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Curriculum support for students unable to access a school HASS Year 5 Fortnight 1

Humanities and Social Sciences ( and Geography) This package of curriculum resources provides learning opportunities for students to continue their educational development and progress while not being able to access a school. These resources provide students with learning experiences and activities that are intended to be used for approximately 90 minutes each week, for completion over a two-week period. It is anticipated that the suite of resources could be used in a variety of contexts, including teacher-directed, parent-supported or students working independently. No assessment lessons or tasks are included in this package.

Structure

The Humanities and Social Sciences (History and Geography) materials contained in this package include: • lessons including links to resources • notes and answers.

Lessons

There are two lessons contained in this package. Students will need to complete them in the following order. • History Lesson 12 — Continuities and changes in the settlement • Geography Lesson 13–14 — Case study: The Dust Bowl

Resources

Required resources are listed in the materials. Students: • will need access to everyday stationery supplies, such as pencils, pens, an eraser, colouring pencils, a ruler • may print the worksheets if they have access to a printer, or write responses in a notebook or on paper.

Students may need access to an internet search engine to locate a particular educational resources or websites.

Online safety warnings

Note: Assess websites for suitability prior to displaying to your child. Note: Aboriginal peoples and Islander peoples are warned that resources in this package may contain images, voices and names of persons who may now be deceased.

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HISTORY Lesson 12 Year 5

T opic: Investigating the evidence Continuities and changes in the Moreton Bay settlement

Today you will: ►► understand how and why the Moreton Bay settlement changed over time.

Resources Key terms

Digital built features, continuity and change, Video — Continuity and change in the natural features Moreton Bay settlement (3:58) For definitions and explanations of terms, Find and prepare please see the Glossary. Sheet 7 — Continuity and change in Moreton Bay: Sources

Lesson

Lesson focus questionc: Why and how did the Moreton Bay settlement change over time?

In this lesson, you will investigate why the Moreton Bay colonial penal settlement changed from being a place used for the isolation and punishment of hardened convicts, to a place of opportunity for free settlers.

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1. Identify when and why the Moreton Bay settlement changed from being a penal settlement to a free settlement by reading the information in the following box and completing the tasks that follow.

The Moreton Bay colonial penal settlement was designed to be a place of isolation for convicts. However, several years after the establishment of the colonial penal settlement, officials started to question whether it was a good idea to continue the ban on free settlement at Moreton Bay. There was plenty of fertile land in the area that was not being used by the convict settlement. By 1835, the number of convicts at the Moreton Bay penal settlement was only 374, so the convicts were moved back to in 1839, and the Moreton Bay penal settlement was closed. In 1840, Governor made new land laws and, because of this, land in the Moreton Bay area was put up for sale at 12 shillings (approximately $1.20) per acre. In 1842, the Moreton Bay area was opened to free settlers and soon settlers arrived and settled on the banks of the River. They found fertile soil for the farming of wheat and corn. Others soon followed. There was a shortage of people to work in the new settlement. Manual workers, shepherds, tradesmen and domestics (housekeepers) were needed. This attracted skilled workers from different countries throughout Europe, particularly Germany, to move to the free settlement of Moreton Bay in search of a new life.

References: Bruce, J. 2006, Australian Convicts from the to the end of transportation, Press GlobeVista 2007, 1606 to 1876, http://www.historyofaustraliaonline.com/Convict_Station.html History of Moreton Bay Convict Settlement and , Brisbane Convict Era, http://www.brisbanehistory.com/convict_era.html

a. When was the Moreton Bay penal colony closed? Tick the box beside the correct answer. 1825 1830 1839 1842

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b. What do you think is meant by the term ‘free settlement’? Tick the box beside the correct answer. Free settlements were camps that were established by and for military personnel. Free settlements were areas that were established by free members of society, for free members of society. Free settlements were isolated places developed to separate convicts from the free members of society. Free settlements were temporary camps set up by people travelling from one place to another. c. When was the Moreton Bay area and surrounding areas open for the establishment of a free settlement? 1840 1842 1839 1835

By the1840s, there were many different people moving to and living in Moreton Bay and the surrounding areas. Moreton Bay had become a free colonial settlement. So, what changed and what stayed the same in the natural and built features of the Moreton Bay settlement? I imagine that much would have changed. What do you think?

Examine sources to identify ways in which the Moreton Bay settlement changed and stayed the same

Let’s take some time now to review what continuity and change means in History. This information will come in useful as you work through the rest of the lesson.

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continuityc: the way in which certain aspects of the past remain the same. changec: the way in which certain aspects of the past changed.

You are now going to look at sources to find and record information about changes and continuities in the Moreton Bay settlement between 1824 and 1859.

2. Watch the Video — Continuity and change in the Moreton Bay settlement. Use information from sources in the video to complete the tasks that follow. This video presents sources that provide information about how aspects of the Moreton Bay settlement (Brisbane Town) changed and stayed the same over

time. An analysis of sources is provided. Video 3c:58

3. a. Examine the following table, which lists some of the continuities and changes in the site of Brisbane Town identified in Sources 1 and 2 from the video.

What stayed the same (continuities)? What changed? • wooded areas • sections of land cleared for crops • the course or shape of the river and buildings • smaller waterways (such as creeks) • many buildings constructed • roads and paths constructed

Now it’s your turn to examine sources for continuities and changes in the natural and built features of the environment of Kangaroo Point.

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Natural features of the environment are features that occur naturally, for example: landforms, vegetation and waterways. Built features of the environment are features that have been constructed (built) by humans, for example: roads, bridges and buildings. b. Locate information in Sources 3 and 4 provided in the video about how Kangaroo Point changed and stayed the same over time. Use Sheet 7 — Continuity and change in Moreton Bay: Sources to examine the sources more closely. c. Record information located in sources about how Kangaroo Point in Brisbane Town changed and stayed the same in the following table.

What stayed the same (continuities)? What changed?

The establishment of the Moreton Bay settlement brought many changes, particularly to the local environment, with land being cleared for buildings, roads, industry and farming.

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Develop a narrative about continuities and changes in the environment of the Moreton Bay colonial settlement

Historians create narratives to tell the story of events, people and places in history. There are many different types of narrative used by historians to communicate historical information. Some of the narrative types include letters, short stories, essays, journal or diary entries, chronicles and recounts. In this lesson, you will develop a letter to ‘tell the story’ of how the environment of the Moreton Bay colonial settlement changed and stayed the same over time. The purpose of a letter is to inform a person about people, events or developments. Sometimes a letter can include the feelings, attitudes and ideas of the person who is writing it.

Let’s look at a letter written by the relative of a free settler who lived in the Brisbane area.

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4. Read the letter sent by Cousin Jill in England to Cousin Jack in Brisbane.

To my dear Cousin Jack, It has been nine years since you left to start a new life in Brisbane. I have not heard from you in five years. I hope all is well for you and my Aunt and Uncle! You described in your earlier letters a most fascinating place! I have often dreamt of the beautiful river, green fields and little colonial houses shown in the picture you sent of Kangaroo Point in Brisbane. Tell me, has the place grown since you have been there? Has it become a bustling place with many buildings, or has it mostly stayed the same? Do write to me and tell me about your beautiful Brisbane. I most eagerly await your reply. From your cousin, Jill

This letter is seeking information about how Brisbane had changed and stayed the same during the time that settler, Jack, had been there. Cousin Jill seems to be particularly interested in how the natural and built features of the environment of the Brisbane area had changed and stayed the same.

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5. Describe how the environment of the Brisbane area changed and stayed the same over time by completing Cousin Jack’s letter. Use terms from the following word bank to fill in the missing words in the letter.

Word bank River changed trees houses Brisbane buildings city roads vegetation fields before people

Dearest Cousin Jill, Thank you so much for your letter. It was lovely to hear from you. My parents and I are well and happy. I hope that you and yours are the same. Indeed, you are most curious about ! It is a much bigger than when I last wrote to you. There are many more and other than before. It seems that every day, new have been built to meet the needs of all of the who live here now. Where there was once empty green are the houses of my ! Nothing, of course, has the snaking shape of the ever-flowing Brisbane Although there seems to be less along the riverbanks, there are still sections of that I rest under while fishing. I often visit neighbours who are still in the houses they built well I arrived here. Perhaps you should visit me here someday soon. I think you would find the place very pleasing. I hope to hear from you soon about life in England. From your cousin, Jack

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Great work! You have analysed and interpreted sources to identify what stayed the same and what changed in the Moreton Bay settlement over time. You have also completed a historical narrative — a letter — about continuity and change in Brisbane over time.

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Sheet History glossary Year 5 1

Term Meaning analyse (a source) to ‘break down’ into parts and work out what important ‘pieces’ of information are in the source barracks a building where prisoners or soldiers were housed Black Line a human chain of soldiers and armed civilians, organised in 1830 by Governor Arthur, to contain Aboriginal peoples on the Tasman Peninsula in Van Diemen’s Land the name used in the early 1800s for conflict between the British and Aboriginal peoples of (Van Diemen’s Land) Bora ground a ceremonial place for Aboriginal peoples, usually shaped as a ring or circle, used for initiation ceremonies and as meeting places border a line that separates one part of the land or a country or a state from another; a dividing line boundary something such as a border, river, road or fence which shows where one part of the land or property finishes and another part starts; a colonial boundary was a line that separated one colony from another built features elements or features that have been constructed (built) by humans, for example: roads, buildings cause and effect The reason for an event or development occurring is described as a ‘cause’ and the impact or consequence of an event, development or decision is identified as an ‘effect’; the cause is the reason something happens and the effect is what happens as a result. chain gang a group of convicts who were chained to each other as a form of punishment or control chronology the study of time In History, chronology involves the arrangement of events in order, such as in a timeline. climate the average types of weather, including seasonal variations, experienced by a place over a long period of time colonial an adjective, a descriptive word formed from ‘colony’ colonisation the settlement of people from one country in another country a person who lives in or helps to create a colony colony a place that is under the political rule of another country and has people from the ruling country living in it commandant the officer in charge (or command) of a military establishment (such as a penal settlement) or group

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Term Meaning commissariat a government or military department allocated for receiving, storing and distributing supplies such as food and equipment Commissariat Store the name of one of the surviving buildings from Brisbane’s colonial past; the Commissariat Store was completed in 1829 and was used to store and distribute supplies of food, clothing and equipment for use in the Moreton Bay settlement continuity and ‘Continuities’ are aspects of the past that remained the same over change certain periods of time; ‘change’ refers to other aspects that have been altered, transformed or are different from how they were.

convict a person who has been found guilty of a criminal offence and is serving a sentence of imprisonment Country a space mapped out by physical or intangible [unseen/not defined] boundaries that individuals or groups of Aboriginal Peoples occupy and regard as their own cultivation the growing of crops; farming; agriculture development growth or change, for example in a community discipline control of actions through rules or orders that must be obeyed; punishment for breaking rules displaced moved on or pushed out of a place or homeland, for example: Tasmanian Aboriginal peoples were forced off their Country domestic a household servant (usually female) who carries out duties such as cleaning and cooking in someone else’s home economic relates to money, goods and services and business economic reason the economic or financial factors influencing a decision or an event, for example: the British Government in their decision to develop other colonies in Australia, particularly after 1800 empathy an understanding of the past from the point of view of a particular individual or group, including an appreciation of the circumstances they faced and the motivations, values and attitudes behind their actions environment the living and non-living elements of the Earth’s surface and atmosphere; includes human changes to the Earth’s surface, for example: croplands, planted forests, buildings and roads exclusives groups of people who held wealth and power in the early colony of ; included military officers and free settlers export to send a product to another place, usually for sale, for example: was exported to England from the Australian colonies fauna the animals belonging to a particular region or area

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Term Meaning places that housed female convicts who had not been assigned to work or marriage during the period of transportation in early Australian settlements Considered houses of correction or gaols (jails), they were referred to as ‘factories’ because the women were expected to work, doing such things as laundry, sewing, spinning, weaving and housekeeping duties while they were there. first-class and terms that relate to a system of regulation used for the discipline second-class and employment of convicts in penal settlements convicts As a reward and an encouragement for good conduct, prisoners were divided into first and second classes where first-class convicts received privileges, such as an extra ration of tobacco or lighter duties, because of good behaviour or hard work. In the Moreton Bay penal settlement, the first-class convicts were used as overseers who enforced Captain Logan’s orders. They were rewarded with adjustments to their sentences — one year as an overseer counted as two years of their sentence. Second-class convicts received no privileges and had the worst jobs. They worked long hours with hard labour. A second-class convict could be rewarded for good behaviour with a reclassification to first-class convict.

(Reference: Life in convict Brisbane – Penal Settlement Regulations, The Learning Place (DET 1983) floodplain the flat area beside a river or stream that is flooded when the water rises above its banks; often has a build-up of sediment (silt), which makes the area very good for farming flora the plant life belonging to a particular region or area France the European country that most worried Britain in the race to establish claims to territory in the early years of colonisation, especially in Australia free not imprisoned or under the control of others free settlers/ free members of society who lived in settlements established in settlement Australia’s colonial period geographical the physical characteristics of the natural environment in a features particular area or region government the control or organisation of a country and its people governor a government official appointed to govern or lead a colony harbour a place, usually part of the coastline, often a port, where ships are moored for shelter, for example: Sydney Harbour

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Term Meaning herbage vegetation such as grasses used for grazing hierarchy pyramid a triangular-shaped tool used to represent the distribution of power, responsibility or wealth The person or group at the top of the pyramid has the most power, responsibility or wealth within a community. The person or group in the middle levels usually has some power, responsibility or wealth, while the person or group at the bottom of the pyramid holds very little to no power, responsibility or wealth. historic site a place, location, building, dwelling or structure of historical significance housing buildings or shelters where people live hunter-gatherers people who moved from one place to another and hunted animals and gathered different types of food from their environment interpret (a source) to ‘work out’ what meaning we can take from the source or what the source is really telling us about the past (hard) labour used as a punishment for convicts; involved a lot of very tiring, difficult, physical work landscape the visible appearance of an area; a scene, picture or view of an area or region language spoken, written or signed communication leg-iron also known as shackles or fetters; were metal and attached to the ankles of a person to stop them from running or to physically restrain them; used on chain gangs to keep them together leisure the way a person chooses to spend their spare time; time not required for duties or responsibilities a military group which is part of the navy serving on ships and on the land marsh area of wet land composed mainly of grasses martial law rule or control imposed upon a country or area by military forces migrant a person who migrates or moves from one region or country to another migrated having moved from one country or region to another migration the act of moving from one region or country to another mineral natural resource that is obtained through a mining process, for example, gold, silver, uranium mining the process of digging valuable minerals out of the ground

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Term Meaning missionary a person who has been sent by a church or chosen to travel to a different place or country for religious work Moreton Bay an important secondary colonial penal settlement in ; now the site of Brisbane nation a unified country or community of people living in a defined territory and organised under a single government natural features living and non-living elements in the environment that are not created or built by people Features that occur naturally include landforms, vegetation and waterways. nomadic a descriptive term that refers to people who move from place to place rather than having a permanent settlement officer someone who holds a rank or position of authority; usually associated with military forces pastoral refers to the features of the countryside or used in relation to the ‘pastoral industry’ which involves the grazing of livestock and growing of pasture pasture an area of grass or edible plants that is used for grazing livestock pattern set of events or developments that continue to happen penal relating to a penalty or punishment for breaking the law. for example: A penal settlement was a place where convicts were kept while they served their punishment. penitentiary a prison or jail for those who have been convicted of a crime plain a landform that is characterised by relatively flat land political relates to how a place is governed and how laws are made and upheld; also includes political relationships between countries political reason a factor that relates to government decisions, for example: the reasons influencing the British Government in their decision to develop other colonies in Australia, particularly after 1800 population the number of people living in an area, region, colony or country at a given time preserve to maintain or keep something in its original state, form or condition primary colonial the term used for the first settlement established by the British settlement Government in Australia, for example: a primary colonial settlement was established at in New South Wales in 1788 quarry a hole or pit in the ground from which stone or gravel is dug out

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Term Meaning ration a fixed or restricted amount of something, such as food, that people were allowed, especially in times of scarcity; for example: Convicts were allowed only small amounts of meat, flour and vegetables per day. secondary colonial a settlement established in other parts of Australia, after the settlement establishment of the first colonial settlement at Sydney Cove self-governing having an elected government in which elected rulers are able to make most decisions, without referring to the foreign power that has minor control of the colony settlement a place where a community is established, a place where people live, can include a village, town or city settlement patterns the physical arrangement and development of a settlement Settlement patterns typically exist alongside roads, railways, flatlands and water sources. settlers people who move to a new settlement or country; also known as free settlers significance the importance that is assigned to particular aspects of the past, for example: events, developments, movements and historical sites Significance includes an examination of the principles behind the selection of what should be investigated and remembered and involves consideration of questions such as: How did people in the past view the significance of an event? How important were the consequences of an event? What was the duration of the event? How relevant is it to the contemporary world? significant event an event or experience that can result in economic, social and political impacts for the wider community social relates to people and communities; this includes the size of populations, family structures and other social groups, education and wellbeing source any written or non-written materials that can be used to find out about the past, for example: coins, photographs, paintings, letters, journals and buildings. spear a throwing weapon or tool used by Aboriginal peoples before, during and after the colonisation of Australia state a political division of land or territory within a nation; a part of a larger country that has its own government; for example the state of Queensland

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Term Meaning territory an area of land or region that has been claimed, or considered to belong to, a nation ticket of leave a document that was issued to convicts who had demonstrated that they could be trusted and who were allowed certain freedoms It meant that convicts were allowed to marry, work for themselves and acquire property as long as they stayed within a certain area but they could not leave their district without the permission of people in authority. transportation a penalty given to convicts that involved them being sent to a penal colony in another country, for example: Judges sentenced people who broke the law in Britain to be to Australia in the 1800s. Van Diemen’s Land the name of a secondary colonial penal settlement that later became the Australian state of Tasmania

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Lessons GEOGRAPHY 13–14 Year 5

Topic: People influence the characteristics of places Case studyc: The Dust Bowl

Today you will: ►► understand that human and environmental characteristics are interconnected and influence each other.

Resources Key terms

Digital case study, cause and effect, Video — The Dust Bowl (3:42) environmental characteristic, erosion, flood, human characteristic, migrate Find and prepare Sheet 19 — Case study: The Dust Bowl For definitions and explanations of (stimulus sheet) terms, please see the Glossary.

Lesson

Introduce a case study about the interconnection between people and the environment

In these lessons you will explore how humans and the environment are interconnected and how they impact on each other through a case study of the Dust Bowl event which occurred across the Great Plains in the United States of America during the 1930s.

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Hot tip A case study is a description, exploration or explanation of a particular person, event, situation or place. The information is then used to draw conclusions and make inferences.

Human characteristics of a place are people, communities, cultures, production and built elements. Environmental characteristics of a place are climate, landforms, soils, vegetation, water resources and landscape.

1. Watch the Video — The Dust Bowl. This video explores: • the Dust Bowl event that took place across the Great Plains of the USA during the 1930s • the causes and effects of this event.

Video 3c:42

Examine the influence of human actions on environmental characteristics

The Dust Bowl event occurred as a result of the interconnection between human actions and the environment. Let’s examine how human actions influenced the environmental characteristics of the Great Plains.

In the next task, you will be using a stimulus set. A stimulus set is a collection of sources that provides information about a topic. Sources could include data tables and graphs, maps, written texts, quotes, photographs, timelines and diagrams. Sources can be used to locate information.

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2. Open Sheet 19 — Case study: The Dust Bowl (stimulus sheet). 3. Complete the table below using information from Sheet 19 and the Video — The Dust Bowl. Record the source that provided you with the information to answer each question in the table. Some answers have been provided for you.

The Dust Bowl Questions Notes Source What was the • an agricultural disaster • video slides 2 to 6 Dust Bowl? • caused by human actions: clearing of grasslands, lack of sustainable farming practices • caused by environmental characteristics such as drought and wind • huge dust clouds blackened the sky Where was the Dust Bowl event?

When was • occurred between 1930 and • Source 3: Timeline — The the Dust Bowl 1940 Dust Bowl event? What human actions took place?

What was the environmental effect?

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It wasn’t just human actions that caused this disaster. Human actions changed the land and then droughts and winds further damaged the land. Let’s look at how environmental characteristics contributed to this disaster and how human characteristics were influenced by the environment.

Examine the influence of the environment on human characteristics 4. Complete the table below using information from Sheet 19 and the Video — The Dust Bowl. Record the source that provided you with the information to answer each question in the table. Some answers have been provided as a guide.

The Dust Bowl Questions Notes Source What were the • a series of droughts • Source 3: Timeline — The environmental Dust Bowl conditions?

What was the • crops died • Source 3: Timeline — The effect on human Dust Bowl characteristics?

Present findings Now you will organise your ideas and understandings about the Dust Bowl event and present your findings in a written text.

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Key term Definition acid rain precipitation that contains high levels of chemicals due to pollution from the atmosphere Sulphur and nitrogen oxides are released in to the atmosphere by burning fossil fuels such as coal or oil. Sulphur and nitrogen oxides mix with water vapour in the atmosphere. alphanumeric grid a map reference system that consists of letters, numbers and grid reference squares; used to locate features and places on a map Antarctic Circle a major line of latitude that marks the polar (very cold) region around the South Pole arctic a polar region located in the northernmost part of Earth Arctic Circle a major line of latitude that marks the polar (very cold) region around the North Pole area reference used to locate a feature, using four numbers, which covers a larger area or extends over several squares for example: forest or lake The area reference is written using AR before the numbers to indicate area reference is being used, for example: AR4528. arid a region of land that has a severe lack of water which hinders or prevents the growth of plant and animal life axes the horizontal and vertical lines of a graph; one of the six graphing conventions barrier a structure which is built to prevent passage or cause to change course from one place to another BATKIS conventions of a graph: Border, Axis, Title, Key, Intervals, Source BOLTSS cartographic conventions (features) of a map: Border, Orientation (north point), Legend, Title, Scale, Source border a line drawn around a map or graph to define its boundaries; one of six graphing conventions built elements elements or features that have been constructed by humans, for example: roads, buildings built environment an area on Earth’s surface where the elements or features have (housing) been constructed by humans, for example: roads, buildings canyon a deep gorge or valley with steep sides, often carved by a river cardinal points the directions of north, east, south and west, often shown by their initials N, E, S and W on a compass rose cartographic the rules used for drawing maps (BOLTSS) conventions The most common feature of a map is ‘orientation’ or the north point. case study a descriptive study or investigation of a person, group or event

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Key term Definition cause and effect an action or decision (cause) which makes something else happen (effect) climate the average type of weather over a long period of time climate graph shows the average weather for a certain length of time of a place Rainfall is represented as a column graph and temperature is represented as a line graph. clustered pattern the grouped location (distribution) of objects, events, people, features etc. column graph a visual representation of data shown as blocks or columns of colour community a group of people who live in the same place or have a particular characteristic in common compass rose a diagram or symbol on a map that shows the cardinal points of direction N, E, S and W It may also show intermediate points such as NE, SE, SW and NW. compass rose/ used to display the direction of the four cardinal points (N, E, S, W), eight-point plus the intercardinal points (NE, SE, SW, NW) continent a large landmass on Earth The world’s continents are Asia, Africa, Antarctica, Australia, Europe, North America and South America. continental a type of climate that affects the central parts of large continents (climate) such as Asia and North America; usually dry with very hot summers and very cold winters country as a nation — people in an area of land that has set boundaries and its own government within a nation — an area that is not urban (towns, cities) used for farming activities or is still in its natural state culture the customs, habits, beliefs, social organisation and ways of life of a group of people desert a landscape or region of land that is very dry due to very low amounts of annual rainfall differences points or features that are not alike; used when making a comparison between places or objects dispersed pattern the scattered (spread out) location (distribution) of objects, events, people, features etc. distribution the pattern or placement or location of objects, events, people, features etc.

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Key term Definition eastings the numbers at the top or bottom of a map which increase towards the east (right) Eastings correspond to the vertical lines across a map. (Used in area reference.) environmental a biological/ecological element or process for example: landforms, characteristic climate, soil, vegetation, water and mineral resources etc. environmental an environmental element or process that affects or changes another influence characteristic of place equator an imaginary circle around the ‘middle’ of the world at a latitude of 0°, that divides the hemispheres erosion when the surface of Earth is worn away by the action of natural processes, for example: water, rain, flood, wind, waves flood a large amount of water overflowing on to land which is usually water free hemisphere a half of a sphere Northern Hemisphere — everything north of the equator on Earth. Southern Hemisphere — everything south of the equator on Earth. hill a landform that is an elevated area of Earth’s surface; smaller than a mountain human a human element or process for example: people, production, built characteristic elements of the environment, communities etc. human influence a human element or process that affects or changes another characteristic of place humid referring to a weather condition characterised by a lot of moisture in the air; often felt as ‘sticky’ or ‘muggy’ conditions on a warm to hot day infer/inference to make a conclusion or judgment using evidence or your own personal knowledge inter-cardinal the midway point between the cardinal points on a compass rose; points that is, north-east (NE), south-east (SE), south-west (SW) and north-west (NW) lake a relatively still body of water surrounded by land landforms features that make up Earth’s surface such as plains, hills, mountains, valleys, and plateaus landscape the visible physical features of an area of land, including landforms large-scale map a map which focuses on a small area with a large amount of detail for example: satellite images, road maps, street maps etc.

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Key term Definition latitude imaginary horizontal lines dividing Earth into major regions The location of any point on Earth’s surface north or south of the equator is measured in degrees north or south for example: 50°N or 50°S. legend a table or list that explains the symbols on a map line graph a visual representation of data using a line to connect data values linear pattern the location (distribution) of objects, events, people, features etc. arranged in a line lock a device that raises and lowers the levels of water on rivers or canals to allow continued use of a river when levels of the river have been changed, usually by a weir longitude imaginary lines that run along Earth’s surface from east to west, measured from the prime meridian which is 0° and runs through Greenwich, England Locations are measured in degrees east or west of this line to a maximum of 180°, for example: 66°E or 66°W. migrate to move from one country, region or place to another and settle minerals natural resources that are obtained through a mining process, for example: gold, silver, uranium mountain a landform that is a natural high elevation of Earth’s surface with a summit (peak) and generally with steep sides nation a country; people in an area of land that has set boundaries and its own government national relating to a particular nation or country natural feature land or water feature that is not made by people, for example: river, hill, valley or canyon northern description used to refer to a direction relating to the north or towards the North Pole northings the numbers along one or both sides of a map which increase towards the north (the top of the map) Northings correspond to the horizontal lines across a map. (Used in area reference.) north-east an inter-cardinal point describing location halfway between north and east; also written as NE north point a diagram or symbol on a map which shows the direction of north north-west an inter-cardinal point describing location halfway between north and west; also written as NW

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Key term Definition pattern a regularity in data portrayed in graphs or maps, for example: the decline in population density in Australia with increasing distance from the coast PEEL structure a guide to structure paragraph writing which involves: P — Make a point or write a topic sentence; E — Elaborate (explain further); E — Evidence or example in support; L — Link back to the topic sentence peninsula a piece of land that is connected to a main body of land, but bordered by water on three sides place a particular position, point, or area on Earth; a location plain an unbroken, flat or rolling area of land across a large area plateau an elevated area of Earth’s surface with a flat top; also known as a high plain or tableland polar regions of Earth that are close to the North and South Poles political map a visual representation of an area showing territorial borders for example: country and state boundaries pollution the introduction of contaminants to the natural environment including air, water and land pollution population a measurement of population per unit area density It measures how many people live or occupy a certain space or area. production the process or method of making or growing something which can be sold or used pull factor factors that move people towards a place, for example: into urban areas push factor factors that move people away from a place, for example: away from rural areas rainfall the amount of precipitation falling over a period of time within a given area; usually measured in millimetres recreational activities done for enjoyment or pleasure activities relative location a location of a place in relation to another place including direction and distance river a natural body of water flowing towards the sea rural relating to country areas or country life; opposite to urban (city)

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Key term Definition scale on a map — the relationship between the distance on a map and the real distance on the ground as a geographical concept — the various spatial levels (local, regional, national and global) at which geographers analyse and explain phenomena on earth, for example: global vegetation and climate, local weather seasonal a regular repeated pattern, over a short time, involving the different variation seasons of the year settlement any form of human habitation from a single house to a large city similarities points or features that are alike; used when making a comparison between places or objects small-scale map a map that shows a larger part of Earth’s surface but has minimal detail for example: political maps south-east an inter-cardinal point describing location halfway between south and east; also written as SE south-west an inter-cardinal point describing location halfway between south and west; also written as SW spatial the arrangement of particular things or activities across the surface of distribution Earth stimulus set a collection of sources that provide information about a topic The sources could include data tables, graphs, maps, written texts, quotes, photographs, timelines and diagrams. The sources in a stimulus set can be used to locate information that is useful to an inquiry. temperate a climate region that experiences moderate differences in temperatures without extremes temperature a measurement of the amount of heat and cold, usually in degrees Celsius (°C) title found at the top of a graph and is a short description of the graph’s data; one of six graphing conventions trend a particular direction in which something tends to move, for example: events, population tropical a climate region that is hot and humid with high annual rainfall tropics major lines of latitude — Tropic of Cancer and The areas between these two lines of latitude are also referred to as the ‘tropics’ or tropical zone. turbulence an eddying motion of moving water or air

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Key term Definition urban relating to city or town areas; opposite of rural urban sprawl the outward growth of cities urbanisation the increasing proportion of the population of a country living in urban (city) areas, rather than rural (country) areas valley a low-lying, elongated land area on the Earth’s surface, with an outlet, usually between mountain ranges or hills vegetation a general term referring to all plant life volcano a vent in Earth’s crust through which lava, steam and ash are ejected either continuously or in small bursts weather the state of the atmosphere with respect to wind, temperature, cloudiness, moisture, pressure etc. The day-to-day conditions of a particular place. weir a low wall or dam (barrier) built across a river, which is designed to alter the way that the river flows world climate areas of Earth experiencing similar types of climate regions

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Year 5 HISTORY Answers Lesson 12

Topic: Investigating the evidence Continuities and changes in the Moreton Bay settlement

Lesson concepts

O Sources — Primary and secondary

O A Continuity and change — Life for different groups of people in colonial period

Lesson notes In this lesson, students investigate why and how the Moreton Bay colonial settlement changed over time. Students examine sources to identify the natural and built features of a place in the Moreton Bay colonial settlement at different times. They list features of this place that changed and stayed the same over time. Students will practise a key skill in this lesson in preparation for Part B of their assessment task (to be conducted in future lessons).

Lesson answers 1. a. 1839 b. Free settlements were areas that were established by free members of society, for free members of society. c. 1842

2. Students watch the Video — Continuity and change in the Moreton Bay settlement. 3. a. No answer required. b. No answer required. c. What stayed the same (continuities)? What changed? For example: For example: • sections of vegetation (trees and shrubs) • more houses on cleared land along the river bank • more buildings • the course of the river • fences went up to divide sections of • location of houses land • road down the middle of Kangaroo Point • less cleared land on Kangaroo Point • fences • section of cleared land at the end of Kangaroo Point

4. No answer required.

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5. Dearest Cousin Jill, Thank you so much for your letter. It was lovely to hear from you. My parents and I are well and happy. I hope that you and yours are the same. Indeed, you are most curious about Brisbane! It is a much bigger city than when I last wrote to you. There are many more houses and other buildings than before. It seems that every day new roads have been built to meet the needs of all of the people who live here now. Where there was once empty green fields are the houses of my neighbours! Nothing, of course, has changed the snaking shape of the ever-flowing . Although there seems to be less vegetation along the riverbanks, there are still sections of trees that I rest under while fishing. I often visit neighbours who are still in the houses they built well before I arrived here. Perhaps you should visit me here someday soon. I think you would find the place very pleasing. I hope to hear from you soon about life in England. From your cousin, Jack

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Topic: People influence the characteristics of places Case study: The Dust Bowl

Lesson concepts

O A Place — Significance of places and what they are like

O A Space — Significance of location and spatial distribution; ways people organise and manage the spaces we live in

O A Environment — Significance of the environment in human life; important interrelationships between humans and the environment

O A Interconnection — Emphasises that no object of geographical study can be viewed in isolation

O Scale — Examination of geographical phenomena and problems at different spatial levels

N Change — Development of geographical phenomena over time

Lesson notes In these lessons students explore how human and environmental characteristics are interconnected and influence each other. To help students understand how these characteristics are interconnected, they work through a case study of the disastrous ‘Dust Bowl’ event which occurred across the Great Plains in the USA during the 1930’s.

Lesson answers 1. Students watch the Video — The Dust Bowl. 2. Students view the Sheet 19 — Case study: The Dust Bowl (stimulus sheet). No answers required.

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3. Students complete the table using information from Sheet 19 and the Video — The Dust Bowl. For example:

The Dust Bowl

Questions Notes Source What was the • an agricultural disaster • video slides 2 to 6 Dust Bowl? • caused by human actions: clearing of grasslands, lack of sustainable farming practices • caused by environmental characteristics such as drought and wind • huge dust clouds blackened the sky Where was • Great Plains (prairies) of • Source 1: Map — The Dust Bowl the Dust Bowl central USA (Texas, New event? Mexico, Oklahoma, Kansas and Colorado) When was • occurred between 1930 and • Source 3: Timeline — The Dust the Dust Bowl 1940 Bowl event? What human • human settlement • Source 6: Techniques used by actions took • created open, square fields farmers place? • deep ploughing of land • planted wheat • grazed cattle on grasslands • overgrazing What was the • winds and heavy rain eroded the • Source 2: Dust storm over environmental soil farmland effect? • soil turned to dust • streams dried up • severe dust storms covered most of the USA • dust covered the land • large areas of land became useless

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4. Students complete the table using information from Sheet 19 and the Video — The Dust Bowl. For example:

The Dust Bowl Questions Notes Source What were the • a series of droughts • Source 3: Timeline — The Dust environmental • strong winds Bowl conditions? • heavy and unreliable rain • sub-zero temperatures, blizzards, frost, hail • insect plagues What was the • crops died • Source 2: Dust storm over effect on human • cattle and sheep died of thirst farmland characteristics? • wells dried up • dust covered land, homes and farm machinery

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Continuity and change in Moreton Bay: Sheet Sources 7

Source 1 Kangaroo Point, Brisbane, from Bowen Terrace (1874)

Source: Armytage, J. C., (1874?) Kangaroo Point, Brisbane, from Bowen Terrace, National Library of Australia, http://nla.gov.au/nla.pic-an7372847 (modified) Used with permission

Source 2 S.S. Birkdale (1883)

Source: S.S. Birksgate, 1883, Brisbane City Council, http://library.brisbane.qld.gov.au/client/en_GB/search/asset/28319 Image # bcc24 - BCC-B54-A97

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Sheet Case Study: The Dust Bowl (stimulus sheet) 19

Source 1 Map — The Dust Bowl

i

Source 2 Dust storm over farmland During this time: • crops died leaving no vegetation • winds and heavy rain eroded the soil • cattle and sheep died of thirst • wells and streams went dry • land became bare • soil turned to dust • severe dust storms created dust clouds

ii that covered most of the USA • skies became dark and animals thought it was night • dust covered land, homes, tractors • in many places three quarters of the topsoil was blown away • large areas of land became useless.

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Source 3 Timeline — The Dust Bowl

The Dust Bowl or ‘Dirty Thirties’ — Four drought events between 1930 and 1940

First drought Second drought Third drought Fourth drought (1930 to 1931) (1934) (1936) (1939 to 1940)

1870 1930 1934 1936 1939

iii

Throughout the decades of land cultivation following the arrival of the homesteaders on the Great Plains, farmers faced many difficultenvironmental conditions such as strong wind, heavy yet unreliable rain, sub-zero temperatures, blizzards, frost, hail and insect plagues. The first settlers (mainly from parts of Europe), also called ‘homesteaders’, arrived on the Great Plains of the USA to settle and farm the land under a government grant.

Source 4 Quote — Hugh Hammand Bennett on the effects of a dust storm

‘This particular dust storm blotted out the sun over the Nation’s capital … I suspect that when people along the seaboard of the Eastern United States began to taste fresh soil from the plains 2000 miles away, many of them realised for the first time that somewhere something had gone wrong with the land.’

Hugh Hammond Bennett, 1934 United States Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service, Soil erosion by wind, Agriculture Information Bulletin Number 555

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Source 5 Mean annual precipitation in Nebraska 1870–1940

Mean annual precipitation in Nebraska 1870–1940

iv

Source 6 Techniques used by farmers

Techniques used by cultivators Farmers Ranchers • created open, square fields • cattle • deep ploughing of the land • grazed cattle on grasslands • planted wheat • overgrazing • cleared grasslands

v

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Source 7 Impacts on people

The people of the Great Plains faced starvation and lost their livelihoods during times of drought. Approximately 400 000 people left their farms and homes and migrated to the west to seek other forms of employment. Entire communities were left abandoned. They took what they could carry or easily transport. Many were forced to live in refugee camps. Some farmers stayed and learned to reduce erosion using methods such as: • introducing other crops and crop rotation • cutting terraces into hillsides vi • planting wind breaks to stop or decrease the effect of wind • placing straw on top of the soil to stop erosion.

Source 8 Dust filled and covered houses, tractors and machinery

vii viii

i, iii, iv, v. Reference and data collated from: Bond, P 1989, People and the Environment, Simon & Schuster ii. Courtesy of: NOAA George E. Marsh Album, USDA NRCS http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dust-storm-Texas-1935.png vi. Lange, D 1935, Squatters along highway near Bakersfield, California, Library of Congress http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/fsa1998017871/PP vii. http://photogallery.nrcs.usda.gov/netpub/server.np?find&catalog=catalog&template=detail.np&field=itemid&op=matches&value=731402&site=PhotoGallery viii. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dust_Bowl_-_Dallas,_South_Dakota_1936.jpg

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