Terra Nullius: the Aborigines in Australia
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The Immediate and Long-Term Effects of Namibia's Colonization Process
The Immediate and Long-Term Effects of Namibia’s Colonization Process By: Jonathan Baker Honors Capstone Through Professor Taylor Politics of Sub-Saharan Africa Baker, 2 Table of Contents I. Authors Note II. Introduction III. Pre-Colonization IV. Colonization by Germany V. Colonization by South Africa VI. The Struggle for Independence VII. The Decolonization Process VIII. Political Changes- A Reaction to Colonization IX. Immediate Economic Changes Brought on by Independence X. Long Term Political Effects (of Colonization) XI. Long Term Cultural Effects XII. Long Term Economic Effects XIII. Prospects for the Future XIV. Conclusion XV. Bibliography XVI. Appendices Baker, 3 I. Author’s Note I learned such a great deal from this entire honors capstone project, that all the knowledge I have acquired can hardly be covered by what I wrote in these 50 pages. I learned so much more that I was not able to share both about Namibia and myself. I can now claim that I am knowledgeable about nearly all areas of Namibian history and life. I certainly am no expert, but after all of this research I can certainly consider myself reliable. I have never had such an extensive knowledge before of one academic area as a result of a school project. I also learned a lot about myself through this project. I learned how I can motivate myself to work, and I learned how I perform when I have to organize such a long and complicated paper, just to name a couple of things. The strange inability to be able to include everything I learned from doing this project is the reason for some of the more random appendices at the end, as I have a passion for both numbers and trivia. -
26 January (Australia Day)
What does 26 January mean to you? A day off, a barbecue and fireworks? A celebration of who we are as a nation? A day of mourning and invasion? A celebration of survival? Australians hold many different views on what 26 January means to them. For many Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, it isn't a day for celebration. Instead, 26 January represents a day on which their way of life was invaded and changed forever. For others, it is Survival Day, and a celebration of the survival of people and culture, and the continuous contributions Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people make to Australia. On the eve of 26 January, and in the spirit of reconciliation, we would like to recognise these differences and ask you to reflect on how we can create a day all Australians can celebrate. On this day in… From around 40,000 BC the continuing culture and traditions of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples flourishes across the country. 1788 The First Fleet lands on Australian shores, and Captain Phillip raises the Union Jack as a symbol of British occupation.1 1818 26 January is first recognised as a public holiday in NSW to mark the 30th anniversary of British settlement.2 1938 Re-enactments of the First Fleet landing are held in Sydney, including the removal of a group of Aboriginal people. This practice of re-enactment continued until 1988, when the NSW government demanded it stop.3 1 http://www.australiaday.org.au/australia-day/history/timeline/ 2 http://www.australiaday.org.au/australia-day/history/timeline/ 3 http://www.australiaday.com.au/about/history-of-australia-day/1889-1938-2/#.UsT1GtIW3bM 1938 Aboriginal activists hold a ‘Day of Mourning’ aimed at securing national citizenship and equal status for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples.4 1968 Lionel Rose becomes the first Aboriginal Australian to be named Australian of the Year. -
English, French, and Spanish Colonies: a Comparison
COLONIZATION AND SETTLEMENT (1585–1763) English, French, and Spanish Colonies: A Comparison THE HISTORY OF COLONIAL NORTH AMERICA centers other hand, enjoyed far more freedom and were able primarily around the struggle of England, France, and to govern themselves as long as they followed English Spain to gain control of the continent. Settlers law and were loyal to the king. In addition, unlike crossed the Atlantic for different reasons, and their France and Spain, England encouraged immigration governments took different approaches to their colo- from other nations, thus boosting its colonial popula- nizing efforts. These differences created both advan- tion. By 1763 the English had established dominance tages and disadvantages that profoundly affected the in North America, having defeated France and Spain New World’s fate. France and Spain, for instance, in the French and Indian War. However, those were governed by autocratic sovereigns whose rule regions that had been colonized by the French or was absolute; their colonists went to America as ser- Spanish would retain national characteristics that vants of the Crown. The English colonists, on the linger to this day. English Colonies French Colonies Spanish Colonies Settlements/Geography Most colonies established by royal char- First colonies were trading posts in Crown-sponsored conquests gained rich- ter. Earliest settlements were in Virginia Newfoundland; others followed in wake es for Spain and expanded its empire. and Massachusetts but soon spread all of exploration of the St. Lawrence valley, Most of the southern and southwestern along the Atlantic coast, from Maine to parts of Canada, and the Mississippi regions claimed, as well as sections of Georgia, and into the continent’s interior River. -
The Communist Party Dissolution Act 1950
82 The Communist Party Dissolution Act 1950 After the Second World War ended with the defeat of Germany and Japan in 1945, a new global conflict between Communist and non-Communist blocs threatened world peace. The Cold War, as it was called, had substantial domestic repercussions in Australia. First, the spectre of Australians who were committed Communists perhaps operating as fifth columnists in support of Communist states abroad haunted many in the Labor, Liberal and Country parties. The Soviet Union had been an ally for most of the war, and was widely understood to have been crucial to the defeat of Nazism, but was now likely to be the main opponent if a new world war broke out. The Communist victory in China in 1949 added to these fears. Second, many on the left feared persecution, as anti-Communist feeling intensified around the world. Such fears were particularly fuelled by the activities of Senator Joe McCarthy in the United States of America. McCarthy’s allegations that Communists had infiltrated to the highest levels of American government gave him great power for a brief period, but he over-reached himself in a series of attacks on servicemen in the US Army in 1954, after which he was censured by the US Senate. Membership of the Communist Party of Australia peaked at around 20,000 during the Second World War, and in 1944 Fred Paterson won the Queensland state seat of Bowen for the party. Although party membership began to decline after the war, many Communists were prominent in trade unions, as well as cultural and literary circles. -
The Impact of the Second World War on the Decolonization of Africa
Bowling Green State University ScholarWorks@BGSU 17th Annual Africana Studies Student Research Africana Studies Student Research Conference Conference and Luncheon Feb 13th, 1:30 PM - 3:00 PM The Impact of the Second World War on the Decolonization of Africa Erin Myrice Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.bgsu.edu/africana_studies_conf Part of the African Languages and Societies Commons Myrice, Erin, "The Impact of the Second World War on the Decolonization of Africa" (2015). Africana Studies Student Research Conference. 2. https://scholarworks.bgsu.edu/africana_studies_conf/2015/004/2 This Event is brought to you for free and open access by the Conferences and Events at ScholarWorks@BGSU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Africana Studies Student Research Conference by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@BGSU. The Impact of the Second World War on the Decolonization of Africa Erin Myrice 2 “An African poet, Taban Lo Liyong, once said that Africans have three white men to thank for their political freedom and independence: Nietzsche, Hitler, and Marx.” 1 Marx raised awareness of oppressed peoples around the world, while also creating the idea of economic exploitation of living human beings. Nietzsche created the idea of a superman and a master race. Hitler attempted to implement Nietzsche’s ideas into Germany with an ultimate goal of reaching the whole world. Hitler’s attempted implementation of his version of a ‘master race’ led to one of the most bloody, horrific, and destructive wars the world has ever encountered. While this statement by Liyong was bold, it held truth. The Second World War was a catalyst for African political freedom and independence. -
World Geography: Unit 6
World Geography: Unit 6 How did the colonization of Africa shape its political and cultural geography? This instructional task engages students in content related to the following grade-level expectations: • WG.1.4 Use geographic representations to locate the world’s continents, major landforms, major bodies of water and major countries and to solve geographic problems • WG.3.1 Analyze how cooperation, conflict, and self-interest impact the cultural, political, and economic regions of the world and relations between nations Content • WG.4.3 Identify and analyze distinguishing human characteristics of a given place to determine their influence on historical events • WG.4.4 Evaluate the impact of historical events on culture and relationships among groups • WG.6.3 Analyze the distribution of resources and describe their impact on human systems (past, present, and future) In this instructional task, students develop and express claims through discussions and writing which Claims examine the effect of colonization on African development. This instructional task helps students explore and develop claims around the content from unit 6: Unit Connection • How does the history of colonization continue to affect the economic and social aspects of African countries today? (WG.1.4, WG.3.1, WG.4.3, WG.4.4, WG.6.3) Formative Formative Formative Formative Performance Task 1 Performance Task 2 Performance Task 3 Performance Task 4 How and why did the How did European What perspectives exist How did colonization Supporting Questions colonization of Africa countries politically on the colonization of impact Africa? begin? divide Africa? Africa? Students will analyze Students will explore Students will analyze Students will examine the origins of the European countries political cartoons on the lingering effects of Tasks colonization in Africa. -
New World Order Neo-Colonialism: a Contextual Comparison of Contemporary China and European Colonization in Africa
New World Order Neo-Colonialism: A Contextual Comparison of Contemporary China and European Colonization in Africa by Osman Antwi-Boateng, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of Political Science and International Relations Department of Political Science, College of Humanities and Social Science United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain [email protected] Abstract This research argues that although past European colonialism of Africa and ongoing Chinese engagement in Africa share similarities in motivation and goals, there are significant differences in strategies. Hence, unlike the direct European colonial control of Africa, China has resorted to indirect modes of engagement such as bilateral trade agreements and investments. Third, externally, China is restrained by a new world order shaped by international norms and institutions that guards statehood and sovereignty. And further, it is argued that internally, China is restrained by its history/identity as a developing country, domestic politics and the lessons learnt from past European colonialism. Thus, China is a neo-colonialist entity devoid of unbridled territorial control and direct political and economic control of African nations. Keywords: Colonialism, Beijing-consensus, neo-colonialism, Sino-Africa, Chinese-soft power, norms. Introduction This research attempts to answer the research question of “how current Chinese engagement with Africa compares with past European colonialism of the continent?” It achieves this via a historical comparison of European colonialism, using the British and French colonial models against the ongoing Chinese engagement in Africa. Thus, a critical assessment of the aforementioned factors, leads to the logical characterization of China’s engagement with Africa as neo-colonialism, devoid of the unbridled territorial control and its attendant direct political and economic control of African countries. -
The Changing Winds of Civilization: the Aboriginal and Sovereignty Between the Desert and the State,” Intersections 10, No
intersections online Volume 10, Number 2 (Spring 2009) Luke Caldwell, “The Changing Winds of Civilization: The Aboriginal and Sovereignty Between the Desert and the State,” intersections 10, no. 2 (2009): 119-149. ABSTRACT The antagonistic relationship between the Australian state and the Aborigines has deep and problematic roots. Beginning with the racist doctrine of terra nullius, I look at how more than two hundred years of legal policies have consistently constructed the Aborigine as a problem that required a state solution. I argue that these policies are predicated on a complete denial of native sovereignty and have increasingly alienated native communities. By refusing to engage with the source of these problems, the state has created significant barriers to native rehabilitation and has hijacked reconciliation efforts to strengthen its hegemony instead of native groups. Rather than solving the “Aboriginal problem”, these state policies have created it by placing Aborigines in an ambiguous political space that functions as a medium for civilizing the native—a process through which the native is killed and reborn in a form that is unproblematic for the state. http://depts.washington.edu/chid/intersections_Spring_2009/Luke_Caldwell_The_Changing_Winds_of_Civilization.pdf © 2009 intersections, Luke Caldwell. This article may not be reposted, reprinted, or included in any print or online publication, website, or blog, without the expressed written consent of intersections and the author 119 intersections Spring 2009 The Changing Winds of Civilization The Aboriginal and Sovereignty Between the Desert and the State By Luke Caldwell University of Washington, Seattle n 1770, Captain James Cook sailed up the eastern coast of what is now I Australia, unfurled a ―Union Jack‖, and claimed half of an inhabited continent under the authority of the British Crown. -
John Marshall and Indian Land Rights: a Historical Rejoinder to the Claim of “Universal Recognition” of the Doctrine of Discovery
WATSON 1-9-06 FINAL.DOC 1/9/2006 8:36:03 AM John Marshall and Indian Land Rights: A Historical Rejoinder to the Claim of “Universal Recognition” of the Doctrine of Discovery Blake A. Watson∗ I. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................481 II. JOHNSON V. MCINTOSH ...................................................................483 III. ROGER WILLIAMS AND “THE SINNE OF THE PATTENTS” .................487 IV. EUROPEAN VIEWS OF INDIAN LAND RIGHTS DURING “THE AGE OF DISCOVERY” ......................................................................498 A. Spanish Views of Indian Land Rights ................................499 B. French Views of Indian Land Rights .................................511 C. Dutch and Swedish Views of Indian Land Rights .............517 D. Early English and Colonial Views of Indian Land Rights ..................................................................................520 V. “THE SINNE OF THE PATTENTS” REDUX: INDIAN TITLE IN NEW JERSEY ............................................................................................540 I. INTRODUCTION John Marshall was a historian as well as a jurist. In 1804, in the introductory volume of his five-volume series entitled The Life of George Washington, Marshall sought to place Washington’s life in con- text by presenting a lengthy narrative “of the principal events preceding our revolutionary war.”1 Almost twenty years later, when crafting the Supreme Court’s landmark decision in Johnson v. McIntosh,2 Marshall relied heavily on his history of America “from its discovery to the present day” in order to proclaim “the universal rec- ognition” of two legal principles: (1) that European discovery of lands in America “gave exclusive title to those who made it”; and (2) that ∗ Professor of Law, University of Dayton School of Law. J.D. 1981, Duke Univer- sity School of Law; B.A. 1978, Vanderbilt University. Research for this Article was supported by the University of Dayton School of Law through a summer research grant. -
Southeast Asian Nations Gain Independence MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW TERMS & NAMES
2 Southeast Asian Nations Gain Independence MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW TERMS & NAMES ECONOMICS Former colonies The power and influence of the •Ferdinand • Aung San in Southeast Asia worked to Pacific Rim nations are likely to Marcos Suu Kyi build new governments expand during the next century. • Corazón • Sukarno and economies. Aquino • Suharto SETTING THE STAGE World War II had a significant impact on the colonized groups of Southeast Asia. During the war, the Japanese seized much of Southeast Asia from the European nations that had controlled the region for many years. The Japanese conquest helped the people of Southeast Asia see that the Europeans were far from invincible. When the war ended, and the Japanese themselves had been forced out, many Southeast Asians refused to live again under European rule. They called for and won their independence, and a series of new nations emerged. TAKING NOTES The Philippines Achieves Independence Summarizing Use a chart to summarize the major The Philippines became the first of the world’s colonies to achieve independence challenges that Southeast following World War II. The United States granted the Philippines independence Asian countries faced in 1946, on the anniversary of its own Declaration of Independence, the Fourth after independence. of July. The United States and the Philippines The Filipinos’ immediate goals were Challenges Nation Following to rebuild the economy and to restore the capital of Manila. The city had been Independence badly damaged in World War II. The United States had promised the Philippines The $620 million in war damages. However, the U.S. -
The Limitations of Litigation in Stolen Generations Cases
RESEARCH DISCUSSION PAPER The Limitations of Litigation in Stolen Generations Cases Chris Cunneen and Julia Grix Institute of Criminology, University of Sydney Law School NUMBER 15 AN AIATSIS RESEARCH DISCUSSION PAPER The Limitations of Litigation in Stolen Generations Cases Chris Cunneen and Julia Grix Institute of Criminology, University of Sydney Law School, 173-175 Phillip St, Sydney Research Discussion Paper # 15 First published in 2004 by the Research Section Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies GPO Box 553 Canberra ACT 2601 AIATSIS Research publications co-ordinator: Graeme K Ward Their views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Tory Strait Islander Studies. Copyright ©AIATSIS Apart from any fear dealing for the purpose of private study, research, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part of this publication may be reproduced without the written permission of the publisher. NATIONAL LIBRARY OF AUSTRALIA CATALOGUING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA: Chris Cunneen and Julia Grix The Limitations of Litigation in Stolen Generations Cases ISBN 0 85575 483 4 1. Aboriginal Australians – Children – Government Policy. 2. Aboriginal Australians – Legal status, laws, etc. 3. Aboriginal Australians – Removal. I. Grix, Julia. II. Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies. III. Title. (Series: Research discussion paper (Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies) -
International Journal of History and Philosophical Research Vol.5, No.1
International Journal of History and Philosophical Research Vol.5, No.1, pp.16-27, February 2017 ___Published by European Centre for Research Training and Development UK (www.eajournals.org) THE UNTOLD HISTORY OF NEOCOLONIALISM IN AFRICA (1960-2011) Md. Shafiqur Rahaman1 Md. Rawshan Yeazdani2 Rashed Mahmud3 ABSTRACT: After the Second World War, the imperialist trends of the eighteenth and nineteenth century began to decline. Through collective struggles, the Africans achieved independence from the whites. But though they attained freedom, they could not imagine the fact that it was just a treacherous exchange of power between the out-going masters and few of their faithful heirs. In the colonial period, the European rulers propagated that as the Africans had no culture and history of their own, it was their holy duty to civilize the native Africans. Thus, they regarded themselves superior to Africans whose culture they considered inferior, uncivilized, and savage. In the name of spreading civilization, they dominated, oppressed, tyrannized and persecuted the native Africans not only economically and politically, but also culturally. When the Europeans left, the Africans got political freedom, but the foul practice of imperialism did not end. It appeared in a new form namely neocolonialism which the scholars had branded as the worst form of imperialism. This camouflaged imperialist practice is turning Africa into a museum of acute poverty, hunger, corruption and famine. The paper aims at elucidating the effects of neocolonialism in Africa from four major perspectives– economic, political, cultural and literary. KEYWORDS: Africa, Neocolonialism, Imperialism, Cultural imperialism, Disillusionment of African Writers. INTRODUCTION In the immediate aftermath of the Second World War and in the changing scenario of the world politics the previous imperialist power (Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, etc.) had collapsed and the neo-imperialist countries like the USSR and the USA appeared on the stage.