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Home , Pope Paul IV

The AP European History Trouble in the Church • Babylonian Captivity – 1309-78 • Great Schism – 1378-1417

Clement VII Leo X w/ Giulio Seven Sacraments • – takes away • Confirmation – receive Holy Ghost • Holy Eucharist – Body / Blood of Christ • Penance – confession; takes away sin • Extreme Unction – prepares you for death • Holy Orders – preparation for priesthood • Matrimony – marriage; obey God’s law Signs of Disorder •What are some of the problems in the Church?

Thomas a Kempis John Wyclif (1328-1384)

John Hus (1369-1415)

Martin Luther (1483-1546)

Pope Leo X • Grants permission to of Magdeberg, Albert, to sell indulgences John Tetzel

Indulgences

Tetzel and Indulgence Box Actual Letter of Indulgence

95 Thesis - Wittenberg

Charles V

Holy Roman Empire • Eventually becomes an aristocratic federation of seven electors • of Mainz, Trier, Cologne • Margrave of Brandenburg • Duke of Saxony • Count Palatine of the Rhine • King of Bohemia

Duke Frederick of Saxony

Edict of Worms • Diet of Worms – Jan. through April 1521 – Presided by Charles V – Frederick III, Elector of Saxony offers protection • Edict of Worms – May 1521 states: – Luther = outlaw, heretic and banned all of his literature – Open season to kill Luther (without legal consequence)

Katharina von Bora

Luther’s Four Questions • How is a person to be saved? • Where does religious authority reside? • What is the Church? • What is the highest form of Christian life? Luther’s Sacraments • Baptism • Holy Eucharist Social Impact of Luther • German states ripe for reform • Church and clergy had many privileges: taxes, exempt from civic duty (defense) • Luther (1520): “A Christian man is the most free lord of all and subject to none.” – Social unrest is on the horizon… very powerful • Luther and followers referred to themselves as Evangelicals – until 1529… when governments around them began calling them Protestants (those who protested) Twelve Articles • 1525-26 • Swabian peasants • Demanded end of serfdom, hunting/fishing rights, free use of forests, and free election of clergy • Thought they had Luther as supporter… initially YES • Revolt crushed in the end • This pamphlet is only surviving copy Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants

Götz von Berlichingen • Gottfried "Götz" von Berlichingen (c. 1480 – 23 July 1562) and also known as Götz of the Iron Hand • German Imperial Knight and mercenary • Fought against the Swabian League • Goethe wrote play about him – famous line:

Luther and Women • Monasticism abolished in Protestant circles so HOME is the refuge of spiritual reflection • Clergy allowed to marry • Luther believed home = domain of wife • Marriage is the primary profession • Husband should rule household, wife control the economy of home (manage goods, money, food, and raising of kids) Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531)

Zwingli • Introduces Reformation in Switzerland • Preaches directly – Matthew to Revelation • Critic of indulgences, Mass, monasticism, clerical celibacy • Doesn’t agree entirely w/ Luther… dispute on Eucharist (Zwingli = memorial, Luther = consub) • Colloquy of Marburg

Zwingli’s home at birth

Colloquy of Marburg • Held in October 1529 • Attempt to unify all “Protestants” seeking reformation • Came to much agreement but couldn’t close the deal… fails to completely unify • Biggest differences on Eucharist – = transsubstantiation (miracle) – Luther = consubstantiation (essence… change happens after you consume) – Zwingli = memorial Five Solas • Five phrases or slogans of Reformation • 1. Sola fide – by faith alone • 2. Sola scriptura – by the Word alone • 3. Solus Christus or Solo Christo – by Christ alone – Mary, , priests… no mediators or intercessors • 4. Sola gratia – by grace alone (not merit) • 5. Soli Deo gloria – Glory to God alone… – not glory to , saints, or institutions like the Church What made Reformation possible? • The Intellectual Reformation – The Print Revolution – Christian – Humanist Movement – Erasmus Printing • Before 1500 – 14 complete Bibles in German, 4 in Italian, French, and Spanish, 1 in Czech, and 1 in Flemish (100’s in Latin) • 1 million German Bibles sold in first half of 16th century – population Germany = 15 million, 90% illiterate • Between 1518-1525 1/3 of all books sold were written by Luther Before Gutenberg • 300 sheep skins needed to produce one Bible • Early 15th century copyist substituted paper made from linen rags… save on cost

The Printing Press • Huge investment for type and paper… press was not expensive (could use corn/wine press) • Printed books were considered inferior to hand-written manuscripts • But, still very expensive • Bibles like Gutenberg’s cost the equivalent of purchasing a house today • Religious topics/authors ruled the market • Cicero was most popular classical author

Christian Humanism • Trained originally in Italy – classical literature, Latin, Greek, eloquent , new learning in the liberal arts • Applied techniques to the study of authorities and texts of Christianity • Reform was central – better Christians through better education • Especially interested in education for women (1478-1535) • “For what is more fruitful than the good education and order of women, the one half of all mankind.” • Raised his own daughters among educated elite in England • Wrote Utopia • Juan Luis Vives (1492-1540) – Spanish humanist, The Instruction of a Christian Woman Humanist Movement • Christian humanists mocked popular practices that were close to superstitious – e.g., pilgrimages to holy places, relics, etc. • Many of the top elites were educated as humanists and/or directly supported them – Ferdinand of Aragon, Henry VIII, Charles V, Mary Tudor and Elizabeth Tudor Erasmus (1466-1536) • In Praise of Folly (1500) • Greek text of the Bible, New Testament, writings of St. • Critic of (combo of religious dogma and mystical and institutional traditions of Augustine and Aristotle) • Very egalitarian in his wholesale approach: all classes, men/women, etc. • Books were mostly “how to” books – Speak Latin properly, write letters, improve manners, 22 rules on how to lead a Christian life Peasant’s War 1525 Habsburg Valois Wars (1521-1555)

Peace of Augsburg 1555 • Lutheranism is officially recognized… • Each prince decides for entire region • NOTE: not religious freedom… – either convert, hide, or leave if not in majority John Calvin (1509-1564)

Michael Servetus

Anabaptists

Anabaptists of Munster

Dirk (Durk) Willems - Netherlands • Escapes, then saves pursuer… only to be burned at the stake later

Henry VIII

Henry VIII’s parents • Their marriage united the warring Houses of Lancaster and York

Henry VII Elizabeth of York Supremacy Act 1534

Thomas More

Thomas Cromwell

Pilgrimage of Grace Edward VI

Edward VI

Thomas Cranmer

Mary Tudor

Elizabeth

John Knox

• Seven- headed beast of the Papacy 1530 • Seven- headed beast Martin Luther Catholic Reformation

• Begins before 1517 and reflects the need to make genuine changes… ( to Luther’s rebukes) • Adrian VI (between Julius II and Clement VII) – 13-month reign as pope • Calls the Council to consider reforms • Council meets from 1545-1563 • Lutherans and Calvinists invited • Attempts to reconcile Catholic/Protestant views

Pope Paul III (1534-49)

Teresa of Avila (1515-1582)

• Bernini’s statue: The Ecstasy of St. Teresa

Angela Merici (1474-1540) • Ursuline order established to combat through Christian education (1535) • Exclusively for women – train future wives and mothers • Ignatius Loyola • 1540 founded the Society • Followers called Jesuits • Soldier turned missionary • 2-year training required • Travel anywhere • Schools adopted new humanist curricula Congregation of the Holy Office • Pope Paul III establishes in 1542, governs the • Inquisition = committee of 6 cardinals • Led by Cardinal Caraffa – later becomes Pope Paul IV