DOCSLIB.ORG

AP European History Trouble in the Church • Babylonian Captivity – 1309-78 • Great Schism – 1378-1417

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
AP European History Trouble in the Church • Babylonian Captivity – 1309-78 • Great Schism – 1378-1417 The Reformation AP European History Trouble in the Church • Babylonian Captivity – 1309-78 • Great Schism – 1378-1417 Clement VII Leo X w/ Giulio Seven Sacraments • Baptism – takes away Original Sin • Confirmation – receive Holy Ghost • Holy Eucharist – Body / Blood of Christ • Penance – confession; takes away sin • Extreme Unction – prepares you for death • Holy Orders – preparation for priesthood • Matrimony – marriage; obey God’s law Signs of Disorder •What are some of the problems in the Church? Thomas a Kempis John Wyclif (1328-1384) John Hus (1369-1415) Martin Luther (1483-1546) Pope Leo X • Grants permission to Archbishop of Magdeberg, Albert, to sell indulgences John Tetzel Indulgences Tetzel and Indulgence Box Actual Letter of Indulgence 95 Thesis - Wittenberg Charles V Holy Roman Empire • Eventually becomes an aristocratic federation of seven electors • Archbishops of Mainz, Trier, Cologne • Margrave of Brandenburg • Duke of Saxony • Count Palatine of the Rhine • King of Bohemia Duke Frederick of Saxony Edict of Worms • Diet of Worms – Jan. through April 1521 – Presided by Charles V – Frederick III, Elector of Saxony offers protection • Edict of Worms – May 1521 states: – Luther = outlaw, heretic and banned all of his literature – Open season to kill Luther (without legal consequence) Katharina von Bora Luther’s Four Questions • How is a person to be saved? • Where does religious authority reside? • What is the Church? • What is the highest form of Christian life? Luther’s Sacraments • Baptism • Holy Eucharist Social Impact of Luther • German states ripe for reform • Church and clergy had many privileges: taxes, exempt from civic duty (defense) • Luther (1520): “A Christian man is the most free lord of all and subject to none.” – Social unrest is on the horizon… very powerful • Luther and followers referred to themselves as Evangelicals – until 1529… when governments around them began calling them Protestants (those who protested) Twelve Articles • 1525-26 • Swabian peasants • Demanded end of serfdom, hunting/fishing rights, free use of forests, and free election of clergy • Thought they had Luther as supporter… initially YES • Revolt crushed in the end • This pamphlet is only surviving copy Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants Götz von Berlichingen • Gottfried "Götz" von Berlichingen (c. 1480 – 23 July 1562) and also known as Götz of the Iron Hand • German Imperial Knight and mercenary • Fought against the Swabian League • Goethe wrote play about him – famous line: Luther and Women • Monasticism abolished in Protestant circles so HOME is the refuge of spiritual reflection • Clergy allowed to marry • Luther believed home = domain of wife • Marriage is the primary profession • Husband should rule household, wife control the economy of home (manage goods, money, food, and raising of kids) Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531) Zwingli • Introduces Reformation in Switzerland • Preaches directly New Testament – Matthew to Revelation • Critic of indulgences, Mass, monasticism, clerical celibacy • Doesn’t agree entirely w/ Luther… dispute on Eucharist (Zwingli = memorial, Luther = consub) • Colloquy of Marburg Zwingli’s home at birth Colloquy of Marburg • Held in October 1529 • Attempt to unify all “Protestants” seeking reformation • Came to much agreement but couldn’t close the deal… fails to completely unify • Biggest differences on Eucharist – Catholic = transsubstantiation (miracle) – Luther = consubstantiation (essence… change happens after you consume) – Zwingli = memorial Five Solas • Five Latin phrases or slogans of Reformation • 1. Sola fide – by faith alone • 2. Sola scriptura – by the Word alone • 3. Solus Christus or Solo Christo – by Christ alone – Mary, saints, priests… no mediators or intercessors • 4. Sola gratia – by grace alone (not merit) • 5. Soli Deo gloria – Glory to God alone… – not glory to popes, saints, or institutions like the Church What made Reformation possible? • The Intellectual Reformation – The Print Revolution – Christian Humanism – Humanist Movement – Erasmus Printing • Before 1500 – 14 complete Bibles in German, 4 in Italian, French, and Spanish, 1 in Czech, and 1 in Flemish (100’s in Latin) • 1 million German Bibles sold in first half of 16th century – population Germany = 15 million, 90% illiterate • Between 1518-1525 1/3 of all books sold were written by Luther Before Gutenberg • 300 sheep skins needed to produce one Bible • Early 15th century copyist substituted paper made from linen rags… save on cost The Printing Press • Huge investment for type and paper… press was not expensive (could use corn/wine press) • Printed books were considered inferior to hand-written manuscripts • But, still very expensive • Bibles like Gutenberg’s cost the equivalent of purchasing a house today • Religious topics/authors ruled the market • Cicero was most popular classical author Christian Humanism • Trained originally in Italy – classical literature, Latin, Greek, eloquent style, new learning in the liberal arts • Applied techniques to the study of authorities and texts of Christianity • Reform was central – better Christians through better education • Especially interested in education for women Thomas More (1478-1535) • “For what is more fruitful than the good education and order of women, the one half of all mankind.” • Raised his own daughters among educated elite in England • Wrote Utopia • Juan Luis Vives (1492-1540) – Spanish humanist, The Instruction of a Christian Woman Humanist Movement • Christian humanists mocked popular practices that were close to superstitious – e.g., pilgrimages to holy places, relics, etc. • Many of the top elites were educated as humanists and/or directly supported them – Ferdinand of Aragon, Henry VIII, Charles V, Mary Tudor and Elizabeth Tudor Erasmus (1466-1536) • In Praise of Folly (1500) • Greek text of the Bible, New Testament, writings of St. Jerome • Critic of Scholasticism (combo of religious dogma and mystical and institutional traditions of Augustine and Aristotle) • Very egalitarian in his wholesale approach: all classes, men/women, etc. • Books were mostly “how to” books – Speak Latin properly, write letters, improve manners, 22 rules on how to lead a Christian life Peasant’s War 1525 Habsburg Valois Wars (1521-1555) Peace of Augsburg 1555 • Lutheranism is officially recognized… • Each prince decides for entire region • NOTE: not religious freedom… – either convert, hide, or leave if not in majority John Calvin (1509-1564) Michael Servetus Anabaptists Anabaptists of Munster Dirk (Durk) Willems - Netherlands • Escapes, then saves pursuer… only to be burned at the stake later Henry VIII Henry VIII’s parents • Their marriage united the warring Houses of Lancaster and York Henry VII Elizabeth of York Supremacy Act 1534 Thomas More Thomas Cromwell Pilgrimage of Grace Edward VI Edward VI Thomas Cranmer Mary Tudor Elizabeth John Knox • Seven- headed beast of the Papacy 1530 • Seven- headed beast Martin Luther Catholic Reformation • Begins before 1517 and reflects the need to make genuine changes… (prior to Luther’s rebukes) • Pope Adrian VI (between Julius II and Clement VII) – 13-month reign as pope Council of Trent • Calls the Council to consider reforms • Council meets from 1545-1563 • Lutherans and Calvinists invited • Attempts to reconcile Catholic/Protestant views Pope Paul III (1534-49) Teresa of Avila (1515-1582) • Bernini’s statue: The Ecstasy of St. Teresa Angela Merici (1474-1540) • Ursuline order established to combat heresy through Christian education (1535) • Exclusively for women – train future wives and mothers Society of Jesus • Ignatius Loyola • 1540 founded the Society • Followers called Jesuits • Soldier turned missionary • 2-year training required • Travel anywhere • Schools adopted new humanist curricula Congregation of the Holy Office • Pope Paul III establishes in 1542, governs the Inquisition • Inquisition = committee of 6 cardinals • Led by Cardinal Caraffa – later becomes Pope Paul IV .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Catholic Reformation 1545
    10$ THE CATHOLIC REFORMATION $ 1545 - 1648AD In this article, we will look at: Hadrian (1459-1523), sometimes called Adrian, succeeds Pope Leo X. He is a respected scholar and • Catholic reform prior to the Council of Trent former teacher of Erasmus. This Dutchman is the • Council of Trent last non-Italian pope until the election of John Paul II • Implementing the Council in 1978. He is in Spain when elected pope. But • The Jesuits before leaving for Rome, he writes a stern letter to • Catholic mystics and activists the College of Cardinals stating that he is coming not to celebrate with them but to chastise and correct • Enduring legacy of Trent them. He also writes to secular leaders throughout There is no doubt that the Catholic Church is in dire the Empire, criticizing them for creating a culture need of reform when Martin Luther posts his Ninety- prone to clerical corruption. Five Theses on the door of the church in Wittenberg in 1517. Many of the popes and other church leaders In one such letter to a Prince, Hadrian said: “All of lead scandalous lives and neglect the pastoral care of us, prelates and clergy, have turned aside from the their people. road of righteousness and for a long time now there has been not even one who did good…. You must Having said that, some people within the Church try therefore promise in our name that we intend to exert to bring reform. Cardinal de Cisneros, a Catholic ourselves so that, first of all, the Roman Curia, from leader in Spain from 1495 to1517, brings about many which perhaps all this evil took its start, may be reforms in his country, which is the main reason improved.
    [Show full text]
  • XVII. Other XVI Century Developments A. Anabaptism 1. Defined And
    XVII. Other XVI Century Developments A. Anabaptism 1. Defined and described a. “baptize again” = believer’s baptism b. classed as “Radical Reformation” = Restitutionists vs. Reformers c. most representatives were very pious 1) Bible only; many reject theology and the fathers 2) took names “Brethren” or “Christians” 3) Christians should have no part in civil government 4) rejected state church 5) many were post-mil chiliasts; some were Socinian 2. Fanaticism a. Melchior Hoffmann in Strasbourg from 1522-1548 declares it the New Jerusalem b. Munster fiasco (ca. 1534-1536) 1) Jan Mathys a) self-proclaimed “reincarnated Enoch” to usher in the Kingdom of God b) opponents purged from New Jerusalem c) community of goods instituted 2) Jan of Leyden a) self-crowned “King David” after Mathys killed during siege b) appointed 12 apostles c) polygamy promoted 3) Lutherans and RCs unite in conquest 4) black eye for Anabaptists c. Menno Simons (1496-1561) 1) Dutch RC priest converted by Luther’s writings a) evolved into Anabaptist b) active in Holland and N. Germany 2) wrote vs. Protestants and radical Anabaptists like Jan of Leyden 3) ideas of the Mennonites a) community of believers b) non-violence and non-resistance; pacifism c) distrust of learning & dogma d) footwashing 4) spread a) before 1700 to Poland and Russia and Switzerland b) after 1700, many Swiss Mennonites to N. America 10.1 * B. Counter-reformation 1. early attitude of the papacy a. popes not the main force behind RC reforms b. significant popes 1) Paul III (1534-1549) 1540 - approved Jesuits 1542 - initiated Roman Inquisition 1545 - presided at opening session of Trent 2) Paul IV [Cardinal Caraffa] (1555-1559) a) unwilling to make concessions to Protestants b) nepotism is somewhat curbed 3) Pius IV eradicates all nepotism c.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Vacancy of the Apostolic See by Bishop Mark A. Pivarunas, CMRI 14/03/18, 755 PM
    On the Vacancy of the Apostolic See by Bishop Mark A. Pivarunas, CMRI 14/03/18, 7*55 PM HOME TRADITIONAL CATHOLIC FAITH MASS LOCATIONS PUBLICATIONS CMRI LINKS STORE PHOTOS CONTACT US CMRI Home > Article Index > Sedevacantist Position On the Vacancy of the Apostolic See By Bishop Mark A. Pivarunas, CMRI Our conference on the vacancy of the Apostolic See, the sedevacantist position, is most important, for it is a theological position which is very misunderstood, often misrepresented, and emotionally difficult for many groups. But before we proceed on this topic, it is paramount to stress that it is because of our belief in the Papacy and in Papal Infallibility that we necessarily must reject Paul VI, John Paul II and Benedict XVI as legitimate Popes. Many accuse us of rejection of the papacy. That is furthermost from the truth. In our earlier conference, we made reference to the main errors of religious indifferentism, false ecumenism and religious liberty which have infected the Conciliar Church of Vatican II. It is for us to demonstrate that the true Catholic Church—the Pope and the Bishops in union with him—could not promulgate such errors to the universal Church, and that no true Pope could promulgate a defective liturgy (Novus Ordo Missae) and a sacrilegious law (1983 Code of Canon Law 844.3 and 4 Communion to non-Catholics). It is for us to demonstrate that men who promulgate heresy are heretics; and as such, they lose the authority in the Church Although we can consider many different aspects of our position with the papacy, it will be sufficient for us today to limit our studies to a few main premises upon which our conclusion (the vacancy) rests.
    [Show full text]
  • India- Holy See Relations Diplomatic Relations Between India and The
    India- Holy See relations Diplomatic relations between India and the Holy See were established soon after India’s independence. India’s Ambassador in Berne, Switzerland, has traditionally been accredited to the Holy See which maintains a Nunciature (Embassy) in New Delhi, presently headed by a Nuncio (Ambassador). 2. India has the second largest Catholic population in Asia which also including those from Kerala dating from Apostolic times. With a shortage of priests and nuns from developed countries, a large number of Indians have joined various Roman Catholic Orders and a number of them have started occupying high positions within the Catholic Church institutions including those in Rome. India and Indians have a positive image in the Catholic community. 3. Although the strength of the Christian (and hence the Catholic) community forms only a small proportion of India’s population, the Holy See has always acknowledged the importance of India, both in global and Asian terms. There have been three Papal visits to India so far. The first Pope to visit India was Pope Paul IV, who came to Bombay in 1964 to attend the International Eucharistic Congress. Pope John Paul II visited India in February 1986 and November 1999. During his latter visit, he met the President, Vice President, Prime Minister and EAM. He participated in the concluding session of Synod of Bishops of Asia at which he signed and released post-Synodal Apostolic Exhortation. 4. Several Indian dignitaries have, from time to time, called on the Pope in the Vatican. These have included the late Smt. Indira Gandhi in 1981 and Shri I.K.
    [Show full text]
  • Through the Eye of the Dragon: an Examination of the Artistic Patronage of Pope Gregory XIII (1572-1585)
    Through the eye of the Dragon: An Examination of the Artistic Patronage of Pope Gregory XIII (1572-1585). Vol.1 Title of Degree: PhD Date of Submission: August 2019 Name: Jacqueline Christine Carey I declare that this thesis has not been submitted as an exercise for a degree at this or any other University and it is entirely my own work. I agree to deposit this thesis in the University’s open access institutional repository or allow the library to do so on my behalf, subject to Irish Copyright Legislation and Trinity College Library conditions of use and acknowledgement. For Sadie and Lilly Summary This subject of this thesis is the artistic patronage of Pope Gregory XIII (1572-1585). It examines the contribution of the individual patron to his patronage with a view to providing a more intense reading of his artistic programmes. This approach is derived from the individual interests, influences, and ambitions of Gregory XIII. It contrasts with periodization approaches that employ ‘Counter Reformation’ ideas to interpret his patronage. This thesis uses archival materials, contemporaneous primary sources, modern specialist literature, and multi-disciplinary sources in combination with a visual and iconographic analysis of Gregory XIII’s artistic programmes to develop and understanding of its subject. Chapter one examines the efficacy and impact of employing a ‘Counter-Reformation’ approach to interpret Gregory XIII’s artistic patronage. It finds this approach to be too general, ill defined, and reductionist to provide an intense reading of his artistic programmes. Chapter two explores the antecedent influences that determined Gregory XIII’s approach to his papal patronage and an overview of this patronage.
    [Show full text]
  • Traditionalists, Infallibility and the Pope (1995, 2006)
    Traditionalists, Infallibility and the Pope (1995, 2006) by Rev. Anthony Cekada The very men who appear to possess authority in the Church teach errors and impose harmful laws. How reconcile this with infallibility? IF YOU NOW assist regularly at the traditional Latin Mass, it is because you concluded at some point that the old Mass and doc- trines were Catholic and good, while the new Mass and modern teachings, somehow, were not. But (like me) you probably had some initial worries: What if the traditional Mass I go to is not approved by the diocese? Am I defying the legitimate authority in the Church? Am I disobeying the pope? This is the “authority issue,” and it seems to present a real dilemma. The Church teaches that the pope is infallible in faith and morals. Good Catholics, moreover, obey the laws of the pope and the hierarchy. Bad Catholics pick and choose what laws they want to obey. Yet at the same time, the very men who would appear to possess authority in the hierarchy command us to accept doctrines and a Mass which harm the faith or have other disastrous effects. What is a Catholic to do? Why Reject the Changes? In order to solve the dilemma, we should begin by con- sidering what drove us out of our Vatican II parishes in the first place. In most cases, it was either contradiction of established Catholic teaching or irreverence in worship. In other words, we instantly recognized some element of the new religion to be ei- ther a doctrinal error or an evil.
    [Show full text]
  • THE TRIAL of GALILEO-REVISITED Dr
    THE TRIAL OF GALILEO-REVISITED Dr. George DeRise Professor Emeritus, Mathematics Thomas Nelson Community College FALL 2018 Mon 1:30 PM- 3:30 PM, 6 sessions 10/22/2018 - 12/3/2018 (Class skip date 11/19) Sadler Center, Commonwealth Auditorium Christopher Wren Association BOOKS: THE TRIAL OF GALILEO, 1612-1633: Thomas F. Mayer. (Required) THE CASE FOR GALILEO- A CLOSED QUESTION? Fantoli, Annibale. GALILEO; THE RISE AND FALL OF A TROUBLESOME GENIUS. Shea, William; Artigas, Mariano. BASIC ONLINE SOURCES: Just Google: “Galileo” and “Galileo Affair” (WIKI) “Galileo Project” and “Trial of Galileo-Famous Trials” YOUTUBE MOVIES: Just Google: “GALILEO'S BATTLE FOR THE HEAVENS – NOVA – YOUTUBE” “GREAT BOOKS, GALILEO’S DIALOGUE – YOUTUBE” HANDOUTS: GLOSSARY CAST OF CHARACTERS BLUE DOCUMENTS GALILEO GALILEI: b. 1564 in Pisa, Italy Astronomer, Physicist, Mathematician Professor of Mathematics, Universities of Pisa and Padua. In 1610 he observed the heavens with the newly invented telescope- mountains and craters of the moon, moons of Jupiter, many stars never seen before; later the phases of Venus; sunspots. These observations supported his belief that the Copernican (Heliocentric) system was correct, i.e. that the Sun was the center of the Universe; the planets including earth revolved around it. This was in direct contrast to the Ptolemaic-Aristotelian (Geocentric) System which was 1500 years old at the time. Galileo’s Copernican view was also in conflict with the Christian interpretation of Holy Scripture. Because of the Counter Reformation Catholic theologians took a literal interpretation of the Bible. Galileo was investigated by the Inquisition in 1615 and warned not to defend the Copernican view.
    [Show full text]
  • India- Holy See Relations Diplomatic Relations Between India and The
    India- Holy See Relations Diplomatic relations between India and the Holy See were established soon after India’s independence. India’s Ambassador in Berne, Switzerland, has traditionally been accredited to the Holy See which maintains a Nunciature (Embassy) in New Delhi, presently headed by a Nuncio (Ambassador). India has the second largest Catholic population in Asia including those from Kerala dating from Apostolic times. With a shortage of priests and nuns from developed countries, a large number of Indians have joined various Roman Catholic Orders and a number of them have started occupying high positions within the Catholic Church institutions including those in Rome. India and Indians have a positive image in the Catholic community. Although the strength of the Christian (and hence the Catholic) community forms only a small proportion of India’s population, the Holy See has always acknowledged the importance of India, both in global and Asian terms. There have been three Papal visits to India so far. The first Pope to visit India was Pope Paul IV, who visited Mumbai in 1964 to attend the International Eucharistic Congress. Pope John Paul II visited India in February 1986 and November 1999. He participated in the concluding session of Synod of Bishops of Asia at which he signed and released post-Synodal Apostolic Exhortation. HH Pope Francis, the 76- year-old Jorge Mario Bergoglio from Argentina was elected as Supreme Pontiff on 13th March 2013. In December 2013, H.E. Archbishop Parolin was inaugurated as the new Secretary of State of the Holy See in place of H.E.
    [Show full text]
  • Tudor Conciliar Theorists
    Loma Linda University TheScholarsRepository@LLU: Digital Archive of Research, Scholarship & Creative Works Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects 9-1975 Tudor Conciliar Theorists Daniel E. Mitchel Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsrepository.llu.edu/etd Part of the European History Commons Recommended Citation Mitchel, Daniel E., "Tudor Conciliar Theorists" (1975). Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects. 1074. https://scholarsrepository.llu.edu/etd/1074 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by TheScholarsRepository@LLU: Digital Archive of Research, Scholarship & Creative Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects by an authorized administrator of TheScholarsRepository@LLU: Digital Archive of Research, Scholarship & Creative Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Abstract TUDOR CONCILIAR THEORISTS I by Daniel E. Mitchel This thesis ~nalyzes a variety of sources such as printed books, diplomatic correspondence, letters, and notes, from which a description of Tudor ideas in relation to proposals to hold a general council can be derived. This Tudor Conciliar Theory has a definite beginning. Henry VII I developed a.flexible foreign policy to deal with continental suggestions to hold a general council of the church. The position which he took was that the English nation was not opposed to such a gathering, but on every occasion, matters of detail were used to block English participation. While these procedural details kept Henry from participating, a second 11wal1 11 of defense was raised: Henrician propagandists insisted that the princes of Christendom, not the pope, should be instrumental in calling a council into session.
    [Show full text]
  • The True and False Infallibility of the Popes, Will Speedily Appear in an English Translation, I Refrain from Doing So
    This is a reproduction of a library book that was digitized by Google as part of an ongoing effort to preserve the information in books and make it universally accessible. http://books.google.com THE TRUE AND THE FALSE Infallibility of iThe Popes. A CONTROVERSIAL REPLY TO DR. SCHULTE. ST Dr. JOSEPH JFESSLER, Late Bishop of St. Fatten, in Awtria, and Secretary- General of the Vatican Council. A Work honoured by a Brief of Approbation from His Holiness Pope Pius IX. ftnuMlatcfe from fyc ttltfrt Coition VY PERMISSION OF THE EDITORS OP THE LATE BISHOP FESSLER'S WORKS. New York : THE CATHOLIC PUBLICATION SOCIETY, No. 9 WARREN STREET. i875- THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY CONTENTS. I. True and False Infallibility.— Fessler. II. Mr. Gladstone's Expostulation Unravelled. — Bishop Ullathorne. Submission to a Divine Teacher. — Bishop Vaughan. Syllabus for the People. JSx trad from a Brief addressed to Bishop Fessler by his Holiness Pope Pius IX. April vj, 1871. ' . Peropportunum autem et utilissimum existimavimus retudisse te audaciam Professoris Schulte incitantis saeculares Potestates ad- versus dogma Pontificiae infallibilitatis ab cecumenica Vaticana Syno- do definitae. Non omnes enim, inter laicos praesertim, rei indolem perspectam habent ; et Veritas luculenter exposita multas abigere so- let ab honestorum mentibus obliquas opiniones, saepe cum lacle haustas, aliosque confirmare in recta sententia et adversus insidias munire. Quamobrem si hujusmodi commenta refellere pergas, op- time certe merebis de sanctissima religione nostri. et Christiano po- pulo, quem, uti bonus Pastor, a venenatis pascuis abduces. Pergra- tum Nos tibi profitemur animum, cum ob volumen oblatum, turn ob amantissimas litteras tuas ; tibique amplam apprecamur obsequii de- votionisque tuae mercedem ' Translation.
    [Show full text]
  • 1. Humanism and Honour in the Making of Alessandro Farnese 35
    6 RENAISSANCE HISTORY, ART AND CULTURE Cussen Pope Paul III and the Cultural Politics of Reform of Politics Cultural the and III Paul Pope Bryan Cussen Pope Paul III and the Cultural Politics of Reform 1534-1549 Pope Paul III and the Cultural Politics of Reform Renaissance History, Art and Culture This series investigates the Renaissance as a complex intersection of political and cultural processes that radiated across Italian territories into wider worlds of influence, not only through Western Europe, but into the Middle East, parts of Asia and the Indian subcontinent. It will be alive to the best writing of a transnational and comparative nature and will cross canonical chronological divides of the Central Middle Ages, the Late Middle Ages and the Early Modern Period. Renaissance History, Art and Culture intends to spark new ideas and encourage debate on the meanings, extent and influence of the Renaissance within the broader European world. It encourages engagement by scholars across disciplines – history, literature, art history, musicology, and possibly the social sciences – and focuses on ideas and collective mentalities as social, political, and cultural movements that shaped a changing world from ca 1250 to 1650. Series editors Christopher Celenza, Georgetown University, USA Samuel Cohn, Jr., University of Glasgow, UK Andrea Gamberini, University of Milan, Italy Geraldine Johnson, Christ Church, Oxford, UK Isabella Lazzarini, University of Molise, Italy Pope Paul III and the Cultural Politics of Reform 1534-1549 Bryan Cussen Amsterdam University Press Cover image: Titian, Pope Paul III. Museo di Capodimonte, Naples, Italy / Bridgeman Images. Cover design: Coördesign, Leiden Lay-out: Crius Group, Hulshout isbn 978 94 6372 252 0 e-isbn 978 90 4855 025 8 doi 10.5117/9789463722520 nur 685 © B.
    [Show full text]
  • Pope St. Pius V
    Pope St. Pius V Michele Ghislieri OP Lived 1504-1572 Pope 1566-1572 Historical Background Council of Trent Protestant and the Counter Reformation Reformation Good and bad The Empire, the popes French and other political Nepotism intrigue Politics of Europe Emerging Western Capitalism and world colonisation. Holy Roman Empire (based in the Kingdom of Germany) Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 1519-1556 Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor 1558-1564 Maximillian II, Holy Roman Emperor 1564-1576 France Medieval Popes The Counts of Tuscolo and Segni, the Medici dynasty of Florence, the Borgia dynasty of Jativa, etc., etc. 16 noble Italian families. Nepotism. Sequence of canonised popes Pope St. Gregory VII, 1073-1085 Pope St. Pius V, 1566-1572 Pope St. Pius X, 1903-1914 The Protestant Reformation (The new) St. Peter’s Basilica Selling of indulgences (Pope Leo X, 1513-1521) Martin Luther’s 95 theses, 1517 Council of Trent (1545 to 1563) Martin Luther Pope Leo X The Council of Trent The embodiment of the Counter-Reformation 1545-1563 Pope Paul III: 1545–47 Pope Julius III: 1551–52 Pope Marcellus II (short papacy) Pope Paul IV (no interest) Pope Pius IV: 1562–63 Trent: Northern Italy Early life Bosco Born Antonio Ghislieri Michele Ghislieri OP Cardinal Michele Alessandrino Pope Pius V Early Dominican years “The most powerful aid we can bring to this study is the practice of earnest prayer. The more closely the mind is united to God, the richer will be the stores of light that follow its researches.” Professor of theology. Prior of Vigevano, Soncino and then Alba.
    [Show full text]