in 1951 to mediate Anglo-Iranian father died. Imam Hasan is known as a moieties, known from Safavid to Qajar oil dispute between the British govern- man of toleration and according to periods, by J. Perry. From the late fif- ment and prime minister Mohammad Shi’ite sources was killed by poisoning, teenth century until recent decades, a Mosaddeq; and ABD-AL-HOSAYN instigated by Moawiya; and EBRAHIM number of cities and towns of Persia HAZHIR, minister, prime Minister, and HASANI, Zaydi scholar from of 9th were perceived as being divided into court minister under Mohammad Reza century, both by W. Madelung; HAYYA two groupings of adjacent wards Shah, both by F. Azimi; KAZEM HASIBI, ALA KHAYR AL-AMAL, religious formula (mahalla), one known as the Haydari- a National Front leader and the oil ad- included in call to prayer (azan), by M. khana and the other as the Ne’mati- visor to Mosaddeq, by B. Agheli and -Asher; HASAN BASRI, Muslim khana, the respective male inhabitants EIr. SARDAR FAKHER HEKMAT, influen- preacher, theologian, jurist of 7th-8th of which would profess mutual con- tial politician and speaker of the House century, by C. Melchert; NAJM-AL-DIN tempt and antagonism, and would peri- of Representatives (Majles), by A. HELLI, a leading jurist of Twelver Shi’ite odically clash in massive public fights. Milani; and SHAMSI MORADPUR HEKMAT, school of law of 13th century, by E. HAREM in the Qajar period by A. educator and philanthropist of latter half Kohlberg; HASAN B. YUSOF HELLI, Vanzan treats the important role of 20th century, by H. Sarshar. prominent Imami theologian and jurist women played in the life of the two of 13th-14th century, by S. Schmidtke; Qajar monarchs, Fath-Ali Shah and HELYAT AL-MOTTAQIN, popular Shi’ite Naser-al-Din Shah, who kept a large traditionist book on Shi’ite customs and harem. norms written by influential scholar Mohammad Taqi Majlesi in late Safavid PAHLAVI PERIOD period; and HASAN SHIRAZI, influential Shi’ite source of emulation who played The following ten articles are de- a leading role in the Tobacco Boycott voted to Persian statesmen and other of 1891, both by H. Algar; HEJLA, bridal figures of the Pahlavi period: MOKHBER chamber which is also used in religious AL-SALTANA HEDAYAT, statesman, author festivals, by J. Calmard. and musicologist is the subject of two articles: LIFE AND WORK by M. Kasheff; Also treated are three Ismaili fig- and AS MUSICIAN by A. Youssefzadeh. ures: HASAN SABBAH, Ismaili da’i and The highlights of Hedayat’s political founder of Nezari Ismaili state in 11th- career, include the active role he played 12th century in Alamut; and HASAN II, in the Constitutional Movement as in- Nezari-Ismaili Imam and fourth ruler of termediary between the Shah and lead- Alamut in 12th century, both by F. ers of the movement and in drafting the KAZEM HASIBI Daftary; and HASAN BHARUCHI HENDI, CISNewsletter 6

Mostali Tayyebi Ismaili savant and au- thor of 16th century, by I. Poonawala.

KURDS AND LORS

Kurds and Lors are treated in seven articles: HARKI, tribe of west- ern Azarbaijan, eastern Anatolia and northeastern , by P. Oberling; HAZARASPIDS, Local dynasty of Kurdish origin in , by C. E. Bosworth; HAZHAR, pen name of Kurdish poet, philologist and transla- tor, by K. Hitchins; RAFIQ HELMI, Kurdish historian, poet, and political activist of 20th century; and HEMIN MOKRIANI, pen name of Kurdish poet and journalist, both by J. Blau. HASANVAND, Lor tribe of Pishkuh region Light, vertical, angular HARPS of Lorestan, and HAYAT-DAWUDI, seden- tary Lor tribe in Hayat-Dawud district, stretching from the Persian Gulf to ematician and lecturer of 20th century, OTHER ARTICLES northwest of Bushehr, both by P. by Sh. Tahvildar-Zadeh & F. Majidi. Oberling. Also published in these fascicles PERSIAN MUSIC are nine articles on other subjects: HATEM TAI, epitome of generosity MEDICINE AND SCIENCE Persian Music is treated in four inArabic and Persian anecdote tradi- Four entries discuss the history of entries: History of HARP in Persia from tions, by M. Omidsalar; HENNA, dye obtained from the leaves of henna plant medicine in Persia: AL-HAWI, title of an ancient times is treated by B. influential work by Zakaria Razi on Lawergren. The entry discusses in de- and its use; and HAZELNUT, both by H. medicine, by L. Richter-Bernburg; tail the string instrument which flour- A’lam; HEKMAt, Persian-language news- paper published in Egypt from1892- HEALTH IN PERSIA, IN PRE-ISLAMIC PE- ished in Persia in many forms from its 1911, by N. Parvin; HARIRA, Persian RIOD, by P. Gignoux; IN QAJAR PERIOD, introduction, about 3000 BCE, until the light, diluted dish made of wheat flour; by A. Afkhami; HEDAYAT AL- 17th century. The original type was the and HARISA, Persian dish made of grains MOTA’ALLEMIN FI’L-TEBB, a 10th century arched harp as seen at Chogha Mish and treatise on medicine in Persian written on later third millennium seals. Around and meat, both by E. Elahi; HASHTRUD, sub-province in south of Azerbaijan, by by Akhawayni, by J. Matini; and HEFZ 1900 BCE they were replaced by angu- Z. Sadrolashrafi; HEDGEHOG, by S. C. AL-SEHHA, first Persian medical journal, lar harps with vertical or horizontal by N. Parvin. sound boxes. By the start of the Com- Anderson; and , noted Per- mon Era, “robust, vertical, angular sian scriptwriter and film director, by Three entries deal with astronomy harps”, which had become predominant J. Akrami. and mathematics: HARUN MONAJJEM, As- in the Hellenistic world, were cherished tronomer and astrologer of 10th century, in the Sasanian court. In the last cen- and HASAN B. ALI QOMMI, astrologer of tury of the Sasanian period, angular late 10th century, both by D. Pingree; harps were redesigned to make them as and MOHSEN HASHTRUDI, Iranian math- light as possible (“light, vertical, angu- lar harps,” see illustration above) as they became more elegant they lost their structural rigidity. At the height of the Persian tradition of illustrated book pro- duction (1300 to 1600) such light harps were still frequently depicted, although their use as musical instruments was reaching its end.

Other articles on Persian music are HAZIN and HEJAZ, two small musical modal types in Persian classical , both by J. During; and HAYEDA, stage name of popular Persian singer, by E. Nakjavani.. MOHSEN HASHTRUDI ALI HATAMI 7 CISNewsletter

Benefactors Supporters SUPPORT FOR Dr. Akbar Ghahary Dr. Hooshang Anvar ENCYCLOPÆDIA IRANICA Iran Heritage Foundation Mr. Ahmad Ladjevardi Mrs. Sedigheh Rastegar (Yadiran Dr. Farah Feri Sadeghian The Encyclopædia Iranica is a Foundation) Dr. Jafar Samimi & Mr. Abdi project of Columbia University car- Azima Foundation Ghazinouri ried out by its Center for Iranian Dr. Houman Sarshar Mr. & Mrs. Patrick Mimran Studies, partially supported by the Mrs. Ezat Soleimani National Endowment for the Hu- Dr. and Mrs. Ali Zarbalian manities. The execution of the project Sponsors Mr. Rostam Zartoshty is being made possible also by dona- Mrs. Simin & Mr. Herbert Allison, tions from institutions and individu- Dubai Friends of Iranica Friends als who value a comprehensive, me- Ms. Fereshteh Bekhrad ticulous and reliable record of Per- Dr. Sadegh Azimi Ms. Shahnaz Batmanghelidj-Klotz sian culture and history. Darya Lin Memorial Fund Iranian American Society, NY Edison International We appeal to all such institutions Ms. Farzaneh Keshani and individuals to assist the project 1000 Club Momeni, Inc. by their donations. We acknowledge Mr. and Mrs. Seif Mozayeni Mrs. Farideh & Mr. Farhad Ahi with thanks the donations by the fol- Amb. Kazem Niamir, Mr. Ahmad Ashraf (Akmi Corp.) lowing for the period of April 15– Dr. and Mrs. Mohammad Pourfar, Dr. Parviz Mina October 15, 2003. Mr. Ali M. Shapurian Dr. & Mrs. Morteza Nadjafi UNITED Way of Tucson & Nour Foundation Southern AZ Patron Dr. & Mrs. Alimorad Salartash Dr. Abbas Sassanfar Mr. Mahmoud Khayami Dr. Farrokh Shafaie Mme. Ghodsi Zanganeh,

sian studies departments or pro- ley between 1992 and 2000. Her grams at major U.S. universities. 2) interest in Persian mystical poetry ROSHAN CULTURAL Assisting existing U.S. not-for- and prose has resulted in a number profit organizations that share the of translations from Persian into HERITAGE INSTITUTE Institute’s vision/mission. 3) Estab- French and English. lishing the Roshan Institute Gradu- The Roshan Cultural Heritage ate Fellowship for Excellence in Institute was founded in 2000 by Dr. Persian Studies. 4) Establishing a Elahé Mir-Djalali Omidyar, a phi- number of annual Roshan Institute lanthropist and linguist committed Prizes for Outstanding Achieve- to the support of Persian culture. ments by Iranians in the fields of The Roshan Institute is dedicated to science, humanities and the arts. the active preservation, instruction Dr. Mir-Djalali Omidyar holds and transmission of Persian cultural a Ph.D. in linguistics from the heritage through partnerships with Sorbonne, Université de Paris, as academic institutions, individuals, well as two Masters degrees, one and other not-for-profit organiza- from the Sorbonne and the other tions. The Institute has already es- from Georgetown University in tablished named fellowships at three Washington, D.C. Her doctoral dis- major US universities. The Roshan sertation “Transformational Struc- Institute is also among the main sup- ture of the Verb in Persian – the porters of volume XII of the Simple Verb” was awarded honor- Encyclopædia Iranica which is in able mention. Dr. Mir-Djalali press. Omidyar’s post-doctoral work has been in cross-cultural research and The Roshan Institute’s work is in the fields of language teaching Dr. Mir-Djalali Omidyar focused, according to its statutes, on methodology and Persian studies. four major areas: 1) Funding Per- She taught linguistics at UC Berke- CISNewsletter 8

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY SEMINAR ON IRANIAN STUDIES

sions have been meticulously studied, IRANIAN PRESENCE IN PRE- catalogued and now partially published in the monumental works of the two TANG CHINA outstanding scholars, Mark Garrison and Margaret Cool Root (see M. B. Gar- On May 20, 2003, Dr. Judith rison and M. C. Root, Seal Lerner concluded last year’s Iranian Studies = Achaemenid History IX, Studies Seminar series with a lecture Lieden 1996; M. B. Garrison and M. entitled “Iranians in 6th-century China: C. Root, Seals on the Persepolis Forti- Tomb Furnishings of a Foreign Com- fication Tablets. I: Images of Heroic En- munity.” counter, Parts 1. Text, Part 2. Plates, The University of Chicago Oriental Institute Dr. Lerner began by noting that al- Publications 117, Chicago 2001). They though the presence of Iranians is well have two more volumes in preparation: documented in China during the Tang Vol. II. Images of Human Activity and Dynasty (618-906), much less is known Vol. III: Animal, Creatures, Plants, and about Iranians in China in the preced- Geometric Devices). These publications ing Six Dynasties period, the time be- have significantly contributed to our un- tween the end of the Han Dynasty (220 Prof.. Shapur Shahbazi at Persepolis derstanding of Achaemenid art, its CE) and the beginning of the Tang. It sources of inspiration, its stylistic de- was during this period that the PERSEPOLIS SEALS velopment and its diversity. We see Sogdians, an Eastern Iranian people liv- seals of Cyrus I, grandfather of Cyrus ing in the region of present-day On April 8, 2003 Professor Shapur the Great, having been used at Uzbekistan and , established A. Shahbazi of East Oregon State Uni- Persepolis four generations later. We themselves as the masters of the Silk versity and Visiting Scholar at our Cen- see Assyrian, Elamite, Egyptian and Road, the network of routes that linked ter led a discussion on “Observations Babylonian designs used directly or in the West with China. on Persepolis Seals.” modified forms by Persepolitan officials Dr. Shahbazi began his observa- whose Iranian identity cannot be tions by stating that in 1933-34, Ernest doubted: Artystuna, the wife of Darius Herzfeld discovered, in two chambers the Great, Darius himself, Xerxes, and of the NE Persepolis fortification, a part Pharnaces, the uncle of Darius. of Persepolis archive comprising over It is interesting to note that on 30,000 small clay tablets, mostly writ- some early seals the so-called Greco- ten in Elamite. These “Persepolis For- Persian “mature style” of rendering tification Tablets” were not chronicles physical features as well as drapery is or “historical” records but documents already employed, evidently as indig- related to the economic administration enous to Western Asiatic nations. Most centered at Persepolis, consisting of reg- importantly, we can compare the images isters of rations given to workers, her- of the “Royal hero” slaying monsters, alds, junior and senior officials and and the seals represent similar scene; priests of various cults. They have en- the motif of the Lion goring the Bull Dr. Judith Lerner riched our Elamite vocabulary and shed also appear in both places, as do the fig- She stated that a group of stone much light on the history of the ures of the man with four wings, best funerary furniture—four couches and Achaemenid period by attesting a large know from , and the image one sarcophagus—dating to the 6th cen- number of Old Iranian names and of the winged man or winged disk, tra- tury and carved with scenes of Central words, documented the economic ad- ditionally but erroneously called the Asians, mainly Sogdians, engaged in a ministration of the Persian Empire, and symbol of Ahuramazda. The compari- range of secular and religious activities, provided a picture of every day life in son with Persepolitan relief also sheds offer insight into the lives of these the late sixth and early fifth century light on the function of the sculptured people who founded colonies in the cit- Persepolis. figures: evidently they were guardian ies along the Silk Road. Many were symbols, protecting entrances to the Prof. Shahbazi noted that a further traders or representatives of merchants inner chambers. Also, the seals repre- documentary value of the archives is back in and Bukhara, but senting ritual scenes re-emphasize the provided by their impression of the seals others were craftsmen, horse-trainers, diversity of the religions at the time and or seals used by the officials responsible translators and officials appointed by the tolerant policy of the Achaemenid for the transaction recorded in the texts. the Chinese government to administer administrators towards the cults of the In this way a huge collection of the seals to the local Iranian communities. used by Achaemenid agencies have be- subject people. come known to us. These seal impres- 9 CISNewsletter

Among the lively scenes depicted Zanbil, Haft Tepe, Izeh, Maliyan, als that have recently been recovered on the couches and sarcophagus are the Shahdad, Persepolis, Pasargade, in the region of Jiroft. This material traditional Iranian themes of the hunt Bisotun, Taq-e Bostan, Naqsh-e which comes from third millennium and banquet, the latter with feasting Rostam, Kurungun, among others. All graves is remarkable and shows the full couples and entertainers, typically with of the sites were in good condition. extent of the richness and independence a male dancer performing the “Sogdian Work was being done at some, while of the Bronze Age culture of south cen- whirl.” Allusions to Zoroastrian or others were conserved and protected. tral Iran. She hopes to join the scien- Sogdian practices and beliefs also oc- There was no evidence at those sites of tific excavations currently underway at cur: banqueters drinking from a horn looting or other disturbing activity, ex- Jiroft during their second season to be rhyton, possibly the Sagdid ceremony cept at the site of Godin, which had been held during the winter of 2004. in which the gaze of a dog is believed mined on one side for mud brick. Fol- to drive away the spirit of dead matter, lowing the tour, she participated in and the image of the goddess Nana, meetings and met with colleagues in bearing the sun and the moon in two of order to discover what was happening her four arms. in Iran with regard to archaeological and museological work. The first visit The couches and sarcophagus had ended with her participation in a con- been carved for Sogdian émigrés. They ference in Zahedan. This was the first were placed in underground tombs, international conference concerning the which marks a departure from Zoroas- archaeology of southeastern Iran. It was trian funeral practices and reveals the attended by a small number of foreign adaptation and assimilation of these Ira- nationals and a very larger number of nian foreigners into another land. Iranian professionals and students of Prof. Anna Vanzan THE STATE OF archaeology. The enthusiasm for the subject was palpable and the commit- ARCHÆOLOGICAL RE- ment on the part of the professionals THE ITALIAN TRAVELERS TO SEARCH IN IRAN was impressive. The conference ended with a tour of sites such as Shar-e On Tuesday April 22, 2003, Pro- Sokhta and Kuh-e Kwaja. Work was On September 16, 2003, Professor fessor Holly Pittman of the University proceeding at Shar-e Sokhta and a won- Anna Vanzan of University IULM, of Pennsylvania gave a talk entitled derful exhibition of materials from the -Feltre, Italy, launched the 2003- “Observations on the State of Archaeo- local museum and the National Mu- 2004 Iranian Studies Seminar series logical Research in Iran” at the Iranian seum was mounted by the Iranian Cul- with her lecture entitled “The Italian Studies Seminar. tural Heritage Organization (ICHO). travelers to Qajar Iran.” Professor Pittman described her Following the tour during the sec- She began her lecture stating that observations of the state of archaeologi- ond visit, Pittman stayed for five weeks there is ample evidence of an Italian cal research in Iran based on two visits in Tehran in order to investigate the pos- presence in Iran throughout the Qajar to the country, the first in the spring of sibility of working in the future in Iran. period, when many Italians went to 2001 and a second, longer visit, during She established contacts with the Na- work in Iran as physicians, military ad- the fall of 2002. She began both trips tional Museum, which has set up a Cen- visors or merchants. They left little writ- by leading a tour of archaeological sites ter for Elamite Studies, a Center for ten testimony of their Persian experi- in the Zagros Mountains, Khuzestan, Achaemenid Studies, and a Center for ence until the second half of the 19th Fars and provinces. Sites that Paleolithic Studies. There she was able century, when the number of Italians were visited were , Godin, to photograph tablets from Persepolis who went to Iran increased and thus the Nushi Jan, Sar-e Pol, , Tchogha and Haft Tepe, in order to make images bulk of recorded data comes from this available for drawing by Iranian schol- period. The most salient aspect of the ars. The other center of activity that accounts written by the Italians who she engaged with was the Archaeologi- lived in Iran between 1850 and the turn cal Research Center of the ICHO. She of the century is that almost all of these met frequently with Massoud authors had an official assignment to Azarnoush who arranged for her to give fulfill. In fact, most of the Italian mate- four lectures on the Bronze Age in Iran. rial published are the reports of mili- She hopes that these will be translated tary officials who were in Iran to in- and published in Persian in the near fu- struct the Persian army, of natural sci- ture. In addition, Pittman visited sev- entists researching the zoological spe- eral very interesting sites including cies, or of financial advisors to the Per- Ghabrestan, and Ozbeki, an important sian government. These men were able Median period site now in its fifth sea- to describe crucial aspects of Persian son of excavation under the direction government and society, including the of Youssef Majidzadeh. army, the world of business and trade, Pittman ended her presentation and the Qajar court and its politics. They Prof. Holly Pittman with illustrations of the looted materi- were not treasure seekers or hunters of CISNewsletter 10 the exotic, but were experts in their field bassadors, the outburst of epidemics, PARIS LECTURES PUBLISHED and keen observers of the world around the frontier problems with Kurds and them. Furthermore, they were among Turkomans with detailed descriptions Le Monde est un Jardin: Aspects the first official agents sent abroad by of the Persian infantry with a list of all de l’histoire culturelle de l’Iran the newborn Kingdom of Italy (consti- troops, the internal organization and Médiéval is the title the book contain- tuted in 1861), and thus fulfilled the their maneuvers, but he also often re- ing the text of five inaugural Ehsan and additional endeavor of enabling this ported on the background of these Latifeh Yarshater Distinguished Lec- new country to present itself on the in- events in order to compensate for his tures on Iranian Studies, delivered at ternational scene in order to win pres- readers’ insufficient knowledge about Paris in 2001 by Prof. Maria E. tige and respect. The paper examined this part of the world. The 437 accounts Subtelny. The book is published as some records which constitute the main he left are an important diplomatic Cahier 28 of Studia Iranica by Associa- source of information about Qajar Iran source regarding the Qajar era, coming tion pour l’Avancement des Études that was available to the 19th century from a single author who lived in Iran Iraniennes, Paris, 2002. Dr. Subtelny is Italian readers. She continued by de- for about 40 years in important posi- Associate Professor in the Department marcating the different groups of Ital- tions in the Qajar establishment. of Near and Middle Eastern Civiliza- ians who were present in Iran at the tions at the University of Toronto, time. The Financial Experts: in 1897, the Canada, specializing in the history, lit- Italian government sent Eteocle Lorini, erature, and culture of medieval Persia, The Scientists: a group of Italian professor of Financial Sciences at the particularly of the Timurid period in the documents portrays Iran from an un- University of Pavia, on a mission to 15th century. The thematic thread that usual perspective: that of her natural re- Iran. After his sojourn (1897-1898) runs through the theme of the book is sources. The Persian natural world be- Lorini wrote an extensive monograph that of “Iranian agriculture, its charac- gan to attract Italian scientists after the covering a variety of topics ranging teristics and its role in socio-economic visit made by Gaetano Osculati, who, from religious to political institutions, and political organization, and its cul- in 1841, went from Tehran to to from the world of art and business to tural resonance.” study Iran’s natural resources. He left a that of art and literature. The books con- The subjects treated include the bu- travel book in which, together with an tains many provocative assertions on reaucratic administration of a society interesting list of insects he had the oc- Iranian women and on Muslim women based on irrigation agriculture, the im- pact of an agrarian economy on the for- casion to examine, he left an account in general. mulation of concepts of rulership and of his impressions on the way Persians justice, the role of the garden in the received foreigners. Much more sig- economy of Iranian culture, both in the nificant was the scientific mission of history of Persian landscape architec- 1862: two members of the mission, SHIRIN NESHAT DISCUSSES ture as well as in the poetic landscape Filippo de Filippi and Michele Lessona THE THEME OF DUALITY of Persian mysticism. “This unique per- made the greatest contribution not only spective, informed by the study of a in terms of scientific articles, but also On October 21, 2003, the celebrated, wide range of medieval Persian textual because they provided general informa- internationally acclaimed photo, film, sources, sheds new light on certain fun- tion about the places they visited. and video artist Shirin Neshat led a dis- damental themes in the socio-economic, Filippo de Filippi was the author of one cussion on the development of her work political and cultural history of medi- of the most interesting travel books on and particularly her upcoming film. In eval Iran, all of which converge on the Iran in the 19th century, while Michele tracing the chronology of her works, she garden as the microcosm of medieval Lessona wrote a book on the Bahais. noted that duality seemed to always be a Persian culture.” theme in her work, whether in the form Another important contribution to the Continued from page 1 understanding of Qajar Iran was offered of man or woman, East and West, or Is- by the photographs taken by the lamic and Persian. A summary of her SHIRIN EBADI WINS talk will be given in the next issue of the mission’s official photographer, Luigi NOBEL PEACE PRIZE Montalbone. Newsletter. A graduate of the University of The Military: in the 19th century, Tehran, Shirin Ebadi was the first fe- the Persian government employed Ital- male judge in Iran, serving as president ian officers both as teachers at the Dar of the Tehran city court from 1975 un- ol-Fonun Polytechnic in Tehran, and as til the 1979 revolution, when she was advisors within the ranks of the mili- forced to resign. She went on to estab- tary. Such was the case of Enrico lish a law practice and launched a Andreini who spent most of his life in peaceful campaign for the promotion of Tehran. From 1871 to 1886, when there human rights in Iran, with particular was no Italian consul in Iran, Andreini emphasis on the rights of women and provided the Italian government with children. Both in her research and as an regular accounts of the most important activist she is best known for promot- events of those crucial years. He not ing peaceful, democratic solutions to only sent detailed information about social and political problems. She plays political matters, commercial agree- an active role in the discourse on hu- man rights and is well-known and ad- ments between Iran and European pow- Ms. Shirin Neshat mired for her defense of the victims of ers, the installation of new foreign am- human rights violations in court, a 11 CISNewsletter stance that has led to her receiving jail Area Studies Fellow) outlined the rise sentences and a professional ban against of Islamist absolutism in the Arabic leg- practicing law. ends on early Muslim drahms. Kameya Manabu (Hokkaido University, ) Her Nobel Peace Prize came two discussed the more than a half dozen years after she received a human rights mint legends of Darabgird identifying award in . In its statement, the different sub-mints among them. Nobel award committee noted that it chose Ebadi because of her dedication EUROPEAN CONFERENCE to promoting human rights and democ- racy in her country. “As a lawyer, judge, FOR IRANIAN STUDIES lecturer, writer and activist, she has spo- ken out clearly and strongly in her coun- The fifth general European confer- try, Iran, and far beyond,” the president ence of the Societa Iranologica of Nobel committee said. The Commit- Europaea (SIE) was convened, October tee also paid tribute to her courage, not- Michael L. Bates 6-11, 2003, in Ravenna which houses a ing that she had “never heeded the threat cal evolution of ’s coins. This branch of the University of Bologna. to her own safety”. analysis gave insight into the chrono- The earlier conferences had taken place logical sequence of the different coin in Turin, Bamberg, Cambridge (UK), THE SASANIAN HERITAGE types and the organization of early Sasa- and Paris. The opening session was at- nian mints. tended by the Iranian ambassador to CONFERENCE Italy, the Rector of the University of Michael L. Bates, Curator of Is- Bologna, and the dignitaries of the prov- The American Numismatic Society lamic Coins at the ANS, gave a general ince and the city of Ravenna. It was of New York City hosted the Confer- introductory lecture, entitled “The opened by Prof. Antonio Panaino, the ence on “The Heritage of Sasanian Iran: Coinages of Iran and Its Neighbors in current president of SIE and the dean of the Faculty of Preservation of the Dinars, Dirhams and Coppers of the the Seventh Century.” The lecture Late Sasanian and Early Muslim Peri- Cultural Heritage, who gave the intro- traced the development of the late Sasa- ductory address, and Prof. Gherardo ods” at the Society’s premises at 155th nian coin type and its imitation in nu- and S. Broadway Ave. on June 19th and Gnoli, President of the IsIAO and a merous succeeding coinages in Iran and strong pillar of the Society and Iranian 20th. A wide range of papers were pre- adjacent regions. Studies in Italy, who traced the history sented at the conference on the coin- of the SIE since its inception to the ages of greater Iran from the 5th to 8th Three panel discussions followed present. centuries CE in addition to a workshop this lecture, focusing on recent numis- on the reading of the coins’ Pahlavi leg- matic finds, monetary circulation, and A large number of scholars attended ends. The event was co-sponsored by the inscription of monetary authority. the conference. The number of partici- The Society for Iranian Studies, The In the first panel, Medea Tsotselia of pants from each country was as follows: Center for Iranian Studies at Columbia The Janashia Georgian State Museum Italy, 66; Iran, 46; United States, 21; University and Middle East Medieval- in Tbilisi, discussed a seal and dirhams , 19; Russia, 18; , 13; ists. More than twenty people attended of Varhran VI in the museum’s collec- United Kingdom, 12; Austria, 9; , from as far away as Japan, , tion. 7; Poland, 7; Japan, 4; , 4; Egypt and Poland. Denmark, 3; Belgium, Georgia, Hun- The second panel discussed mon- gary, India, Spain, , Uzbekistan, Michael Alram, Vice-Director of etary circulation of drahms in Iberia, 2 each; Australia, Bulgaria, Canada, the Coin Cabinet at the eastern Europe and the Baltic. Dr. Malaysia, Romania, Switzerland, 1 Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna, Totselia and Georges Depeyrot each. Unfortunately no one had been presented the plenary lecture entitled (CNRS, France) presented talks on coin able to come from Tajikistan or Af- “Ardashir and the Power of Images.” hoards recovered in Georgia. Marta ghanistan because of lack of funds. As Czerwieniec (University of Poznan, over 250 papers were to be read, simul- His lecture discussed the typologi- Poland) outlined the known record of taneous sessions were organized for dif- Sasanian coin finds in the Baltic Sea ferent topical areas, namely, Old Ira- area. Delia Moisil (National Museum nian, Middle Iranian, Classical Persian of the History of Romania, Romania), Studies, and Contemporary Iranian Studies. English, Italian, French, and commented on the role of silver in the German were used by the speakers, but supply of the late Roman and Byzan- the great majority of the papers were tine wars against the Sasanian empire delivered in English. with reference to finds of Byzantine hexagrams. SIE conferences, which meet every four years, are the largest gatherings of The third panel considered the in- scholars and researchers in Iranian stud- scription of monetary authority on early ies. Its proceedings are published and dirhams by both political lead- provide an indication of the ongoing ers and the mint. Stuart D. Sears research and latest advances in Iranian Michael Alram (ACLS/SSRC/NEH International and studies. CISNewsletter 12

Free Access to Iranica Online

The new web-based electronic publication of the Encyclopædia Iranica is now available free of charge. All articles from volumes I-VI can be downloaded SUPPORT Research on Persian history and and viewed in pdf format. Volumes VII-XI of the civilization by making annual donations to Columbia Encyclopædia can be downloaded and viewed in text University or the Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation, format. A comprehensive search engine is now in both tax exempt organizations. place that will allow visitors to the site to search for Our address: articles by topic, keyword, and author. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation 450 Riverside Drive, Suite 4 We have now developed a new online section New York, NY 10027 for supplement entries beginning from letters A to Z. Tel: (212) 851-5723 We have already invited over 900 articles to be writ- Fax: (212) 749-9524 ten by outstanding scholars in the field of their ex- email: [email protected] pertise irrespective of alphabetical order. Over 250 SUBSCRIBE to the Encyclopædia Iranica and articles have been received, of which 150 have been encourage your local libraries, colleges, and placed on our website and are accessible for viewing universities to subscribe. or downloading. Others will follow. You will help provide your community with access to this monumental reference. The result will be a collection of articles of the highest academic standard on topics of major impor- All volumes previously out of print are now available. tance for Iranian studies. One will no longer have to Prices: wait ten or fifteen years to find an entry on MITHRA, Volumes I-V are $340.00 per volume the SASANIAN DYNASTY, SHIISM, MARTYRDOM, SUFISM, the KURDS, US-IRAN RELATIONS, the TALEBAN or Volumes VI-X are $250.00 per volume. ZOROASTER; these articles and hundreds more will be The complete set of volumes published thus far (I-XI) can be available within a couple of years on our website. purchased for $2,950.00. Please note that each copy of the Encyclopædia Iranica These articles will be committed also to print costs nearly $750.00 to produce. The price of each copy is when their turn comes as we pursue the publication over two-thirds below the cost because of grants, subsidies, of the Encyclopædia articles by alphabetical order in and donations. Please note for comparison that hardback print, at the rate of four fascicles per year. books of 250 pages (the size of one fascicle of Iranica) are regularly sold by university presses between $50-70, with- Contributions by the users and the supporters of out any complicated typesetting and exigent editing re- the Encyclopædia Iranica for the maintenance of this quired for the Encyclopædia entries. free of charge program are welcome. Orders can now be placed online at www.iranica.com Center for Iranian Studies Columbia University 450 Riverside Drive, Suite 4 New York, NY 10027

Address Correction Requested

Printed Matter 13 CISNewsletter