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Une Analyse Socio-Économique De La Gestion Et Du Contrôle Des Plantes Envahissantes Dans L’Archipel Des Mascareignes Marie Cathleen Cybèle

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Une Analyse Socio-Économique De La Gestion Et Du Contrôle Des Plantes Envahissantes Dans L’Archipel Des Mascareignes Marie Cathleen Cybèle Une analyse socio-économique de la gestion et du contrôle des plantes envahissantes dans l’archipel des Mascareignes Marie Cathleen Cybèle To cite this version: Marie Cathleen Cybèle. Une analyse socio-économique de la gestion et du contrôle des plantes en- vahissantes dans l’archipel des Mascareignes. Biologie du développement. Université de la Réunion, 2018. Français. NNT : 2018LARE0004. tel-02076447 HAL Id: tel-02076447 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02076447 Submitted on 22 Mar 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Faculté des Sciences et Technologies Ecole Doctorale Sciences, Technologies et Santé (EDSTS-542) UMR PVBMT Peuplements Végétaux et Bio-agresseurs en Milieu Tropical CIRAD – Université de La Réunion THESE Présentée à l’Université de La Réunion pour obtenir le DIPLÔME DE DOCTORAT EN SCIENCES Discipline : Biologie des Populations et Ecologie Une analyse socio-économique de la gestion et du contrôle des plantes envahissantes dans l’archipel des Mascareignes Par Marie Cathleen CYBÈLE Soutenue publiquement le 3 Mai 2018 à l’Université de La Réunion, devant le jury suivant : Bernard Reynaud Professeur, Université de La Réunion Président du Jury Juliet Fall Professeure, Université de Genève Rapporteuse Christoph Küffer Professeur, Université de Zürich Rapporteur Brian van Wilgen Professeur, Stellenbosch University Examinateur Alexandre Aebi Maître de conférences, Université de Neuchâtel Examinateur Dominique Strasberg Professeur, Université de La Réunion Directeur de thèse Frédéric Chiroleu Chercheur, CIRAD, La Réunion Encadrant 1 2 Remerciements Je remercie vivement Catherine Julliot et Isabelle Bracco de la Direction de l’Environnement, de l’aménagement et du Logement pour leurs visions à long terme de la gestion des espèces exotiques et envahissantes à La Réunion et de financer cette thèse. Je remercie le Parc National de La Réunion et L’Office National des forêts pour leur collaboration et encouragement. A Stéphanie d’Afreville, Stéphane Baret, Yannick Zitte et Julien Triolo pour leurs contributions. Je remercie toute l’équipe du Centre for Invasion Biology (Stellenbosch University) spécialement Brian Van Wilgen, Alex Aebi (Université de Neuchâtel) et Oscar Cacho (University of New England). Je remercie mon directeur CIRAD-PVBMT, Bernard Reynaud et mon boss Frédéric Chiroleu d’avoir pris l’initiative de rajouter le facteur humain dans la recherche agronomique et de développement à La Réunion. Les 3 ans de travail en équipe était très riche et formateur. A Eric Rivière et son équipe pour le transfert de savoir de la botanie de La Réunion et du monde. A mes collègues qui ravivent ma vie journalière au 3P, Océane Désiré, Magalie Hoarau, Cédric Ajaguin Soleyen, Janice Minatchy, et la liste est trop longue…merci à toutes et à tous…et mes collègues doctorants. A mon directeur de thèse et mentor Dominique Strasberg, de l’Université de La Réunion pour son encadrement robuste et de confiance. Merci Virginie Gache pour le suivi et Claudine Ah- Peng pour le renforcement. A mes collègues de télédétections du CIRAD, Stéphane Dupuy et Lionel Lemezo, vous m’avez sauvé la mise. Je remercie Bruno Hostachy de l’ANSES, Henri Begue de la Chambre d’Agriculture, François Payet du Syndicat Apicole de la Réunion, Olivier Esnault du Groupement de 3 Défense Sanitaire de La Réunion, la Direction de l'Alimentation, de l'Agriculture et de la Forêt de La Réunion, Conservatoire botanique national de Mascarin et Manuel Marchal du journal Témoignages. Au commissaire Richard Payendee du Rodrigues Regional Assembly ainsi que Jean-Carlo Botsar, Alain Perrine et Ramcesse Prosper du Forestry Services, à Arnaud Meunier du Parc François Leguat, Reshad Jhangeer-Khan et Jenny du Mauritian Wildlife Foundation Rodrigues. Aux apilculteurs de La Réunion. 4 Acknowledgements To my father, who have dedicated years of his life to make sure that I had access to education and who passed away far too soon, during this thesis. You always said, as your father before you, “where is the paper…”. This thesis is entirely your making, and I realized that your counselling has paved my pathway to well-being. For that, this thesis is the best paper you could have dreamt of, papi. To my sweet mum and sisters, you are just marvelous. I thank my family and friends: Nama, mami Nazeera, Zako, Tine, Zed, Ish, Pauline, Caro, Jo, Dom, Olivier, Tania, Mireille, Nico and Flo. To Agathe, Sikpé, Abir, Jeanne and Joyce, thank you ladies. To my assistant branch manager, Sohan Sauroy-Toucouere, the best intern ever. To Geoffrey Howard, thank you for inspiring me and encouraging me in this thesis. To Miss Chantal, thank you for your god-gifted talent in teaching. You have succeeded to generate this thesis. And of course to my incredible hubby. 5 6 Summary Biological invasions contribute to the degradation of biodiversity globally. Invasive alien plants have impacted on natural resources management and have generated substantial costs of control and economic loss. Various management options have been put in place to control the level of invasions of targeted species. The public’s perception of invasive species varies among stakeholders. Controversies and conflicts emerged as a consequence of diverging opinions on the management of invasions. I conducted an inter-disciplinary study on the socio-ecological and economic dimensions related to the management of the invasive Rubus alceifolius, following a biological control programme in Réunion Island (France). Firstly, I carried out an economic analysis of the management options for R. alceifolius with future scenario on the cost of invasion. Secondly I assessed the impact of the recovery of native species post biological control. Thirdly a preliminary socio-anthropological investigation to understand the rationale behind controversies amongst identified stakeholders, was investigated. Lastly, an exploratory gap-analysis of the policy framework corresponding to a biological control programme was conducted. I found that the biological control programme of R. alceifolius was successful within the elevation limit of 800 m, from both an economic and ecological perspective. Given the shortfall in the decision-making process and implementation, this study demonstrated the crucial need to identify and involve stakeholders in all stages of a biological control programme. I conclude with key recommendations for successful biological programmes. 7 Résumé Les invasions biologiques font partie des changements globaux qui contribuent à la perte de biodiversité. Les plantes invasives ont un impact sur les écosystèmes naturels largement documenté dans les îles océaniques. Parmi les nombreuses espèces non indigènes dans les iles plusieurs espèces de plantes invasives peuvent aussi provoquer des pertes économiques ; elles engendrent notamment d’importants coûts pour leur contrôle. Dans l'archipel des Mascareignes plusieurs programmes de gestion ont été mis en place pour contrôler l'extension des principales espèces invasives. La perception du public sur les espèces invasives varie fortement entre les parties prenantes. En raison d’opinions divergentes sur la gestion des invasions, les travaux de recherche et de mise en œuvre de programme de lutte ont très récemment généré des conflits d'usage. Ce travail de thèse a permis de conduire une étude pluridisciplinaire sur les dimensions socio-écologiques et économiques de la gestion de l’invasion de Rubus alceifolius, objet d'un programme de contrôle biologique à l’île de La Réunion. Nous avons mené une analyse économique des différentes options de gestion de Rubus alceifolius et des coûts futurs de son invasion. Nous avons aussi évalué l’impact de la lutte biologique sur le rétablissement des espèces indigènes dans une aire protégée. Le succès du programme de contrôle biologique de Rubus alceifolius a démontré dans les habitats d'altitude < 800 m, aux plans économique et écologique. Afin de comprendre la raison des conflits entre les parties prenantes nous avons parallèlement développer un travail de recherche préliminaire en socio-anthropologie. Nous avons pu mettre en évidence des faiblesses dans le processus de prise de décision et de mise en œuvre collective de ce programme de lutte. Ces travaux de thèse mettent en exergue le besoin crucial d’identifier et d’impliquer les parties prenantes à toutes les étapes du programme de contrôle biologique. 8 9 Table of Contents Introduction générale 23 L’impact des plantes exotiques envahissantes dans les écosystèmes insulaires 24 Les principaux travaux de recherche en écologie des invasions dans les îles de l’Océan Indien 25 La perception des invasions biologiques 27 Les invasions biologiques à l’île de La Réunion 29 Les problématiques de recherche 31 Les objectifs de ce travail de recherche 33 La description de la thèse 35 Références 39 Chapitre 1 43 La gestion de l’introduction de Rubus alceifolius : une approche historique du rôle des acteurs à l’île de La Réunion (Archipel des Mascareignes) 43 Chapitre 2 45 Une analyse économique des options de lutte contre
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