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Contributions to the Textual History of the Medieval Latin Redactions of the Visio Pauli

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Contributions to the Textual History of the Medieval Latin Redactions of the Visio Pauli CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE TEXTUAL HISTORY OF THE MEDIEVAL LATIN REDACTIONS OF THE VISIO PAULI by Mary Elizabeth Dwyer, B.A. Hons (West Aust.), M.A. (Oxon) Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Tasmania, November, 2004. DECLARATION This Thesis contains no material which has been accepted for a degree or diploma by the University or any other institution, except by way of background information and duly acknowledged in the Thesis, and to the best of my knowledge and belief no material previously published or written by another person except where due acknowledgement is made in the text of the Thesis. AUTHORITY OF ACCESS This thesis is not to be made available for loan or copying for three years following the date this statement was signed. Following that time the thesis may be made available for loan and limited copying in accordance with the Copyright Act 1968. ABSTRACT No major review of the textual history and development of the main group of medieval Latin abbreviated versions, or redactions, of the Visio Pauli has been published since Theodore Silverstein's fundamental studies in 1935 and 1959. However, twenty-eight further witnesses of this group have come to notice since then, but have not been studied in detail. This thesis examines each of the new texts in the context of the redaction to which they belong or are related, and their implications for the filiation established by Silverstein. In the case of Redaction IV this has required the classification of all the witnesses of that redaction for the first time, and in the case of the composite redactions drawn from several individual redactions, this has enabled a more precise identification of their components. In the case of Redaction IX one of the new texts supplies the section presently missing from the published edition. A separate volume of Appendices contains transcriptions from the mss. of the texts examined in the thesis, together with other reference material. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I acknowledge with deep gratitude the major debt of this thesis to the late Professor Theodore Silverstein who generously made available, some years before its publication, a list of manuscripts containing unstudied versions of the Visio Pauli which he had compiled. This was the genesis of the present study and permitted work to begin early on the preparation of material for the project which Professor Silverstein followed with kindly interest and support over the years. My thanks are due too to my supervisors: to Professor R. M Thomson for his scholarly and practical advice and help, to Professor M. J. Bennett for his assistance, and to both for their patience and forbearance. I am grateful to the University of New England for its support of the research for this thesis by way of grants of leave and access to its resources and staff. I wish to thank also Dr Diana Modesto of Sydney University for practical and efficient assistance and support in many and various ways over the years, always readily and generously offered and gratefully appreciated. TABLE OF CONTENTS page Introduction 1 PART I Chapter I Redaction I 11 Chapter 2 Redaction BR and the Gottingen Visio Pauli 34 Chapter 3 Redaction III 50 PART II REDACTION IV Chapter 4 Redaction IV and its Witnesses 72 Chapter 5 The Classification of Redaction IV Texts (1) 83 Chapter 6 The Classification of Redaction IV Texts (2) 99 Chapter 7 Family Interrelationship and a Base Text for Redaction IV 124 PART III THE COMPOSITE REDACTIONS 142 Chapter 8 The III/IV Redactions V and X, and Two Further III/IV Texts 143 Chapter 9 Redaction VII 163 Chapter 10 Redaction VIII and Two Other Combined Texts 178 Chapter 11 Redaction IX 192 Conclusion 210 Bibliography 212 1 INTRODUCTION For its longevity and the vast geographical and linguistic breadth of its diffusion, the Visio Pauli or Apocalypse of Paul was an extraordinary text. It was one of the early Christian apocrypha and belongs to the more ancient tradition of Apocalypses and Otherworld journeys. 1 Abundant evidence remains- and continues to emerge- that it was known, cited and copied for well over 1,000 years from its composition in the mid 3rd century, having spread into an area ranging from Egypt, where it was written, to Scandinavia and Russia in the north and from Ireland to Armenia in the west and east, either in the original Greek or translated, in full or abbreviated versions, into Latin, Coptic, Syriac, Arabic, the Slavic languages including Old Russian, Armenian2 and nearly all the vernacular languages of the regions of its diffusion over time. 3 The earlier versions of the Apocalypse purported to be the Apostle's own words (although the account later changed to a third person narrative) which described first the complaints made by creation - the sun, the moon & stars, the earth and all the waters- against the iniquity of man and God's patient rejection of their plea to unleash their apocalyptic power in retribution; this was followed by an account of how the angels reported daily on the deeds of men. An angel then took Paul on a journey to the Otherworld during which he witnessed the going-out from the body of good and wicked souls at death and how they were met and escorted by holy and evil angels to judgement before the throne of God. He then visited the realms assigned to the righteous and unrighteous after death and, in supplication with the angels and the suffering souls, he obtained from Christ some respite for these souls from their pain; his journey concluded with a second visit to Paradise. A preface describing the miraculous discovery of this work in Tarsus was added at the beginning of the 5th century and over its long history the text was both abbreviated and 1 See e.g. Yabro Collins 1979, pp. 61-69 & 85-86, and Collins 1979, pp. 6-9 & 12-15; cf. also Attridge 1979, pp. 159-168. 2 For the texts in the foregoing languages see Silverstein & Hilhorst 1997, pp. 47-58 and Piovanelli 1993, pp. 26-37 3 These include English, French, German, Italian, Proven<;al, Danish, Welsh etc.; see e.g. Silverstein 1935, p. 16 and notes on pp. 99-101. For a chronological survey of the spread of the Latin abbreviated forms and the vernacular versions see Dinzelbacher 1991, pp. 167-171. 2 interpolated, the sections on the condition and torment of sinners and the granting of the respite to them surviving most tenaciously.4 The reasons for the remarkable and widespread popularity of this account, particularly in western Europe, may now be difficult to discern. Two of the major scholars of the Visio Pauli, Robert Casey and Theodore Silverstein, have noted the defects of its structure and its debt to earlier works, but have pointed to the unique appeal and pertinence of its account of what man must face immediately after death and its vivid manifestation of both the justice and mercy of God as a possible explanation.5 Whether its success was due to these or other reasons, the cultural importance of the work is widely recognised; in Casey's judgement" none [of the many early Christian apocalypses], except the canonical Revelation, exercised so important an influence on medieval literature and thought as the Apocalypse of Paul,"6 and Silverstein observed that "it became one of the chief formative elements in the later legends of Heaven and Hell which culminated in the Divina Commedia of Dante, who seems to have known some form of the Apocalypse at first hand." 7 The possiblity of its direct or indirect influence on Dante stimulated scholarly interest in the work in the 19th century and, in addition to the ongoing study of its textual history in many languages, this interest has continued both for its relevance to the Divine Comedy and other medieval vernacular literature and also to more general studies on the representation of the Otherworld and on the Apocalyptic genre.8 4 For the composition and history of the original Greek Apocalypse and its afterlife see Casey (1933), Silverstein (1935) and Silverstein & Hilhorst (1997); also Rosenstiehl (1990). For the date of the revised version with the preface see Silverstein (1962) and Silverstein & Hilhorst 1997, p. 11 & pp. 18-19, n. 3. For an alternative view of the composition and date of the Greek text see Piovanelli 1993, pp. 37-59. 5 See e.g. the summary in Casey, 1933, pp. 31-32, and Silverstein, 1935, p. 5. Cf. also Piovanelli 1993, p. 56: "L'interet de cet ouvrage et la raison de son succes resident, en effet, dans sa mise en place d'un au-dela chretien, centre sur la condition des ames entre la mort du corps et la resurrection finale. Les ames ne sont plus dans une attente passive de la recompense ou de la punition apres le Jugement universe!, mais elles comparaissent tout de suite devant le tribunal divin, avant d'etre envoyees dans deux endroits separes et organises en fonction du degre des merites ou des fautes, pour profiter, des maintenant, d'un traitement 'paradisiaque' ou 'infernal'." 6 Casey, 1933, p. 1. 7 Silverstein, 1935, p. 3. 8 See e.g. the Bibliography in Silverstein & Hilhorst, 1997, pp. 41-47. 3 The reconstruction of the textual history of the Latin Visio Pauli in its 9 older full form (the Long Latin) and in its abbreviated forms (the Redactions ), began in the 19th century with the study and publication of texts by Herman Brandes in 1885 (the Redactions) and M. R. James in 1893 (the Long Latin).
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