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The Analysis of Swear Words That Are Used by White and Black Characters in 12 Years a Slave Movie

The Analysis of Swear Words That Are Used by White and Black Characters in 12 Years a Slave Movie

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THE ANALYSIS OF SWEAR WORDS THAT ARE USED BY WHITE AND BLACK CHARACTERS IN 12 YEARS SLAVE MOVIE

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Education

By Triolinda Esterika Student Number: 121214132

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2016

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THE ANALYSIS OF SWEAR WORDS THAT ARE USED BY WHITE AND BLACK CHARACTERS IN 12 YEARS A SLAVE MOVIE

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in Education

By Triolinda Esterika Student Number: 121214132

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2016

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DEDICATION PAGE

Be someone else’s sunshine. Be the reason someone smiles today. -Unknown-

This thesis is dedicated to: my Almighty Lord my beloved family and my wonderful friends

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STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY

I honestly declare that this thesis, which I have written, does not contain the work or parts of the work of other people, except those cited in the quotations and the references, as a scientific paper should.

Yogyakarta, 14 June 2016

The Writer

Triolinda Esterika 121214132

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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN

PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Univesitas Sanata Dharma:

Nama : Triolinda Esterika

Nomor Mahasiswa : 121214132

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:

THE ANALYSIS OF SWEAR WORDS THAT ARE USED BY WHITE AND BLACK CHARACTERS IN 12 YEARS A SLAVE MOVIE

Beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di Internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.

Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.

Dibuat di Yogyakarta Pada tanggal 13 Juli 2016 Yang menyatakan

Triolinda Esterika

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ABSTRACT

Esterika, Triolinda. (2016). The Analysis of Swear Words that Are Used by White and Black Characters in 12 Years a Slave Movie. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University.

The researcher investigates swear words uttered by White and Black Characters in 12 Years a Slave movie by using approach. The movie is based on Solomon Northup‘s true story in his 12 years of being a slave in 19th century when slavery period happened in America. He is a free African- American man who is abducted and sold into slavery. He and other slaves who are all black people get very brutal treatment from their masters or White people through physical violence and slur like swearing at . The research aims to analyze the swear words that are used by the characters in the movie, especially White and Black people. It will study swear words and ethnicity. Therefore, the objectives of this research are to identify the types of swear words and the speakers‘ purposes of using the swear words. This research employs content analysis as the method because the source of the data is from the movie and its transcription. The subject of the research is the dialogues from the movie which contain swear words. The primary instrument to collect and analyze the data was the researcher, while the second instrument was the data sheet. Several relevant books i.e. sociolinguistics, psycholinguistic and history are used as the references to answer the research questions. Based on the analysis, this study found that the types of swear words in this movie are included in 3 types, namely epithet, , and . It is also found that White characters are more often in uttering swear words than Black characters. Profanity is the most dominant type used by the characters in the movie, especially White people. In addition, White and Black characters have different purposes of swearing which are to attract attention, to discredit, to provoke, to create interpersonal identification, and to provide catharsis. The most common purpose of swearing is to discredit other people. It is employed by White characters in the movie. However, the purpose of swearing for Black characters in the movie is to attract attention. Keywords: swear words, characters, ethnicity, 12 Years a Slave

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ABSTRAK

Esterika, Triolinda. (2016). The Analysis of Swear Words that Are Used by White and Black Characters in 12 Years a Slave Movie. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University.

Penulis meneliti kata umpatan yang diucapkan oleh tokoh kulit hitam dan kulit putih dalam film 12 Years a Slave dengan menggunakan pendekatan sosiolinguistik. Film ini berdasarkan kisah nyata Solomon Northup dalam 12 tahunnya menjadi budak di abad ke-19 ketika masa perbudakan terjadi di Amerika. Dia adalah seorang pria merdeka keturunan Afrika-Amerika yang diculik dan dijual ke dalam perbudakan. Dia dan budak yang lain yang semuanya adalah orang kulit hitam mendapatkan perlakuan kejam dari tuan mereka atau orang kulit putih melalui kekerasan fisik dan hinaan seperti memaki mereka. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa kata-kata umpatan yang digunakan oleh tokoh-tokoh dalam film, khususnya orang kulit putih dan kulit hitam. Studi ini akan membahas kata-kata umpatan dan etnisitas. Oleh karena itu, tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi tipe-tipe kata-kata umpatan dan tujuan penutur mengucapkan kata-kata umpatan tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan analisis isi sebagai metode karena sumber data berasal dari film dan naskah film. Subjek penelitian ini adalah dialog dalam film yang mengandung kata-kata umpatan. Instrumen utama untuk mengumpulkan dan menganalisa data adalah penulis sendiri, sedangkan instrumen yang kedua adalah lembar data. Beberapa buku yang relevan seperti sosiolinguistik, psikolinguistik, dan sejarah digunakan sebagai referensi untuk menjawab rumusan masalah. Berdasarkan hasil analisis, penelitian ini menemukan bahwa tipe-tipe kata- kata umpatan dalam film ini mencakup 3 tipe, yaitu nama julukan, istilah religius, dan kata cabul. Dalam penelitian ini juga ditemukan bahwa tokoh kulit putih lebih sering mengucapkan kata umpatan daripada tokoh kulit hitam. Umpatan bersifat religius adalah tipe yang paling dominan digunakan oleh tokoh-tokoh di dalam film, terutama tokoh kulit putih. Selain itu, tokoh kulit putih dan hitam memiliki tujuan yang berbeda yaitu untuk menarik perhatian, untuk mendiskereditkan orang lain, untuk memprovokasi, untuk menciptakan identifikasi pribadi, dan untuk menyediakan katarsis. Tujuan yang paling umum dari mengumpat adalah untuk mendiskreditkan orang yang sering digunakan oleh tokoh kulit putih dalam film. Akan tetapi, tujuan mengumpat untuk tokoh kulit hitam di dalam film adalah menarik perhatian. Kata kunci: swear words, characters, ethnicity, 12 Years a Slave

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

All beautiful words and praise go to my God Almighty, Jesus Christ for His mercies and blessings that always enlighten and guide my way in writing this thesis. His Guidance enables me to finish my study.

I would like to thank my thesis advisor Drs. Y.B. Gunawan, M.A. for sharing his idea and knowledge. I thank him for always giving me suggestions when I got confused in writing this thesis. My gratitude also goes to all of the lecturers and staffs of the English Education Study Program for all their help and guidance during my study at this university.

I would express my sincere gratitude to my beloved parents Sugeng and

Sujiati, for giving me a chance to attend this university. Their everlasting love and sacrifice are really meaningful. Besides, their motivation and prayer always accompany me in passing this journey of my life. My gratitude also goes to my great brothers and sisters, David Kristianto, Daniel Febrianto, Rabbany Hylmi,

Nunik Natalia, and Ani Kristianti for their supports and motivations to work harder in finishing this work. My family is the biggest energy source in my life.

They are truly blessings for me.

I would like to give my countless gratitude to my wonderful friends, Tri

Nur Utami, Ervyna Dewi, Tommy P. Nugroho, Tyara Dewi, Veronica, Ochi,

Elsa, Dini, Ryna Astuti, Kim Uyun, and Rosi who always help me and listen to my stories. My gratefulness also goes to PBI E 2012 Family, PPL Ceria, KKN

39, and Thunderbolt English Course for the beautiful moments when studying

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at Sanata Dharma University. The last but not least, I really thank everyone who helped me directly and indirectly in completing this work. Their presence in my life gives me strength to face all of the obstacles I found.

Triolinda Esterika

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

TITLE PAGE ...... i

APPROVAL PAGES ...... ii

DEDICATION PAGE ...... iv

STATEMENT OF WORK’SORIGINALITY ...... v

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH

UNTUK KEPENTINGAN ILMIAH ...... vi

ABSTRACT ...... vii

ABSTRAK ...... viii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... xi

LIST OF TABLES ...... xiii

LIST OF FIGURES ...... xiv

LIST OF APPENDICES ...... xv

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study ...... 1 B. Problem Formulation ...... 5 C. Problem Limitation ...... 5 D. Objectives of the Study ...... 6 E. Research Benefits ...... 6 F. Definition of Terms ...... 7

CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

A. Theoretical Description ...... 9 1. Language and Society ...... 9 2. The Concept of Swear Words ...... 11

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3. 12 Years a Slave Movie ...... 25 4. Review of Related Research ...... 26 B. Theoretical Framework ...... 27

CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

A. Research Method ...... 31 B. Research Setting ...... 32 C. Research Subject ...... 32 D. Research Instruments and Data Gathering Technique ...... 33 E. Data Analysis Technique ...... 35 F. Research Procedure ...... 36

CHAPTER IV. RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A. Types of Swear Words ...... 39 1. Epithet ...... 41 2. Profanity ...... 49 3. Vulgarity ...... 56 4. Obscenity ...... 57 B. The Purpose of Using Swear Words ...... 59 1. To Create Attention ...... 61 2. To Discredit ...... 63 3. To Provoke ...... 68 4. To Create Personal Identification...... 69 5. To Provide Catharsis ...... 72

CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

A. Conclusions ...... 76 B. Recommendations ...... 78

REFERENCES ...... 79

APPENDICES ...... 82

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LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

3.1 Types of Swear Words and Purposes of Using Swear Words in 12 Years a Slave Movie ...... 34

4.1 The Types of Swear Words in 12 Years a Slave Movie ...... 40

4.2 The Purposes of Using Swear Words in 12 Years a Slave Movie…….. 60

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LIST OF FIGURE

Figure Page

2.1 Theoretical Framework Diagram ...... 30

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LIST OF APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A Types of Swear Words and the Purposes of Using Swear Words in 12 Years a Slave Movie ...... 83

APPENDIX B The Syllabus of ―Bad Language Rhetoric‖ Subject ...... 99

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter discusses six sections. They are background of the study, problem formulations, problem limitations, objectives of the study, benefits of the study, and definition of terms.

A. Background of the Study

Human beings are known as social creatures. They cannot live without other people. To survive, one of the things to do is building a relationship with others.

We need to have good communication skills as a social process. It can be fulfilled by using a medium that we call language. As a means of communication, language has several functions. Generally, people use language to communicate their intention to others. Specifically, language is used by people to convey messages or to send information in order to make the conversation activities run smoothly. In addition, Chaika (1982) also states that people use language to reveal or conceal personal identity, character, and background without realizing that they are actually doing so. Therefore, every person has their own way to choose the language variation which can confirm someone‘s identity (p. 2).

Moreover, some people have tendency to use language that has a strong impact when they are sad or angry like uttering swear words. In fact, many

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2 society and culture associate swear words with something bad. Therefore, they do not prefer using them in a conversation. Svensson says ―some people find swearing rude and disrespectful, while others find it quite useful in their everyday vocabulary‖ (as cited in Beers-Fägersten, 2007, p. 4).

Besides, swear words are not just a collection of words that sound impolite, rude, and inappropriate to be said. Each word is more than their literal meaning— they also carry an emotional connotation as a result of how they are used within the language (Pinker, 2007, p. 12). Therefore, saying some words will give different meanings for the listener. As an example, when people say sweet pussies, it will mean a little cat that is sweet. However, when “pussies” is used in the different context, like “fucking pussies”, it will be bad language that carries emotional function. It means each swear word has different types and meanings based on the contexts when it is uttered. Karjalainen (2002) states that there are also some reasons influencing people to swear. Reasons of uttering swear words depend on the purposes of the speakers, e.g. to express surprise or shock, to indicate friendship, to insult, and to amuse (p. 12).

In addition, people cannot deny that swearing is a part of social life. We cannot avoid using swear words in our society, especially in a conversation. Jay

(2000) states that ―swear words or bad language can be found in joke, humor, social commentary, sex talk, and chatting in a group slang‖ (p. 93).It is supported by American Demographics Magazine‘s Survey which showed that ―among 60 people, 72% of them liked swearing in public‖ (as cited in Beers-Fägersten, 2007, p. 4).

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It is that the use of swear words is quite common in speaking. We often hear and use them both in private and in public settings. Besides, we find them in films, monologues, songs, on television and on radio. In other words, the use of swear words does not only exist in our real daily conversation. The researcher chose a movie to be analyzed in accordance with the use of swear words. It is because movie is a reflection of human‘s real life. The content of the movie, such as the way the characters speak, get dressed, act, and communicate to each other, usually reflects the real life of the society in which a movie is based on. One of the examples is an American movie entitled 12 Years a Slave that was released in 2013. It is an adapted movie based on Solomon Northup‘s true story in his 12 years of being a slave. This movie represents a real life society which is about slavery in America.

The movie screenplay was written by John Ridley and it was directed by

Steve McQueen. The story is about a free African-American man who is abducted and sold as a slave. Solomon Northup has a happy life. He is a violinist living with his wife and two children in Saratoga Springs, New York. Then till one day two men abduct and sell him as a slave. He is later shipped to New Orleans along with other Black people who are going to be sold as slaves. A slave trader named

Freeman sells him to a plantation owner named William Ford. Due to the tension between he and another plantation worker, Ford sells him to another master named Edwin Epps. He and other Black slaves get very brutal treatment from Mr.

Epps, not only through physical violence but also slurs like swearing at them.

Luckily he meets with a Canadian laborer named Samuel Bass. Bass does not like

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Bass and he finally can go back to his family as a freeman 12 years being a slave.

This thesis will analyze further the swear words that are uttered by the characters in 12 Years a Slave movie, especially White people and Black people.

Other studies, particularly in the area of sociolinguistics, have highlighted the more nuanced and varied meanings of swearing in an interpersonal context. Like other forms of speech activity, the functions and effects of swearing are highly dependent on the context in which it occurs, hence taking account of a range of social variables such as social norms, expectations, status differentials and relationships (Chen 1999; Beers-Fägersten 2007; Jay and Janschewitz 2008).

Sociolinguistics is ―the branch of which studies the properties of language which require reference to social contexts and circumstances, including contextual factors in their explanation‖ (Downes, 1984, p. 15). Therefore, the research will study the swear words in the movie based on the context of the society as portrayed in the movie. It is about slavery and ethnicity in which the researcher wants to find out how the different ethnic characters speak to other people, especially in uttering swear words as seen from both social and language aspects. The topic of swearing is focused on the verbal expressions uttered by someone and it is associated with emotional feeling towards something.

In the education aspect, the use of swear words is highly restricted and taboo. It is supported by Fairman (2006) that ―public school students do not shed their constitutional right to freedom of speech or expression at the schoolhouse

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5 gate‖ (p. 61). Jay (2000) adds ―taboo topics are not regarded as a legitimate topic for scholarly examination due to the nature of the taboo itself, which perpetuated and strengthens the taboo within the culture‖ (p. 91). By having knowledge and better understanding about swear words, the ELESP students who will be the future English teachers should be able to teach ESL students well about swear words and their implementation. The EFL students are expected to be able to use swear words appropriately based on the situation where they have to say them or not. For example, the University of Texas have a subject which discusses

‖ bad language, race, class and gender in American popular culture (the syllabus can be seen in appendix B). By using the references from 12 Years a

Slave movie, this thesis tries to provide information and analysis about swear words which might help the teachers make the course design.

B. Problem Formulations

This study addresses two research questions:

1. What the types of swear words are uttered by White and Black characters in

12 Years a Slave movie?

2. What are the purposes of using swear words uttered by White and Black

characters in 12 Years a Slave movie?

C. Problem Limitation

In this research, the researcher focuses on analyzing words, phrases, or sentences which contain swear words that are used by the characters in 12 Years a

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Slave movie. The scope is sociolinguistics field which aims to know the relationship between language and the society. The setting of the movie is in the slavery period in America in which Black people got very brutal treatment as the slaves of White people. The other words, phrases, or sentences which do not contain swear words or do not have relation with those words are not going to be analyzed further. This study focuses on analyzing the types of swear words and the purposes of using them.

D. Objectives of the Study

Based on the problem formulations above, the researcherformulates two research objectives, they are:

1. To find out the types of swear words that are uttered by White and Black

characters in 12 Years a Slave movie. These various swear words provide

different meanings based on the contexts in the dialogues found in the movie.

If necessary, the researcher will describe the historical contexts from which

the swear words originate.

2. To find out the purposes of using swear words that are uttered by White and

Black characters in 12 Years a Slave movie. The researcher will determine the

intention of the speakers in the movie in uttering swear words by considering

the contexts provided based on their dialogues in the movie.

E. Research Benefits

The research benefits are as follows:

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1. For the Students

The information and knowledge in this research will help the students understand the concept of swear words. Although it is forbidden to use swear words openly, they might use them as information in learning English as a second language.

2. For the Readers

This research hopefully can help the readers to have more understanding in the context of sociolinguistics field about swear words and ethnicity.

3. For Future Researchers

As this research contains information about the types of swear words and the purposes of uttering swear words, the researchers who want to conduct similar research can use the information in this research as a reference.

F. Definition of Terms

There are several keywords which deal with the research. Here is the definition of these key terms related to this research:

1. Swear Word

Swear word is ―linguistic forms of how people show their emotions, such as anger, surprise, frustration, etc‖ (Jay, 2000, p. 93). In this study, swear word means the language that is used to insult or express someone‘s emotions toward someone else or something. It focuses on the oral swear words.

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2. Character

Character is a person in a novel, play, or film (Oxford dictionary). In this study, what the researcher means about character is the actor or actress as seen in the 12 Years a Slave movie. The characters of the movie are Solomon Northup,

Tibeats, Mr. Epps, Mistress Eps, Patsey, and Bass.

3. 12 Years a Slave

12 Years a Slave is an American movie that was released in 2013 starring

Chiwetel Ejiofor, Michael Fassbender, Benedict Cumberbatch, Lupita Nyong'o,

Sarah Paulson, and Brad Pitt.

4. Ethnicity

Ethnicity is ―a matter of biological and historical fact and is not changed by the culture in which person grows up‖ (Crystal, 2003, p. 57). In this study ethnicity means belonging to a group that shares the same characteristic, such as country of origin, language, religion, ancestry, and culture.

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter reviews some related literature to support this research. There are two main points that will be discussed in this chapter. The first point is about theoretical description in which provides theories and previous studies relevant to the topic. The second point is the theoretical framework which summarizes and synthesizes all major relevant theories. This section will help the researcher conduct the study to solve the problems.

A. Theoretical Description

This point will elaborate the basic concept of swear words and some related topics before going further to analyze the problem formulation.

1. Language and Society

Language is fundamental to social interaction in all societies. The relationship between language and society is intertwined. It cannot be denied that the existence of language cannot be separated from society. We can study this phenomenon as a part of sociolinguistics field. It is reinforced by Trudgill (2000) who says that ―sociolinguistics is a part of linguistics which is concerned with language as social and cultural phenomenon‖ (p. 32). Holmes (2013) adds:

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There is a relationship between language and society because sociolinguistics examines the way people use language in different social contexts and the use of language to convey messages. As language that is functioned to convey messages, there must be social interactions among the members of community. Those social interactions can indicate the relationship of the people who are involved in it (p. 1). In addition, the way people use language in different social contexts produces different dialects and this will be different for different layers of society.

The different layers of the society include age, gender, social class, ethnicity, and cultural groups (Baron, 2005; Howe, 2012). Furthermore, as stated by Mesthrie et al. (2000), ―language does not only deliver meaning or ideas of certain events or entities, but also indicates the speaker‘s social group background, such as social class, status, origin, gender, age group, etc.‖ (p. 6). In this case, they emphasize that speech features can be a way to identify someone‘s social group to which he or she belongs, a brief description of the group, and the lifestyle he or she is associated with.

Being more specific, every speech feature that comes from a certain speaker can be judged by the listeners for identifying the speaker‘s status or affiliation.

This judgment leads to the emergence of attitude towards the style of speech uttered by a certain person of a particular group of society. People are capable to automatically give value to the language variety they hear. Moreover, Whorf says

―different societies may value certain things and do them in a certain way, yet almost all of the societies that exist in this world have the same requirements of the categorization of good and bad language‖ (as cited in Wardhaugh , 2006, p.

221). In addition, Wardhaugh reinforces:

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Good language is usually measured when someone speaks properly and politely in the context. Good language must contain dense meaning which is shown in beautiful and sweet words. On the other hand, bad language is considered to be non-standard and wrongly used, which is sometime resulting in annoyance for the other person who hears it (p. 222).

Besides, Jay (2000) classifies taboo words also as bad language (p. 10).

From the explanation above, it can be said that language and society have relationship and influence on how language is used. Language can be reflected in the language of a society. Moreover, the values that arise in a society also influence how they distinguish what is considered as good or bad things as seen in language. There are good and bad languages including taboo words. Different society also has different vocabularies to address the bad languages including the taboo words and swear words. Therefore, here the researcher will discuss further the bad languages in English society as portrayed in 12 Years a Slave movie.

2. The Concept of Swear Words

Using swear words or expletives is usually associated with breaking language rules, as most people would regard swearing as ―bad language‖. From the explanation above also shows that taboo word considered as the part of bad language. There is a certain similarity which makes taboo and swear word share the same definition. The similarity is the root of swear word which is also derived from taboo.

Karjalainen (2002) adds that ―swear words are a part of taboo words and taboo words or words that refer to taboo are swear words. Although all swear words are taboo, not all taboo words are swear words‖ (p. 18). For example, the

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12 word cannibalism is obviously taboo in some cultures, yet we do not have any swear words to be used as swearing. Stapleton adds ―swearing is a linguistic practice based on taboo, or that which is forbidden; expletives or swear words can be seen as referring to areas of social or cultural taboo, such as sex or bodily functions‖ (as cited in Locher & Graham, 2010, p. 289). This statement is also supported by Ljung (2011) by stating the criteria.

 Swearing is the use of utterances containing taboo words, means swear words are used to utter something taboo.

 The taboo words are used in swearing do not retain their literal meaning. It means taboo words that are used with literal meaning cannot be regarded as swearing.

 Swearing as formulaic language means formulaic language partly overlap with grammaticalization, a process that brings about changes in lexis, and syntax.

 Swearing is emotional language. Its main function is to reflect, or seem to reflect the speaker‘s feelings and attitudes.

(Ljung, 2011, p. 4)

From these statements above, it can be said that swear words have close relationship with taboo words. In other words, swear words are the words which are used by the speakers containing taboo words to reflect their feeling or attitude.

According to David Crystal (2003), ―swearing refers to the strongly emotional use of a taboo words or phrase. In other words, swearing is the usage of single word, such as shit, fuck, ass and the others are in short phrases like Goddamn it‖ (p. 23).

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In line with Crystal, Allan and Burridge (2006) state ―taboos arise out of social constraints on the individual‘s behavior where it can cause discomfort, harm, or injury‖ (p. 12). In short, taboo and swear words can affect someone‘s behavior when he feels discomfort, harm, and injury.

To be more specific about swear words, Andersson and Trudgill (1990) say that swearing can be defined as a type of language usage in which the expression:

 refers to something that is taboo and/or stigmatized in the culture;

 should not be interpreted literally;

 can be used to express strong emotions and attitudes.

(Andersson and Trudgill, 1990, p. 53)

In his book, Ljung (1984) also states:

The first important point in defining a swear word is that it should be used in a non – technical sense, i.e. the word bitch, it will be non-swearing when it means a female dog, but it will be swearing when used to disparage a woman. In line with the requirement of non-technicality, the word Jesus in the sentence “The life and teachings of Jesus” is not a swear word. However, it becomes a swear word when it is used in an exclamation like ―Jesus fucking Christ!” (p. 23).

In other words, a word or an expression should also be used in an emotional way to be classified as a swear word. Therefore, swear words cannot be translated literally since it will lessen the true meaning of the words. Moreover, Beers-

Fägersten states ―the intention of uttering swear words can be explained by paying closer attention in the contexts in which swearing takes place‖ (as cited in Locher

& Graham, 2010, p. 291). Thus, to know the purposes and the reasons of swearing, we need to see the contexts because it is highly context-dependent.

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There are some kinds of swear words and taboo words we can find in our daily lives. Crystal (2003) explains:

Swearing may be found in religious, legal, and the other formal contexts for example someone who was swearing that he did not steal the money, ―I swear I never steal the money‖. There are also many examples of swear words to express surprise, frustration, or anger, such as ass and fuck. The most common taboo expressions that involve ‗parts of the body‘ are fuck (to have sexual intercourse – the word is used both as a noun and as a ) and shit (bodily excrement – the word is used both as a noun and as an ) (p. 61).

Besides, in his well-known monologue entitled Seven Words You

Can‟t Say on TV explains why there are some words cannot be used on television.

Carlin proposes ―a simple list of words that we have decided not to use all the time especially in a public; the words are shit, piss, cunt, fuck, cocksucker, motherfucker, and tits” (Pinker, 2007, p. 207)

It can be said that swear words occur frequently in people daily conversation. It causes swear words are considered as powerful words to express someone‘s feelings. When uttering swear words, it will give different effects for the listeners. Compare the effects of saying: That meal was fantastic! Versus That meal was fucking fantastic! In the second case, the word fucking acts as an intensifier which strengthens both the force of the adjective fantastic and the speaker‘s personal evaluation of the meal.

In addition, sometimes people do not know the meaning of swear words they are used. Justin gives an example that ―the word bitch is actually a powerful word that can be used as a noun, verb or adjective; it is almost universally misunderstood by non-native English speakers. It can be playful, violent, or offensive‖ (as cited in Mohr, 2013, p. 174). The meaning of bitch does not refer to

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15 its literal meaning which is female dog. However, it means an annoying or unpleasant woman, a prostitute, and an empowered woman when someone uttered it emotionally.

Another example is the word motherfucker. In his 1970 book Seize the

Time, Bobby Seale attributes the terms to slaves in the South of American:

Eldridge [Cleaver] ran it down to me once…he said, ―I‘ve seen and heard brothers use the word four and five times in one sentence and each time the word had a different meaning and expression. Motherfucker actually comes from the old slave and was a reference to the slave master who raped our mothers, which society today doesn‘t want to face as a fact (p. 232).

Montagu (2001) adds that ―the word motherfucker is used as a pejorative and obscenity among Black people which is used as curse, expletive, epithet and intensifier‖ (p. 213). Hence, when it is used in the personal sense strongly antagonistic and conflicting emotions, it often provokes violent reactions.

According to psychiatrist Renatus Hartogs who has had much experience with juvenile delinquents in New York tells that ―the emotional dread surrounding the term motherfucker is so strong‖ (as cited in Montagu, 2001, p. 214). Wickman adds:

The word motherfucker first used in the late 19th century or around 1889 in a Texas court to call a defendant ―a Goddamned mother-fucking, bastardly son-of-a-bitch” and it is usually considered highly offensive; it is rarely used in the literal senses of one who engages in sexual activity with another person‘s mother, or his mother. Rather, it refers to mean, despicable, or vicious person, or any frustrating situation (as cited in Mohr, 2013, p. 171).

Besides these two examples, other swear words that often can be found in everyday conversation are bastard, fuck, shit, damn, cunt, or asshole. Since swear words deal with their non-literal meanings and contain emotive functions, both the

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16 speakers and the listeners should consider their real meaning. McEnery (2006) in his book defines some meanings of swear words and their applications. He says:

Damn is often used to curse and express annoyance, disgust, or surprise. It can be addressed to someone or something. Bastard does not mean an illegitimate child, but it is used to swear at an unpleasant and despicable person. Commonly it is addressed to a man. The word cunt is often used to address a woman or female genitalia. It has derogatory meaning. It is clear that swear words have meaning which different from their literal meaning. (pp. 99-100).

Hence, the speakers should consider the non-literal meaning of swear words and to whom the words are addressed before saying them.

The use of swear words also has different degree of their offensiveness.

Beers-Fägersten (2007) in her research classified swear words based on their level. She found:

The word nigger is the most offensive word among African-Americans since it is related to racial slurs. Among the swear words, the sexual terms motherfucker and fuck are rated higher than bastard and bitch. Sexual anatomy, such as ass, asshole, shit, cunt, and dick which are rated higher than damn and hell. (p. 19).

However, the offensiveness level of each swear word evolves and it is different from 19th century swear words. Burnham states that in early America, profanity and obscenity belonged together in the category of taboo language. However,

―during 19th century and the late 19th century taboos words and swear words focused primarily on religious ideas and symbols, especially taking the Lord‘s name in vain‖ (as cited in Mohr, 2013, p. 173). Therefore, the primarily targets of offensive languages are the same based on the level of offensiveness, i.e. religion, sex, and bodily excretions/ bodily effluvia. The earliest swearing centred on the ideas of gods, God, and religion (Montagu 2001, p. 213). According to McEnery

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(2006), ―as the 19th century progressed, swear words also can fall from their popularity and some words change the function and some of them are evolved and ameliorated. Vulgar terms related to sexual anatomy were also avoided and replaced because of the developing of the refinement of manners in the society‖

(p. 99).

In conclusion, people need to know the meaning of each swear words and the contexts when they are saying them. Different swear words will give different meaning and the level of offensiveness.

a. The Types of Swear Words

Most of swearing and taboo expressions in English refer to religion or to the parts of the body and bodily process, especially those associated with sexual activity or secretion process. There are several types of swear words. Batistella

(2005) suggests four types of swear words, i.e. epithets, profanity, vulgarity, and obscenity (p. 72).

1) Epithet

Epithet is characterized by the existence of several types of slurs. It includes ethnic or racial slurs which have derogatory meaning toward a certain ethnic, race, community, or a particular group of people, e.g. nigger, yankee, kaffir, and so on.

Other references that are also included as epithet are connected to gender, sexuality, one's appearance, and disabilities like motherfucker. Using animal terms also can be classified as epithet, i.e. dog, bitch or .

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2) Profanity

Battistella says that profanity can be categorized as religious cursing because it usually includes the foul-mouthed use of what is considered to be sacred. Moreover, Jay describes profanity as the expression involving the use of religious terms in a profane, secular or uncaring manner. The aim of the speaker is

―not to vilify or denigrate God or anything connected with religion but it may be used to express emotional response to certain motives‖ (as cited in Doyle, 2006, pp. 2-3). The words that belong to this type are God, Jesus Christ, hell, damn, damnation, and goddamn it. Saying God or Jesus Christ as an expression of surprise or annoyance is considered by many people to be blasphemy, mostly because one of the Ten Commandments says not to use God‘s name in vain

(without substance or without relevance). Mbaya (2002) states that ―using swear words must be considered because words that contain sacred functions can be tabooed if they are uttered in the context of sacred ceremonies‖ (p. 224). Saying

Jesus Christ or Goddamn it can be so sacred and it is more likely showing our disrespect to God if it is uttered outside the religious context.

3) Vulgarity

Vulgarity and obscenity have the same reference especially to words or expressions that contain sexual anatomy and excretory function or bodily effluvia in a rough manner. The words that belong to this type are ass, cunt and cock. The word cunt for example is a vulgar term for female genitalia and it also used as a term of disparagement for a woman.

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4) Obscenity

It is a kind of expression that is prohibited from public use because it is considered as lacking of morality since people mention sexual activity and bodily function which can generate disgust. The examples are fuck and shit. Usually obscene words replace the position of other words in a sentence, e.g. “I need to finish this shit as soon as possible” in which the word shit refers to ―assignment‖, for example. The word shit becomes the object of disgust. The literal meaning actually is feces then it is transformed into swear words (saying shit). In addition,

Fairman states that ―the word fuck has various functions not only as a verb which means literally to copulate, but also can be as a noun, adjective, adverb, intensifier, and ‖ (p. 44). Thus, this word has more tendencies to be used as a reference to nonsexual things than to having sex. For example, the word fuck in “It‟s fucking freezing” can be intensifier. Therefore, when these words are used, they will give different meanings depending on the contexts and purposes of saying it.

b. The Purposes of Using Swear Words

Swearing is the process when someone seeks to use the power of something to chastise the object of one‘s swearing (Montagu, 2001, p. 15). Most people associate swearing with being angry or frustrated, but people swear for a number of reasons and in a variety of situations. In his research in 2007, Pinker states:

Swearing can be used for many different purposes within various situations. Swearing can carry powerful emotions - not only negative feelings but also positive feelings. The effect of swearing is very much dependent on the

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contexts in which it occurs. Therefore, a range of social factors has been taken into account, such as social norms, cultures, relationships between speaker and listener, settings of physical environment and expectations (p. 23).

The purpose of swearing is most commonly to express strong feelings, especially feelings of anger. When we swear, we commonly use .

These can be a single word or short phrase or clause. Swearing also serves multiple purposes in social interactions. According to Rothwell (1973), the principal purposes of using swear words are:

1) To Create Attention

People who use swear words want to attract attention from the society surrounding. They want to be the central attention among other people with the purpose that people can know his condition and listen to him. Mc. Edward explains ―the speakers should gain the interest through the use of strong and powerful language whose connotation can stimulate an instant reaction from the audience‖ (as cited in Mc Guire, 1973, pp. 5-6). Therefore, people use swear words which are believed to have power in gaining listener‘s attention because of their strong connotation. They want other people to listen to them. In the public forum, attention is created through the use of shock rhetoric. Those who use this way can gain attention by strong and passionate language whose connotations evoke an immediate emotional response from the listeners.

2) To Discredit Someone or Something

People who use swear words are not satisfied with the public image about a certain person, institution, government, etc. Therefore, they use swear word to express their dislike about many things in reality that they assume are not

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21 suitable with public opinion. Rothwell asserts that verbal obscenity communicates a significant hatred for society's rule, a rebellion against power as well as impertinence for things that are considered sacred. In other words, people use swear words because they want to express their disappointment about a reality that is different from what they have expected.

3) To Provoke

When someone swears, he or she may have a purpose to provoke a certain response like violation or anger from others. Rothwell says ―verbal obscenity can be the most efficient symbolic process offered to protester intended for inviting chaotic reaction‖ (as cited in Fitzgerald, 2007, p. 17). It means that certain swear word can bring violent when the speaker expended a certain respect from the listeners. When the listeners are not satisfied, it will make confrontation that can be dangerous.

4) To Create Interpersonal Identification

The fourth purpose is the creation of interpersonal identification. This means that when someone utters swear word or verbal obscenity, it is used to identify or to create name calling for someone. For example, the Black Americans or Black Panthers always called a policeman with an animal name, which is pig since 1785. Moreover, among African-Americans the word motherfucker can be a sign of familiarity or friendliness. Thus, a normal greeting between two black

Americans can be: “Hi, you old motherfucker, where you been?”

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5) To Provide Catharsis

When somebody is angry, annoyed, or hurt physically and mentally, he or she will show their feelings. The use of swear words or taboo words spontaneously conveys the emotional burst of the speaker in response to something happens to him or her. If a person uses swear words to provide catharsis, it means he wants to express anger, surprise, pain, relief, or upset because of somebody or something. Crystal (2003) adds that uttering swear words might ease the emotionally psychological burden of the swearer, which he claims as ―excellent relief mechanism‖ (p. 55). Freud has viewed swearing as a form of catharsis or emotional and tension release (Locher & Graham, 2010, p. 290).

c. Swear Words and Ethnicity

Ethnicity belongs to a group that shares the same characteristics, such as country of origin, language, religion, ancestry and culture. Ethnicity is a matter of biological and historical fact and it is not changed by the culture in which a person grows up. According to Eriksen, the term ethnicity refers to the relationships between groups whose the members consider themselves distinctive and these groups may be ranked hierarchically within a society (as cited in Beers-Fägersten,

2007, p. 11).

Ethnicity also refers to a person‘s hereditary membership in a distinct group with historically based on sense of ethnic or racial identity. Each group possesses a unique subculture based on its historic experience, including a characteristic set of value, symbol, and beliefs (Ellis, 1999, p. 143). In accordance with language

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23 use and ethnicity, Trudgill (2000) states that ―language has a setting and it consists of different dialects, accents, and vocabularies. The use of language can indicate someone belongs to what race or ethnicity (or number of races)‖

(Trudgill, 2000, p. 39). Thus, different races or ethnicities will have different language styles, and of course including the swear words too.

It is often said that swearing in Germanic language like English uses only a handful of words. It may be true that only a few taboo concepts or words are used, but these can be combined with other words used in fixed expression to make up a fairly elaborate system of swearing (Ellis, 1999, p. 143). For example, the words for feces are typical swear words in European languages i.e. shit (English), scheisse (German), skit (Swedish), merde (French), mierda (Spanish), and so on.

In an Asian ethnic group, Chinese cannot be induced to swear by the Bible, the Americans will swear by anything in the heavens above or in the earth beneath

(Foner, 1970, p. 275). According to Ellis (1999):

European-descent Whites tend to be more restrained and keep emotional intensify in check. However, any number of scholars has made reference to African-Americans (Black people) that they are emotional, more vigorous, and expressive communication style. Each of these groups has conceptual convergence within their group boundaries about communication (p. 147).

In addition, the African-Americans distinguish themselves by linguistic means which is Black English Vernacular (Labov, 1972) in order to express ethnicity and a sense of cultural distinctiveness (Holmes, 1992). According to Beers-Fägersten

(2007), African-Americans‘ swearing behavior predominantly contain social swearing; it is occurring among interlocutors of close social distance and similar

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24 social status. Meanwhile, the Americans can swear to everyone, not only to their close social distance (p. 39).

Being more specific, Americans and African-Americans have had a long history of race and ethnicity relations. People can see the conflicts between White-

Americans and African-Americans. The differences between one race with another sometimes create some problems. Racism is the belief that one group of people with a particular biological make up is superior to other groups. From 1619 to 1863, many white landowners (especially in the southern states) kept Africans or African-Americans as slaves. In this century and before then too, racism comes out from the slave trade. Foner (1970) states that ―in the slave trade, many Blacks can be bought and sold like things and they are seen as a thing that is less than a human. There were dislike and hatred‖ (p. 309). Many of the names that people used to call other people of another ethnic group were derogatory and offensive that can be said as taboo words and swear words. For instance, the word niggers recalled great cruelty and oppression. Middleton and Pilgrim (2001) states:

Historically, the word nigger ridiculed all Blacks. It was a term of exclusion, a verbal reason for discrimination. Whether used as a noun, verb, or adjective, it strengthened the stereotype of the lazy, stupid, dirty, worthless nobody. No other American surname carries as much purposeful cruelty (p. 3).

In other words, the word nigger carries much hatred and disgust directed toward Black Africans and African-Americans. The racial slur which is common in 18th until the late 19th century is nigger.

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3. 12 Years a Slave Movie

12 Years a Slave movie is an American drama movie directed by Steve

McQueen. The screenplay was written by John Ridley. It is an adaptation of narrative memoir entitled Twelve Years a Slave by Solomon Notrthup, a free

African-American man who was kidnapped in 1841 and sold into slavery. This movie involves some famous Hollywood stars, such as Chiwetel Ejiofor as

Solomon Northup, Michael Fassbender as Edwin Epps, Benedict Cumberbatch as

Mr. Ford, Lupita Nyong‘o as Patsey, Sarah Paulson as Mistress Epps, and Brad

Pitt as Samuel Bass. The movie itself was released in 2013 in United States by

Fox Searchlight Pictures. The language that is used is full of swear words. It is often uttered by the masters or White people when they get mad to their slaves who are Black People.

Solomon Northup is a free African-American man working as a violinist, living with his wife and two children. His happiness becomes his nightmare when one day two men offer him job as a musician. Once they arrive in Washington

D.C, these men conspire to sell him to a slave trader then he is shipped to New

Orleans together with others Black people.

A slave trader named Freeman gives Solomon Northup new identity. He is called "Platt", a runaway slave from Georgia. He is sold to a plantation owner named William Ford. There is a tension between Solomon and Ford‘s racist carpenter named John Tibeats who hates Solomon so much. He tries to abuse him verbally through swearing and often hit him. Eventually, Ford sells Solomon to another slave owner named Edwin Epps. Solomon Northup attempts to explain

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26 that he is actually a free man, but it is useless. He meets with a woman slave named Patsey who often get sexual harassment from Mr. Epps. It is caused

Mistress Epps‘ jealousy and hatred. He also gets abusive treatment and scorn through swearing. His master often says nigger, damn, or bastard to him.

Some times later, cotton worm plague attacks Mr. Epps' plantation. Being unable to work on his fields, Mr. Epps leases his slaves included Solomon to

Judge Turner. Not long after that, he returns to Mr. Epps and starts working on a gazebo with a Canadian carpenter named Samuel Bass. Bass does not like the way

Mr. Epps treat his slaves. Knowing that, Solomon confesses his true identity to

Bass. He asks for help in sending a letter to Saratoga Springs. Bass agrees to send it. One day, a local sheriff and his friend come to free him. After being enslaved for 12 years, he gets his freedom and returns to his family.

4. Review of Related Research

The researcher used previous researches as the references related to her research. These researches also discuss swear words as the major topic. There are many researchers who have analyzed swear words before. One of the researchers is Halimah. In her thesis entitled The Use of Swear Words in 8 Mile and Virgin, she classified the categories of each swear words that were used by the characters in those movies. Then she analyzed the social values embedded in the use of swear words in both movies. She used the theory of swear word classification proposed by Rothwell and Wardaugh. The swear words which are mostly used in

8 Mile movie are copulative and sex terms, such as fuck and fucking, while in

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Virgin movie are certain game animal terms, such as “anjing” (dog). The second research is from the thesis of Kurniawan (2015) from Sanata Dharma University.

The title is ―The Analysis of taboo words and Swear Words in George Carlin‘s

Monologue Seven Words You Can‟t Say on Television‖. In his thesis he discussed the reference or senses of the taboo words and swear words in the monologue.

Besides, he told about how those swear words were used in the monologue. He used document analysis to conduct his research. He classified the swear words and taboo words that were found by using Pinker‘s typology (2007) about swear words and Ljung‘s theory (2011).

Meanwhile, the researcher in this research has different aims. Firstly, it will describe the classification of the swear words as portrayed in 12 Years a Slave movie and then the purposes of swearing that are employed by the characters in the movie. She uses Battistela‘s classification about swear words and Rothwell‘s theory to decide the purposes of using swear words. The method used is also document analysis by using the movie transcription to obtain the data.

B. Theoretical Framework

This study focuses on the swear words that are found in 12 Years a Slave movie. Having known the concept of swear words including the types and the purposes of swearing, the theories above are needed to answer the research questions that are stated in chapter one. From the movie, it is known that the characters are White Americans and African Americans in the slavery period around 19th century. Thus the background of the story is also used to analyze how

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28 the characters speak and act related to the implementation of swear words. Since language and society cannot be separated, the scope of the research is sociolinguistics which discusses the way people use language in different social contexts and the use of language to convey messages (Holmes, 2013). This research study both good language and bad language which are often prohibited to be spoken in a society like taboo words and swear words. The theories will be applied as the basic understanding to analyze the problems. The intentions of uttering swear words can be explained by paying attention to the context in which swearing takes place (Beers-Fägersten, 2007). Thus, to know the reasons and the purposes of swearing, it is needed to see the context because it is highly context- dependent.

This research aims to investigate 12 Years a Slave movie covering two major points of objectives, i.e. types of swear words and the purposes of using the swear words based on the characters‘ utterances. To answer the first research question, the researcher refers to Batistella‘s categorization of the types of swear words. They are epithets, profanity, vulgarity, and obscenity (Batistella, 2005).

To obtain the answer for the second research problem, the researcher then uses the reference from Rothwell (1973) about the purposes of uttering swear words. He describes five purposes of swearing, i.e. to create attention, to discredit, to provoke, to create personal identification, and to provide catharsis. Different types of swear words will have the different purposes of uttering swear words.

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To make it easier for the researcher to answer the research questions, then she classifies the theoretical review based on the problem formulations. Here is the theoretical diagram about the review of related literature.

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Language and Society (Sociolinguistics)

Society Language

Bad language Good language

Ethnicity Taboo Words

Swear Words 12 Years a Slave Movie

Types of Swear Words Purposes of Using Swear Batistella (2005) Words Rothwell (1973)

Epithet To create attention

Profanity To discredit

Vulgarity To provoke

To create interpersonal Obscenity identification

To Provide Catharsis

The Analysis of Swear Words that Are Uttered by White and Black Characters in 12 Years a Slave Movie Figure 2.1 Theoretical Framework Diagram

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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

In this chapter, in order to answer the research questions as mentioned in

Chapter I, the researcher would like to discuss the method used in this research.

This chapter contains some parts. They are the research method, research setting, research subjects, research instruments and data gathering technique, data analysis technique, and research procedure.

A. Research Method

The research method that is used by the researcher is qualitative approach.

This provides descriptive information about the research topic. According to Ary et al. (2010), ―the qualitative approach is a study of social and behavioral phenomena like human behavior. It seeks to understand and interpret human and social behavior as it is lived by participants in a particular social setting‖ (p. 420).

Strauss and Corbin (1998) add that ―qualitative research does not merely emphasize the findings on quantity, but it is acceptable that some of the data may be quantified with the background information of the subjects under the study.

However, the more important thing is its interpretation‖ (p. 11).

This research focuses on content or document analysis. It is a kind of approach that enables the researcher to study human behavior in an indirect way,

31

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32 through an analysis of their communication (Fraenkel & Wallen, 2008, p. 472). In addition, Ary et al. (2010) state ―content or document analysis is a research method applied to written or visual materials for the purpose of identifying specific characteristics of the material such as textbooks, newspapers, web pages speeches, television programs, advertisements, or other types of documents‖ (p.

457). The researcher chose this method since it can be the best way to analyze the phenomenon related to swear words as portrayed in 12 Years a Slave movie.

B. Research Setting

The researcher conducted the research in a place where some literatures which became the source of information like books, articles or journals related to linguistics study were available. The purpose of choosing the place is to make it easier for the researcher to obtain the data and the information.

C. Research Subject

Lofland and Lofland say that ―the main data of qualitative research are utterances and actions/behaviors‖ (as cited in Moleong, 2004, p. 157).The subject of the research were in the form of words, phrases, clauses, and sentences taken from the dialogues of Black and White characters in a movie entitled 12 Years a

Slave. This subject was chosen because there are a lot of utterances containing swear words. The White characters of the movie are Tibeats, Mr. Epps, and

Mistress Epps. Meanwhile, the Black characters are Solomon Northup, Patsey, and Clemens.

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D. Research Instruments and Data Gathering Technique

The instrument which was used to collect and analyze the data was the human investigator. Here the researcher became the planner, data collector, data analyzer, and data reporter. Moleong also states that the researcher is directly and personally involved in the research which is conducted (2004, p. 56). Moreover,

Ary et al. (2010) add:

Qualitative inquiry relies on fieldwork methods (interviewing, observation, and document analysis) as the principal means of collecting data. It can be done by talking with people in setting, observing their activities, reading their documents and written records, and recording the information in the field notes and journals (p. 424).

Therefore, the research used a written verbatim of 12 Years a Slave movie‘s transcript retrieved from www.screenplaydb.com/film/scripts/12yearsaslave.pdf.

The researcher also used the movie to observe and to see the atmosphere in it. It was important to see whether or not the environment around the characters in the movie also influenced the way they speak and act. The researcher provides the data sheet as the second instrument to categorize the dialogues which contain swear words. It will make easier for the researcher to list down the swear words.

The data sheet was in the form of table for presenting two matters which became the focus of the study, i.e. the types of swear words and the purposes of using swear words. The format of the data sheet is illustrated in the table below.

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Table 3.1 Types of Swear Words and Purposes of Using Swear Words in 12

Years a Slave Movie

No. Data Types Purposes Speaker Explanation

Dialogue Swear E P V O T T T T T words C D P C P A I C I 1. Mistress Epps: No Bitch White Mistress Epss other. Sell her! thinks that Mr. Epps : I will not! her husband Mistress Epps: You has an affair will remove that black with Patsey. bitch from this Thus, she property...or I'll take swears bitch myself back to at Patsey. Cheneyville. The purpose of swearing is to create identification because her behavior is like a bitch.

Types of Swear Words Purposes of Using Swear Words (Battistella, 2005) (Rothwell, 1973)

E : Epithet TCA : To Create Attention P : Profanity TD : To Discredit V : Vulgarity TP : To Provoke O : Obscenity TCII :To Create Interpersonal Identification PC : To Provide Catharsis

In gathering the data, the researcher used some steps. First of all, the step

was watching 12 Years a Slave movie. It was necessary to have the background

knowledge of the story, the attitude of the characters, and the setting of the movie.

Besides, the researcher needed the process to know whether or not the movie

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35 contained the sufficient data that might help the researcher to answer the research problems.

The second step was downloading the transcript of 12 Years a Slave movie.

This step was needed to help the researcher have the accurate dialogues of the movie and make sure that the researcher was not wrong in understanding the dialogues through the characters‘ utterances.

The next step was re-watching the movie to obtain better understanding about the story line and checking the accuracy of the movie transcript. In this step, the researcher marked the dialogue containing swear words in the movie transcript. After being marked, each swear word was categorized based on the types of swear words and the purposes of using swear words. The dialogues which did not contain swear words were omitted.

E. Data Analysis Technique

Here the researcher describes the technique in analyzing data. In this research there were several steps conducted to analyze the data.

First, the researcher categorized the dialogue which contain swear words.

The data would be transferred into categorization system which was drawn to a table presented as Table 3.1.

Second, the data that had been categorized in the table were analyzed to describe the types of swear words and the purposes of using swear words in the movie. To support the data analysis, the researcher counted the swear words based on their types and the purposes of uttering them. It aimed to see the occurrence of

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36 the swear words found in the movie. Then, numbers in the form of percentages of each phenomenon were employed to support the description of the data.

Third, the researcher discussed the data to describe the types of swear words and the purposes of using the swear words. The types of swear words that are suggested by Batistella (2005) and the purposes of using swear words by Rothwell

(1973) can help the researcher to answer the research problem number one and two. To enrich the references, the researcher also used other theories about swear words from some experts and linguists. The context shown in the movie was also involved in the process of discussion the findings

Fourth, the researcher watched again the movie to see whether the purposes of the swear words matched with the discussion. It is needed to help the researcher interpret the dialogues in the movie.

The last step to do was reporting the findings and the discussion. In addition, she also drew conclusions based on the results of the research

F. Research Procedure.

In conducting this research, the researcher did some steps of procedure.

Here were the steps:

1. Deciding the topic and the research problems

The researcher had interest in studying the swear words that were found in a movie. It is because swear words do not only exist in our everyday conversation, but also they can be found in the movie. The researcher tried to find the movie

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37 which did not only use swear words in the dialogues but also had the relation with the social environment and ethnicity.

2. Looking for related literature or studies

The researcher read several books as the references to analyze the data.

There were some authors and linguists that the works were used by the researcher, such as Jay, Trdugill, Batistella, and some other experts. The theories should be relevant with the problem that would be discussed.

3. Determining related methodology

The researcher chose qualitative approach to get more detailed and in-depth information about the topic. The method used was content analysis because the source of the data was from the movie and its written transcription.

4. Collecting the data

The researcher collected the data from the movie by marking the dialogues which contained swear words. The data gathered then were transferred into the categorization system by using the data sheet.

5. Analyzing the data

The researcher studied the collected data and counted the swear words based on their types and the purposes of uttering them to support the description of each phenomenon in the movie and to see the swear words uttered by Black and White people

.

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38

6. Interpreting and discussing the data

After the data were analyzed, the researcher interpreted and discussed the data based on the relevant literature review. The researcher presented the interpretation in a descriptive form.

7. Interpreting and discussing the data

After the data were analyzed, the researcher interpreted and discussed the data based on the relevant literature review. The researcher presented the interpretation in a descriptive form.

8. Reporting the result

Since the researcher conducted a qualitative study, the data presented in form of expositional description

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CHAPTER IV

RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter is divided into two parts. The first part discusses the types of swear words found in 12 Years a Slave movie. The types of swear words will be the answer of the first research question as stated in the problem formulation. The types of swear words include four classifications i.e. epithet, profanity, vulgarity, and obscenity. The second part is about the purposes of the swear words that are uttered by White and Black characters in the movie to answer the second research question. This part employs Rothwell‘s theory about the purposes of swearing, i.e. to create attention, to discredit, to provoke, to create personal identification, and to provide catharsis.

A. Types of Swear Words

To answer the first research question, the researcher provided the data found from the movie. The researcher gathered the data from the conversations among the characters in the movie. Then the data gathered are presented in the form of a table. From the table, it can be seen that different ethnics which are White and

Black characters in the movie use different types of swear words.

39

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40

Table 4.1 The Types of Swear Words in 12 Years a Slave Movie

The Occurrence in Conversations Types of Swear White People Black People Total Words (Tibeats, Mr. (Solomon, Epps, Mistress Clemens, Patsey) Epps) Epithet 12 3 15 Profanity 17 3 20 Vulgarity 0 0 0 Obscenity 1 0 1 Total 30 6 36 Percentage 83% 17% 100%

There are four types of swear words, i.e. epithet, profanity, vulgarity, and obscenity. Three of them appear in the conversation and they are uttered by Black and White characters in the movie. From the data above, the most dominant type that is used by the characters is profanity, which appears 20 times. Then, the second type is epithet (15 times). Obscenity only appears 1 time. Another type of vulgarity does not occur in the movie. The use of the swear words is dominated by

White characters. It occurs 30 times (83%) and Black characters only occur 6 times (17%). From the table, it is clear that White characters in the movie uttering swear words more frequently than Black characters. Profanity is uttered 17 times by White characters and Black characters only say it 3 times. Meanwhile, epithet is used 12 times by the Whites and it is used only 3 times by the Blacks. White characters use obscenity 1 time, but Black characters do not use it. Being more

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41 specific, each of them will be explained one by one and followed by examples taken from the dialogue uttered by the characters of the movie.

1. Epithet

Epithet is characterized by the existence of several types of slurs, such as bitch and fag. Other references that are included as epithet are connected to race, ethnicity, gender, sexuality, one's appearance, and disability, such as nigger, bastard, and motherfucker. Associating somebody like animal also can be included as epithet, such as dog, bitch, or bullshit. Therefore, he or she will use emotional language by uttering the swear words which are addressed to somebody. Here are the utterances belong to epithet.

a. Clemens : If you want to survive, do and say as little as possible. Tell no one who you really are and tell no one that you can read and write. Unless you want to be a dead nigger.

(Datum No. 1)

The conversation above contain epithet as one of the types of swear words.

It is because Clemens utters the word nigger which refers to race and ethnicity.

The word nigger is common to be uttered in 19th century when slavery happened in America. It refers to call Black people and to slur them. It carries much hatred and disgust addressed to Black people and African-Americans. Historically, nigger was defined all Black people. The goal was to ridicule them. Whether used as a noun, verb, or adjective, it strengthened the stereotype of the lazy, stupid, dirty, worthless nobody. From the conversation above, Clemens tries to remind other Black people to be quiet if they want to survive. He utters the word nigger

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42 which carries emotional meaning which means can be classified as a swear word.

Clemens says nigger as the reflection of his own hatred toward himself and his ethnic. He is one of well-educated Black people, points out although he is actually a nigger and a slave, he warns the other niggers to be quiet because a nigger who can write and read will be killed. He knows that to survive, a nigger just needs to keep silent and act carefully because they are just black slave with no value as human beings. Showing their ability and intelligence will lead them to death.

b. Robert : I say we fight. Solomon : The crew is fairly small. If it were well planned, I believe they could be strong armed. Clemens : Three can‘t stand against a whole crew. The rest here are niggers, born and bred slaves. Niggers ain‘t got the stomach for a fight, not a damn one.

(Datum No. 2)

The scene in the movie shows they are in a steamboat and will be shipped to

Orleans to be sold as slaves. Robert tells the others to fight against the crew because they are just a small group. Solomon thinks it will be hard to fight for escaping because they must be strong crew. Clemens warns again to others emotionally with high tone that three niggers cannot stand against a whole crew because they were born as niggers and bred to be slaves. He recognizes the niggers‘ fate is just being slaves and not fighting because they do not have strong body and power. The conversation among them makes the situation become a little bit chaotic due to different opinions. It makes Clemens uses swear words which are niggers and damn. However, the word damn here does not belong to epithet, but it is profanity. For further explanation, the researcher will analyze in

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43 the theme of profanity. Another swearword found is niggers. The reference is connected to race and ethnicity. Since swear word is emotional language, its main function is to reveal the speaker‘s feelings and attitudes. So, based on the situation above, as the reflection of his feelings in this situation, he prefers saying niggers to Black People.

c. Tibeats : Goddamn you! I thought you knowed something! Solomon : I did as instructed. If there's something wrong, then it‘s wrong with your instructions Tibeats : You black bastard! You goddman black bastard!

(Datum no. 6)

The swear words in the dialogue above are the combination of epithet and profanity. It happens when a White carpenter named Tibeats watches over and checks Solomon‘s work to build a hut as he has instructed. He is arrogant because he thinks he is more superior and better than the slaves. He hates Black people including Solomon. He thinks Solomon tries to seek attention from Mr. Ford that makes him jealous. Thus, he tries to look for his fault just for blaming him.

Solomon does not feel he has made a mistake. He has done the instruction, so if he makes mistakes, it is caused by the instructor namely Tibeats. Tibeats does not accept it and he directly gets mad. He expresses his anger by swearing and saying bastard to Solomon.

Bastard is a common swear word uttered in this century directed to a man if it is compared to another word like motherfucker which we often hear. It is because the word motherfucker emerged for the first time in the late 19th century or around 1889. Meanwhile, the setting in the movie was in 1842.Thus, in that

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44 period, there was no word which had a similar meaning to the word bastard. The speaker uses this word because it is an offensive term for insulting name for someone who has made him angry. Its literal meaning is an illegitimate child, a child born to unmarried parents (OED). Certainly, in non-literal meaning it does not mean that Solomon is an illegitimate child but it is more as swearing. It is like general insult hurled toward someone who is considered bad, stupid, or foolish. It just means that Tibeats does not like Solomon and to express it, he uses offensive word by saying bastard. Moreover, Tibeats emphasizes by saying black bastard referring to Solomon as a black person or an African-American.

d. Tibeats : You will not live ta see another day, nigger!

(Datum no. 7)

From the conversation above, Tibeats and Solomon are confronting because he is dissatisfied with Solomon‘s work. Tibeats is walking around to look over his work, as if purposefully looking for his fault. He scolds him because he thinks he does not obey the instructions. However, he feels that he has done the same as he ordered. Tibeats is strangling his neck, but he is trying to defense himself. Tibeats is getting mad then he is threating him as if he will kill him. He swears niggers.

This word means people who have very black skin. This word came out when the slavery happened in United State of America in hundreds years ago. Slavery is obviously vital, since in Western society, it refers to degrade roles of servitude that often addressed to Black people (Hughes, 2006, p. 326). This word was popular in the slavery period. Hence, Tibeats prefers calling Solomon nigger to mentioning his name because of his enmity and anger at Solomon.

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45 e. Mr. Epps : Yah menfolk got no shame letting Patsey out-pick you? The day ain't yet come she swung lower than five hundred pounds. Queen of the fields, she is. Treach : 138 pounds… Mr. Epps : I ain‘t done, Treach. Ain‘t owed a minute to luxuriate on the work Patsey done? Treach : Yes, sir. Mr. Epps : Damn queen. Born and bred to the field. A nigger among niggers, and God gave her to me. A lesson in the rewards of righteous living. All , Treach. Now speak.

(Datum no. 8)

The setting is in Mr. Epps cotton field. He is Solomon‘s new master. The slaves are assembled in a shack with their baskets of cotton. Their cotton is being weighed by Treach. There is anxiety among the slaves. The slaves who get the lightest cotton will be whipped brutally. Mr. Epps is a drunkard and a cruel master who often tortures his slaves. There is Patsey who is considered as the best cotton picker there. She gets much more than the others, so Mr. Epps gives her compliment. It does not sound like a nice compliment directed to Patsey. It is like the way he expresses his disappointment due to the fact that most of his slaves only collect little cotton. He tries to ridicule other slaves by praising Patsey in front of them. It is more like swearing, “damn queen” and “a nigger among niggers”. The word nigger is epithet, but damned includes profanity. Mr. Epps thinks that “nigger among niggers” is the proper compliment to praise a nigger slave. f. Mistress Epps : No other. Sell her! Mr. Epps : I will not! Mistress Epps : You will remove that black bitch from this property, 'er I'll take myself back to Cheneyville

(Datum no. 9)

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46

The next example of epithet can be seen from the conversation between

Mistress Epps and Mr. Epps. Both of them are debating because Mistress Epps gets jealous of his husband‘s uncommon treatment to Patsey. She thinks that her husband has an affair with the slave. Thus, she commands him to sell Patsey, but he does not agree. Mistress Epps calls Patsey as a black bitch. The literal meaning of bitch is a female dog. It is a pejorative epithet for a person. The original use of it is as an insult. It is based on a comparison between a woman to a dog in heat. If the word is directed to a female, it means a female prostitute who likes to change her sex partner.

Generally the term bitch is considered offensive and not accepted in formal situations. According to linguist Deborah Tannen, ―bitch is the most contemptible thing we can say about a woman‖ (as cited in Margaret, 1995, p.

36). Grose (1785) adds ―bitch (as a noun) is the most offensive appellation that can be given to an English woman‖ (p. 7). Hence, saying bitch to Patsey is reasonable to express her emotions because she thinks Patsey‘s behavior is like a woman prostitute who always flirts her husband. Compared to another word like cunt for example, it is possible to be used as swearing that is addressed to a woman. However, in 19th century, this word was not as popular as bitch. In addition, McCutcheon (1993) states that cunt does not include in the list of swear words, taboo words, and that often used in 1800s or 19th century (p.

21). So, bitch is the swear word that is commonly addressed to a woman in that period.

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47

g. Mistress Epps : What‘s the fuss? Solomon : Mr. Epps believed Patsey and me to be in conversation when we were not. I tried to explain, but it's led to all this. Mistress Epps : What is it? You can't remain the Sabbath without her under your eye? You are a no-account bastard. A filthy, godless heathen. My bed is too holy for you to share.

(Datum no.12)

This scene happens when Mr. Epps gets angry with Solomon. It is because

Solomon does not want to tell what he has said to Patsey. Mr. Epps thinks that

Solomon tries to persuade Patsey in order to make her ignore his calling. The fact that he is drunk, it makes his anger uncontrolled. He tries to chase Solomon and it causes a fuss in Mr. Epps‘ yard. Hearing the fuss, Mistress Epps comes running from the house. Knowing that the cause of this chaos is Patsey, she becomes jealous. In addition, it is Sabbath day in which it is supposed to be respected. She feels disappointed by her husband behavior which he still cannot stop to think about Patsey even in Sabbath day. He is a drunkard and his mind is full of dirty thoughts and anger. Therefore, she swears at Mr. Epps by saying bastard which certainly it does not mean an illegitimate child. It is more general insult hurled toward a bad person. In this situation, it is Mr. Epps who betrays their marriage and shows his disrespect to Sabbath day. h. Mr. Epps : What's he been telling you? Solomon : Of your misbegotten ways. Mistress Epps : And he would know what of anything? I ain't even spoken with him today. You lying nigger, Platt. Have I? Have I? There. There‘s all the truth he got. Damn nigger. (Datum no. 13)

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48

From the dialogue above, Mr. Epps tries to seek what Solomon actually has said to Mistress Epps. He doubts if Solomon tells the truth. He does not feel he has done something wrong. Thus, he accuses Solomon of lying. He cannot hold his temper, so he says swear words. He utters nigger which is related to race and ethnicity. The word nigger here denigrates Solomon as a Black person. Nigger is considered as swear words because it contains emotive function.

i. Bass : White and black alike. Mr. Epps : Whoa, whoa, whoa. You comparing me to a nigger, Bass? Bass : I'm only asking, in the eyes of God, what is the difference? Mr. Epps : You might as well ask what the difference is between a white man and a baboon.I seen one of them critters in Orleans.

(Datum no. 18)

As the slaves continue to work, there is a conversation going on between

Mr. Epps and Bass. This conversation actually leads them to a debate. Bass criticizes the way Mr. Epps treats his slaves. He thinks Mr. Epps is cruel. Bass states that there is no difference between Black people and White people. Mr.

Epps is supposed to treat his slaves well because they are also human beings.

After hearing Bass‘ argument, Mr. Epps is surprised. He does not want to be compared to a nigger. The word nigger that is uttered by Mr. Epps is categorized as epithet as the representative of his disagreement with Bass‘ opinion. He gives response cynically. It denigrates the slave. He prefers saying nigger to associate his slave rather than to using Black people. According to Middleton and Pilgrim

(2001), by the early 1800s, the word nigger was firmly established as a derogative

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49 name. It carried much hatred and disgust at Black Africans and African

Americans. It can be concluded that Americans created a racial hierarchy with

Whites at the top and Blacks at the bottom. Thus, in the dialogue above, the word nigger can be said as a swear word.

j. Mr. Epps : Where is she, damn it? Where is she? Phebs, where is she? Where is she? Phebe : I don‘t know, Master. Mr. Epps : You know, you know, you know! You know! Phebe No, I don‘t. Mr. Epps : You miserable black dogs. You stand like the deaf and dumb. Speak! She gone. My Pats is gone

(Datum no. 19)

It is Sabbath day. The slaves are working on their own chores. Female slaves are washing their clothes and hanging them up to dry in the backyard. Mr.

Epps is drunk. He is looking for Patsey. He asks Phebe whom he thinks she must know where she is. However, Phebe does not know where she goes. It causes Mr.

Epps get mad. Thus he scolds her and swears at her by saying black dog. The word dog belongs to Epithet which refers somebody as an animal. Mr. Epps is drunk, so he cannot control his anger. Whatever he says is uncontrolled. Besides, he also intimidates Phebe in order to make her give information about where

Patsey is.

2. Profanity

This term is usually used by people to swear with the name of God. The intention of the speaker is actually to express an emotional reaction to certain stimuli. Profanity occurs when someone is using religious terminology in a

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50 profane, secular, or uncaring manner, such as Jesus Christ, hell, damn, and

Goddamn. If it is uttered outside the religious context, it is more likely showing our disrespect to God. From 12 Years a Slave movie, the researcher found some conversations containing profanity. The examples of profanity can be seen as follows.

a. Eliza : I will not go without my children Freeman : Goddamn sniveling wench

(Datum no. 3)

The slaves are arriving in Freeman‘s slave pen. It is like a slavery market where there are some businessmen who want to buy slaves. Freeman is an

American slave trader. He is fierce and temperamental. He does not sympathy to their slaves. He only thinks how to sell the slaves with higher price. Mr. Ford is interested in buying Eliza and Platt. Eliza really loves her children, so she begs

Mr. Ford and Freeman to let her bring her children too. However, Freeman offers the children with high price. Mr. Ford cannot afford it, so he only buys Platt a.k.a.

Solomon and Eliza. Eliza does not want to go without her children. She tries to preclude Freeman from taking her children. She yells loudly at Freeman not to take her children. It triggers his anger then he swears at her by saying Goddamn.

Goddamn refers to Jesus Christ as God. However, the word above becomes taboo because it is used outside the religious occasion like in the church. According to

Mbaya (2002), using swear words must be avoided because they contain stark and vulgar language. However, words that contain sacred functions can be tabooed if they are uttered outside the context of sacred ceremonies (p. 224). Freeman uses

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51 the word in a profane manner without considering that the word can be so sacred.

He utters the words outside formal circumstances which are used to insult or to offend the slaves.

b. Eliza : You will not take them from me. Freeman : Goddamn you! Get her out of here, Cape! Eliza : Please! No! No! Freeman Get her out of here, goddamn it! Platt, get your fiddle. Play, play, play something. I will give you something to cry about, you goddamned witch! Get her out of here, Cape! Out, now!

(Datum no. 4)

In Freeman‘s house the situation becomes more chaotic because Eliza cries loudly. She does not want to be separated from her children. Freeman tries to stop the fuss. He commands Cape to take her out, but Eliza keeps struggling to protect her children. She begs him not to take her children. This makes Freeman mad and annoyed with her lamentation. He cannot handle his anger then he shouts at her by saying goddamn you, goddamn it, and goddamned. These words are considered as profanity. Obviously, they should not be uttered in an informal situation and in profane manner. It will be a bad word if it is uttered in profane manner. Mencken says ‗by the 1860s, swearing probably sounded much as it does today, with obscene words doing much of the work of swearing, and with religious words — damn it, Jesus, oh God — employed frequently‖ (as cited in The American

Language,1921, p. 10).

c. Tibeats : Goddamn yah! I thought yah knowed somethin'! Solomon : I did as instructed. If there's something wrong, then it‘s wrong with your

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52

Tibeats : You black bastard! You goddamn black bastard! Strip your clothes! Strip Solomon : I will not.

(Datum no. 6)

This dialogue happens when Solomon is building a hut. Tibeats is coming to see his work as if purposefully looking for Solomon‘s fault. He blames him because he does not follow his instructions well. They argue because none of them wants to be blamed. The tension is caused by Tibeats‘ resentment toward him. That is why he yells at him by saying Goddamn. This word contains emotive function to the addressee. Moreover, he calls Solomon as goddamn black bastard.

The word goddamn is used to emphasize his expression of anger.

d. Mr. Epps : What you looking at? Damn. I won't have my mood spoiled. Dance. Dance, I says! Come on! Pick it up, Platt. Play that fiddle, boy.

(Datum no. 10)

Mr. Epps asks his slaves to dance. However, it becomes chaos since

Mistress Epps cannot stand seeing his husband looking at Patsey lustfully. So, she hits and mocks Patsey brutally. The dance and the music stop suddenly. Mistress

Epps and Mr. Epps argue. She stands irate and unable to think what to do.

Eventually, she leaves him. The dancing party is ruined. Mr. Epps utters damn to represent his feelings. It belongs to profanity. Damn here is inappropriate to be said because saying God‘s name as an expression of surprise or annoyance is considered by many people to be blasphemy, mostly because one of the Ten

Commandments says not to use God‘s name in vain (Holy Bible, Exodus. 20.7).

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53 e. Mr. Epps : What did you just now tell her? What did you say to Pats? Solomon : No words were spoken. None of consequence Mr. Epps : You're a liar. You damn liar. I saw you talking with her. Tell me. Solomon : I cannot speak of what did not occur. (Datum no. 11)

Mr. Epps accuses Solomon of lying. Due to the fact that Patsey ignores him,

Mr. Epps believes he has said something to Patsey. He thinks Solomon provokes

Patsey, so she does not give him any responses. Solomon does not admit it. This action causes Mr. Epps cannot control his bad temper. Thus, he expresses his emotion by swearing at Solomon. The word damn belongs to profanity and it is not supposed to be said in profane manner. The word damn here has function to intensify and to emphasize the word liar. Thus, it will give strong effect for the listener to insult and to swear at him or her.

f. Mr. Epps : What's he been telling you? Mistress Epps : Of your misbegotten ways. Mr. Epps : And he would know what of anything? I ain't even spoken with him today.. You lying nigger, Platt. Have I? Have I? There. There‘s all the truth he got. Damn nigger. (Datum no. 13)

From the dialogue above, Mr. Epps wants to know what actually Solomon has said to Mistress Epps. He believes Solomon must lie. Thus, he accuses him of saying untrue fact. He cannot hold his temper, so he says swear words. He utters damn nigger which are related to ethnicity and religious terminology. The word nigger here denigrates Solomon as a Black person. Uttering damn nigger is

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54 considered as swear words because it contains emotive function. The word damn here is as an adjective. It explains Solomon as a damn nigger.

g. Mistress Epps : You are manless. A damn eunuch if there ever was. If you won't stand for me, I pray you'd at least be a credit to your own kind... and beat every foul thought from them. Beat it from them! (Datum no. 14)

The scene is in Mr. Epps‘ great house. All slaves are gathering in Mr. Epps‘ main room. They will have a dancing party. Mistress Epps comes bringing out a tray of freshly baked pastries. She let the slaves eat except Patsey. In front of her husband, she tries to vilify Patsey. However, Mr. Epps does not care about it. It triggers her anger and jealousy. She mocks her husband and says damn. The word belongs to profanity because damn is actually a word that is used in religious contexts like in the church. The word damn in the church is usually used when the priest explains about condemnation upon someone who is not following Jesus

Christ‘s way of life. This word is not supposed to be uttered outside the religious context. Therefore, he or she who is damned by God will suffer eternal punishment in hell. Mistress Epps‘ intention of saying that word is actually to express her emotional reaction.

h. Solomon : There are others. Beg them. Patsey : I'm begging you! Solomon : Why? Why would you consign me to damnation with such an ungodly request? Patsey : There is God here! God is merciful, and He forgive merciful acts. Hell. Do it. Do what I ain't got the strength to do myself

(Datum no. 15)

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55

From the conversation above, there are two swear words that belong to profanity, i.e. damnation and hell. It is because these words contain religious matter and sacred to be said. Patsey asks Solomon to kill her because she cannot bear living in her sufferings anymore. However, Solomon refuses her request because he cannot do that. He shows his annoyance by saying damnation. Patsey tries to force him to do it, but he keeps refusing. She is upset after hearing it. i. Mr. Epps : It is a plague. Treach : : It‘s cotton worm. Mr. Epps : It's a plague. It's damn biblical. Two seasons God done sent a plague to smite me. What I done that God hates me so? It's that godless lot. They brought this on me I bring them God's word, they brung me God's scorn. Damn! Damn you! Damn all y'all!

(Datum no. 16)

Mr. Epps‘ cotton field suffers from plague. It is destructed by cotton worms. Mr. Epps believes it must be damn biblical. The word damn here is not a swear word because it does not have literal meaning. He blames his slaves for this damnation. Mr. Epps looks among his slaves at work, his enmity growing. He swears damn at his slaves and whips them. The word damn in the church is usually used when the priest explains about condemnation upon someone who does not follow Jesus Christ‘s way of life.

j. Epps : I‘ll be damned. Were he not free and white, Platt. Were he not free and white.

(Datum no. 17)

From the dialogue above, Epps gets annoyed because of Armsby. At first he wants to interrogate Solomon because Armsby has told him that Solomon can

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56 write. A slave who can read and write should be punished or even killed.

However, Solomon has smart solution to avoid his punishment. He tells him that

Armsby is a liar. He just creates untrue story, so Epps will elect him as an overseer in his plantation. He still does not believe that he lies to him. Epps utters

I‟ll be damned which contains profanity. It is an expression of surprise and shock.

3. Vulgarity

Vulgarity is different from the other two types above because it refers to words or expressions that contain sexual anatomy and excretion anatomy in a rough manner, such as ass, tit, cock, dick, and cunt. In the findings, the researcher does not find any conversation that contains this type of swear words. It is because the words belong to vulgarity were not popular and common to be used in 19th century in which the movie took the setting of time. According to McEnery (2006),

―as the 19th century progressed, swear words also can fall from their popularity and some words change the function and some of them are evolved and ameliorated.

Vulgar terms related to sexual anatomy were also avoided and replaced because of the developing of the refinement of manners in the society‖ (p. 99).

In this century, some words got their popularity in daily conversation and some of them replaced by other new words. For example, the word damn and fuck gained their popularity and people sometimes said mother mastiff to soften the word bitch. Moreover, McCutcheon (1993) in his book have listed swear words often used in 1800s. He states that ―the common types of swear words are dominated by epithet, such as nigger, negro, bastard, bitch, son of a bitch bull, and

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57 redneck; profanity like damn, damnation, tarnation, hell, and goddamn; obscenity type, like shit, piss, and fuck” (pp. 21-22). Based on these explanations, vulgarity type does not uttered by White and Black characters in their dialogues in the movie since the words are not commonly used in that period.

4. Obscenity

Obscenity is described as a term which is characterized by sexual activity and bodily effluvia in a crude way such as fuck, piss, and shit. Obscenity and vulgarity have the same reference but both are different. The distinction between vulgarity and obscenity is related to the level of prurience. Obscenity is believed to be prohibited from public use since they involve repulsion to the sense, abhorrent, impolite and detestable to morality. In the 12 Years a Slave movie, here are some conversations containing obscenity. a. Tibeats : Oh, my, you are brute. You are a fucking dog. And no better for following instruction Solomon : : I‘ll do as ordered , sir.

(Datum no.5)

Solomon and Tibeats are confronting because Tibeats blames him not doing his instruction well. He swears at him by saying fucking dog. The word fucking comes from fuck. In literal meaning, it refers to the act of sexual intercourse and it is also commonly used as an intensifier or to disdain. The word fucking here is as an intensifier for dog. According to Fairman (2009), the word fuck has a very flexible pole in English grammar, including use as both transitive and , an adjective, an adverb, and a noun. The most common usage is figurative

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58 which is used to indicate the speaker‘s strong sentiment and to offend or to shock the listener. Likewise the swear words that Tibeats has said to Solomon, the meaning of the words shows that Tibeats wants to assimilate Solomon as a dog.

From the gathered data and the explanation about the types of swear words, the result shows that White people uttering swear words frequently. It is different from Peter Trudgill‘s statement. According to Trudgill (2000), ―different social groups use different linguistic varieties. Many speakers that use swear words come from anarchic or lower-class backgrounds‖ (p. 34). Besides, Ellis (1999) adds that

―any number of scholars has made reference to African-American (Black people), i.e. emotional, more vigorous, and expressive communication style‖ (p. 147). In other words, the use of swear words is often associated with the lower class status and Black people. However, from the movie, Black people rarely use swear words.

In 18th and 19th centuries, it was extreme avoidance of saying taboo words directly, including upper class society which was dominated by White Americans who were trying hard not to use those words. Although they were under the repression, but swearing became their own habit and began to be used to shock and offend others (Mbaya, 2002, p. 225). It can be concluded that swearing had become White people‘s habit in that centuries. They often swore at everyone especially their slaves since it was in slavery period.

The most dominant type of swear words found in the movie is profanity.

Burnham states that in early America, profanity and obscenity belonged together in the category of taboo language. However, ―during 18th century and the late 19th century taboos words and swear words focused primarily on religious ideas and

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59 symbols, especially taking the Lord‘s name in vain‖ (as cited in Mohr, 2013, p.

173). Besides, according to Mencken (1921), ―most of Americans in 19th century had a larger profane vocabulary than the Englishmen; they swore more at other people, but they attempt an amelioration of many bad words by softening them such as the word damn came from darn, tarnation for damnation, goldarned for

Goddamned, gosh for God, and what‟ell for what the hell are all Americanisms‖

(pp. 3-4).

The earliest swearing centred on the ideas of gods, God, and religion. The early forms of swearing were often regarded as subversive of social and religious institutions, as when the names of the gods were profanely evoked. Based on the rating of offensiveness, profanity gave strong effect to the listeners. Damn was more powerful swear word in 19th century than now. Swearing in early America was seen as an antisocial behaviour whether the swearer was attacking religious or sexual institutions. Hence, using profanity to swear was common at that time in

American society. Both White people and Black people uttered profanity as seen in the movie.

B. Purposes of Using Swear Words

Here is the table containing data which were taken from the movie. The researcher provided information about the purposes of using swear words uttered by White and Black characters. The researcher gathered the data from the conversations among the characters in the movie, then presented the data in the form of a table.

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60

Table 4.2 The Purposes of Using Swear Words in 12 Years a Slave Movie

The Occurrence in Purposes of Swearing Conversations Total White Black People People (Tibeats, (Solomon, Mr. Epps, Clemens, Mistress Patsey) Epps) To Create Attention 0 4 4 To Discredit 13 1 14 To Provoke 2 0 2 To Create Interpersonal Identification 10 1 11 To Provide Catharsis 3 2 5 Total 28 8 36 Percentage 78% 22% 100%

There are five purposes of swearing, i.e. to create attention, to discredit, to provoke, to create interpersonal identification, and to provide catharsis. All of them appear in the conversations which are spoken by Black and White characters in the movie. From the data above, the most dominant purpose of swearing is to discredit.

It occurs 14 times. To create interpersonal identification appears 11 times and to provide catharsis appears 5 times. To create attention occurs 4 times. The last purpose is to provoke which only appear 2 times. Since White people are dominant in using swear words, their purpose of swearing is to discredit other people.

Meanwhile, Black people‘s purpose of swearing is to create attention.

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61

To be more detailed about the explanation of the purposes of swearing, this part will get along with the examples that are taken from the conversations from the movie.

1. To Create Attention

The first purpose of using the swear words is to create attention. In order to gain attention, we can use strong and passionate language whose connotation evokes an immediate emotional response to the listeners. The speakers usually want to get much attention from their friends or people around them. They can use swear words to inform something to their friends or to the people nearby in order to get attention in expressing their opinion or feelings. From the movie, the characters in the movie utter swear words with this purpose. Here are the samples of the dialogues found in the movie. a. Clemens : If you want to survive, do and say as little as possible. Tell no one who you really are and tell no one that you can read and write. Unless you want to be a dead nigger.

(Datum No. 1)

Clemens and Solomon are in a steamboat in which they are going to be shipped to Orleans. Clemens tries to remind Solomon how to survive. He uses swear word to create attention, so his suggestion will be heard by him. The use of word nigger by Blacks reflects this hatred, even when the user is unaware of the psychological forces involved. Nigger is the ultimate expression of racism and superiority no matter how it is pronounced (Middleton & Pilgrim, 2001, p. 3).In addition, the word nigger at that time was considered as strong and powerful swear

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62 word based on the degree of offensiveness. Its connotation and effect could stimulate an instant reaction from the listener. Thus, by saying this word Clemens believes he can attract other‘s attention in order to make his friends listen to his words. b. Robert : I say we fight. Solomon : The crew is fairly small. If it were well planned, I believe they could be strong armed. Clemens : Three can‘t stand against a whole crew. The rest here are niggers, born and bred slaves. Niggers ain‘t got the stomach for a fight, not a damn one.

(Datum No. 2)

The scene is in a ship where the slaves are going to be sent to the slave pen.

From the conversation above, Clemens tries to gain attention from the other Black people because he wants to be the point of attention. Clemens warns the others because they cannot be quiet and want to fight back the ship crews. He tries to calm them down by saying niggers instead of saying African-Americans or Blacks.

Besides, he utters damn which is considered as a swear word. He says ―not a damn one” as the repetition of the sentence: “Niggers ain‟t got the stomach for a fight”.

He tries to attract them in order to be heard in a such kind of chaotic situation.

Based on the explanation previously, the word nigger is as the reflection of their own hatred towards themselves. Therefore, uttering swear words like nigger or damn can attract the listeners‘ attention because these words contain emotional meaning. Besides, people whom he talks to are all Blacks. By using this word,

Clemens‘ intention to be heard by his other friends is achieved. After hearing that,

Robert and Solomon keep silent for a while. It indicates that they are listening to what Clemens has said.

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63 c. Solomon : There are others. Beg them. Patsey : I'm begging you! Solomon Why? Why would you consign me to damnation with such an ungodly request? Patsey There is God here! God is merciful, and He forgive merciful acts. Hell. Do it. Do what I ain't got the strength to do myself

(Datum No. 15)

This dialogue happens when Patsey tries to ask for Solomon‘s help. It is uncommon because she asks him to kill her. She cannot stand living as a slave in

Mr. Epps‘ Plantation. She persuades him, but he keeps refusing it. She insists that he should do it. It seems that she does not want to hear his refusal. It leads to a debate because both of them want to be listened. So, he utters damnation which has strong effect to the listener. He wants her to listen to his words. Thus, using swear word can evoke people‘s attention. The speakers usually want to get much attention from their friends or people around them. It works because it causes an immediate emotional response from Patsey who acts as the listener. In order to response to his words, she also utters swear word. The purpose also is to grab attention from the listener. Both of them want their opinion to be heard.

2. To Discredit

Discrediting can happen when people who use swear words express their disbelief about many things in reality which they assume not suitable with public opinion. They usually discredit other people‘s characteristics, attitudes and also behaviors. In other words, people use swear word because they want to express their disappointment about reality that is different from what they have expected.

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Here are some conversations that contain swear words because the speakers want to discredit the others. a. Eliza : You will not take them from me. Freeman : Goddamn you!Get her out of here, Cape! Eliza : Please! No! No! Freeman : Get her out of here, goddamn it! Platt, get your fiddle. Play, play, play something. I will give you something to cry about, you goddamned witch! Get her out of here, Cape! Out, now!

(Datum no. 4)

The dialogue happens in Freeman‘s slave pen. A buyer wants to buy Eliza and Platt. However, Eliza does not want to be separated from her children. She begs for sympathy from Freeman, so he will let her go with her children.

However, Freeman does not care about her plea. The tension grows and Freeman gets mad directly after hearing Eliza‘s lamentation. He does not want any fuss in his slave pen because he is afraid of losing the slave buyers. Another buyer is interested to buy her son. Freeman warns her to be quiet. However, this situation makes her cry louder. He does not like with this situation. Eliza is supposed to obey Freeman‘s order to let her children go with other buyers. She does not have rights to ask Freeman not to sell her children because she is just a slave. Thus, he swears at her by saying goddamn you and goddamned witch. The purpose of swearing is to discredit Eliza. It is because he is disappointed with Eliza who is supposed to obey his commands. The reality is different from what he is expected.

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65 b. Tibeats : Oh, my, you are brute. You are a fucking dog. And no better for following instruction. Solomon : I‘ll do as ordered , sir.

(Datum no. 5)

Clearly, from the conversation above, it can be seen that Tibeats discredits

Solomon‘s way on making a house. At the moment Solomon is nailing on siding,

Tibeats is arriving and he is immediately being dissatisfied with the work. He

expresses his dissatisfaction because he thinks that Solomon cannot do

something as he wishes. He as a White American always underestimates Black

people. Thus, Tibeats‘ purpose of swearing is to discredit Solomon because he is

not able to follow his instructions as he is expected.

c. Mr. Epps : What did you just now tell her? What did you say to Pats? Solomon : No words were spoken. None of consequence. Mr. Epps : You're a liar. You damn liar. I saw you talking with her. Tell me. Solomon : I cannot speak of what did not occur.

(Datum no. 11)

Solomon is looking for Patsey because she has been leaving Mr. Epps‘s

plantation without permission. After finding her, Solomon asks Patsey to go back

to Mr. Epps‘ plantation. Mr. Epps has been waiting for her at his porch of the

main house. After he sees Patsey, his lewd intention emerges. Solomon instructs

Patsey to just walk and ignore him. However, Mr. Epps does not like to be

ignored. He thinks that Solomon provokes her to ignore him but he does not

admit it. What Solomon has said is not like what Mr. Epps expected. He still

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66

believes that they have had a conversation. He swears at Solomon and discredit

him as a liar—a damned liar because of his disbelieving towards Solomon.

d. Mistress Epps : What's the fuss? Solomon : Master Mr. Epps believed Patsey and me to be in conversation when we were not. I tried to explain, but it's led to all this. Mistress Epps : What is it? You can't remain the Sabbath without her under your eye? You are a no-account bastard. A filthy, godless heathen. My bed is too holy for you to share.

(Datum no.12)

The dialogue happens between Mr. Epps and Mistress Epps. They are arguing because of Patsey. Mistress Epps gets mad and cannot handle her jealousy knowing her husband still thinking of Patsey with his lewd intention. Moreover, as a Christian, he is supposed to respect Sabbath day without having dirty thoughts. Thus, to express her disappointment to her husband, she discredits him by swearing.

e. Mistress Epps : You are manless. A damn eunuch if there ever was. If you won't stand for me, I pray you'd at least be a credit to your own kind... and beat every foul thought from them. Beat it from them!

(Datum no. 14)

This conversation happens in Mr. Epps‘s main house where the slaves are going to have a dancing party. Mistress Epps is coming and bringing a tray full of fresh baked pastries. Patsey comes and wants to eat it. However, Mistress Epps does not allow her to take any pastries. Patsey does not give any responses and she directly turns her face away. This situation is used by Mistress Epps to

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67 ridicule her in front of Mr. Epps and the other slaves due to his hatred toward

Patsey. She accuses her by showing her insolent look to her. However, Mr. Epps

(her husband) ignores what she has said to Patsey. It creates tension between them. She gets disappointed by her husband‘s responses. It is different from her expectation. He is supposed to agree with what her wife says. Therefore, she swears at her husband to discredit him by saying damn eunuch.

f. Mr. Epps : It is a plague. Treach : It‘s cotton worm. Mr. Epps : It's a plague. It's damn biblical. Two seasons God done sent a plague to smite me. What I done that God hates me so? It's that godless lot. They brought this on me I bring them God's word, they brung me God's scorn. Damn! Damn you! Damn all y'all!

(Datum no. 16)

The scene happens when Mr. Epps‘ plantation is in its hard time. The cotton field does not bloom. It is caused by cotton worms. The cotton worms have dined the cotton and nearly destroyed the crop. However, Mr. Epps claims that it is a plague which is sent by God to ruin his life. He feels God hate him so much. It is not supposed to be happened. Mr. Epps thinks whether or not this damnation happens because of his slaves. As a Christian, he has preached the scripture to his slaves, but his slaves are godless. It gives him God‘s scorn. He assumes that his slaves cause this damnation. Mr. Epps is looking at his slaves at work, his enmity is growing. Emily West, an associate professor of history at the University of

Reading who specializes in the history of slavery in the U.S says that ―the masters in the slavery period like Mr. Epps believing the Bible sanctioned slavery, and that it was their ‗Christian duty‘ to preach the scriptures to their slaves‖ (as cited

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68 in Stapleton, 2010, p. 143). It is not supposed to be happened if his slaves praise

God and live righteously. To show his disappointment, then he discredits his slaves by swearing at them.

g. Bass : White and black alike. Mr. Epps : Whoa, whoa, whoa. You comparing me to a nigger, Bass? Bass : I'm only asking, in the eyes of God, what is the difference? Mr. Epps : You might as well ask what the difference is between a white man and a baboon. I seen one of them critters in Orleans.

(Datum no. 18)

There is a conversation going on between Mr. Epps and Bass about slavery.

Bass does not agree with the brutal way Mr. Epps treats his slaves. He expresses his opposition to slavery and it creates Mr. Epps's enmity. Bass warns Mr. Epps to treat his slaves like human; White people and Black people are alike. Mr. Epps does not want to be compared to those slaves. It is wrong because he is more superior than the Blacks, so he discredits them by saying a nigger is alike a baboon

3. To Provoke

The purpose of swearing also is to provoke the listener. It means that certain swear word can bring violent when the speaker expended a certain respect from the listeners. When the listeners are not satisfied, it will make a confrontation that can be dangerous. Here are some conversations that contain swear words because the speakers want to provoke the other.

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69 a. Tibeats : Goddamn yah! I thought yah knowed somethin'! Solomon : I did as instructed. If there's something wrong, then it‘s wrong with your instructions. Tibeats : You black bastard! You goddamn black bastard! Strip your clothes! Strip Solomon : I will not. (Datum no. 6)

This dialogue contains swear words which aims to provoke someone. This scene happens when Solomon is working on a hut in Mr. Ford‘s plantation.

Tibeats who hates Solomon blames him for not following his instructions well.

However, Solomon states that he has done something as instructed. Tibeats swears at him and wants to whip him. Solomon refuses that. Again, Tibeats swears at him. This makes Solomon mad. Thus, they are confronting and fighting.

b) Tibeats : You will not live ta see another day, nigger!

(Datum no. 7)

Tibeats mocks his work. However, Solomon does not feel he has made mistakes. Solomon and Tibeats fights in Mr. Ford‘s Plantation. Tibeats treats

Solomon by swearing at him. He says nigger to provoke him. This causes

Solomon beats him more.

4. To Create Interpersonal Identification

The fourth purpose of using swear word is to create strong interpersonal identification. In this section, the speaker has identified someone with the specific swear words for name calling or nickname, so their friends will understand who they are. In other words, the speaker uses the swear words to state what kind of

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70 person he or she is. Here are some swear words which have purpose to create interpersonal identification.

a. Robert : I say we fight. Solomon : The crew is fairly small. If it were well planned, I believe they could be strong armed. Clemens : Three can‘t stand against a whole crew. The rest here are niggers, born and bred slaves. Niggers ain‘t got the stomach for a fight, not a damn one.

(Datum no. 2)

The conversation happens when three slaves are in a steamboat. They are talking to each other. Robert urges the other black people to fight against the crew. However, Clemens refuses his idea. Clemens warns again to others emotionally that three niggers cannot stand against a whole crew because they were born as niggers and bred to be slaves. The word niggers is a swear word.

The purpose of uttering it is to create identification. When used by Blacks, nigger refers to all Blacks. This word refers to all Black people in a steamboat.

b. Eliza : I will not go without my children Freeman : Goddamn sniveling wench (Datum no. 3)

In Freeman‘s house, Eliza is crying helplessly because she does not want to be separated from her children. Freeman commands her to be quiet, but it makes her cries louder. This makes Freeman gets mad, so he swears. The purpose of swearing is to create nickname for another person. That swear word refers to Eliza who cannot stop crying.

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71 c. Mistress Epps : No other. Sell her! Mr. Epps : I will not! Mistress Epps : You will remove that black bitch from this property, 'er I'll take myself back to Cheneyville

(Datum no. 9)

This scene happens in Mr. Epps‘ main house in the night where all slaves gathered to dance. Mr. Epps forces them to dance and twirl on the floor. He keeps looking at Patsey attentively. It should be quite clear that his primary motivation for holding dances is watching Patsey twirling on the floor. Mistress Epps knows that her husband is looking at Patsey lustfully. She throws a carafe to Patsey right upon on her face. She yells at Mr. Epps to sell Patsey and they start arguing. She says swear words which are directed to Patsey whom she thinks always flirts her husband. She accuses them for having an affair. Moreover, her husband is attracted to a nigger slave. Thus, she calls Patsey as a black bitch to state what kind of person she is.

d. Mr. Epps : What's he been telling you? Solomon : Of your misbegotten ways. Mistress Epps : And he would know what of anything? I ain't even spoken with him today. You lying nigger, Platt. Have I? Have I? There. There‘s all the truth he got. Damn nigger. (Datum no.13)

This conversation happens when Mr. Epps believes that Platt a.k.a Solomon tells something to Mistress Epps. This makes Mistress Epps acts coarse to him.

She knows from Solomon about his husband‘s insolent behavior. He often flirts

Patsey. He begs her not to believe Solomon‘s words because he thinks Solomon

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72 lies. He creates personal branding for Solomon. Thus, he calls Solomon as lying nigger.

5. To Provide Catharsis

When somebody shows his or her feelings, he or she may be angry or hurt physically and mentally. Using swear words or taboo words spontaneously in response to something happens to him or her can carry the emotions. If the purpose of swearing is to provide catharsis, it means that speaker wants to express anger, surprise, pain, frustration or irritation because of somebody or something.

Here are some examples taken from the conversation in 12 Years a Slave movie.

a. Eliza : You will not take them from me. Freeman : Goddamn you! Get her out of here, Cape! Eliza : Please! No! No! Freeman Get her out of here, goddamn it! Platt, get your fiddle. Play, play, play something. I will give you something to cry about, you goddamned witch! Get her out of here, Cape! Out, now!

(Datum no. 4)

During slave trading, Eliza cries loudly because she does not want to be separated from her children. If a buyer wants to buy her, he should buy her children also. However, Freeman does not allow her go with her children. She tries to protect her children, but Freeman forces her to get out of the place. It causes her weeping uncontrollably. She cannot stop to cry. He does not want the buyers feel uncomfortable with this situation. This makes Freeman annoyed. He cannot control his patience. Therefore, he says goddamn it as the way to release his emotion.

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73 b. Mr. Epps : What you looking at? Damn.I won't have my mood spoiled. Dance. Dance, I says! Come on! Pick it up, Platt. Play that fiddle, boy.

(Datum no. 10)

From the dialogue above, Mr. Epss shows his frustration after arguing with her wife because of Patsey. Mistress Epps cannot control her jealousy then she hurts Patsey. This situation causes the dancing party becoming chaotic. The dancing and the music stop suddenly. Mistress Epps chooses to leave him and the slaves. There is only the sound of Patsey sobbing. Therefore, Mr. Epps lose his mood to dance. He swears spontaneously in response to something happening (in this case her wife leaves the party and Patsey cries desperately). He doesn‘t have intention to insult any people there.

c. Mr. Epps : I'll be damned. Were he not free and white, Platt. Were he not free and white.

(Datum no. 17)

It is in a tense moment when Mr. Epps interrogates Solomon whether or not he can write a letter. It is because Armsby, a white slave has told to Mr. Epps about Solomon. Solomon trusts him to send his letter to Marksville. However,

Armsby betrays Solomon. In the slavery period, a slave nigger who can read and write will be killed. Mr. Epps has intention to kill him. However, Solomon tells him that Armsby is a liar and he only wants to take advantage of him. Hearing that, he gets surprised. He uses swear word to provide catharsis or an emotional release.

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d. Mr. Epps : Where is she, damn it? Where is she? Phebs, where is she? Where is she? Phebe : I don‘t know, Master. Mr. Epps : You know, you know, you know! You know! Phebe No, I don‘t. Mr. Epps : You miserable black dogs. You stand like the deaf and dumb. Speak! She gone. My Pats is gone

(Datum no. 19)

It is Sabbath day. The slaves are working on their own chores. The woman slaves are washing some clothes. Mr. Epps is drunk. He is trying to look for

Patsey. He cannot find Patsey around his yard and plantation. He gets annoyed and he swears. By saying damn it, it can provide cathartic purposes. He asks his slaves, but none of them knows where she is.

e. Solomon : Thou devil! Sooner or later... somewhere in the course of eternal justice, thou shalt answer for this sin! Mr. Epps : Sin? There is no sin. Man does how he pleases with his property. At the moment, Platt, I'm of great pleasure. You be goddamn careful I don't want to come and lighten my mood no further.

(Datum no. 20)

Solomon is forced to whip Patsey by Mr. Epps. However he refuses it. After being intimidated by Mr. Epps, he finally does it. He strikes her until he is not able to do it. Mr. Epps takes the whip from Solomon and start to strike her brutally. It is really terrible. Solomon cannot stand seeing it in front of his eyes.

He warns him about this sin that he should redeem later in the eternal justice.

Hearing that, he suddenly stops striking her. He reminds him to be careful. The word goddamn here is as an expression to relieve his emotion.

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From the description about the purposes of using swear words that are found in 12 Years a Slave movie, it reveals that the characters often use swear words to discredit somebody. The White characters often discredit the Blacks because of their superiority. When uttering swear words, it cannot be separated from the purposes of saying those words. The characters in the movie have intention when they are swearing. Some types of swear words may have more than one purposes when they are used. When the characters is using epithet, their purposes are to create attention, to create personal identification, to discredit, and to provoke.

Profanity type mostly is used to discredit other people, especially it is used by

White characters in the movie, like Tibeats, Mr. Epps, and Mistress Epps. This type is effective to insult and hurt people. Meanwhile, obscenity is used to provoke somebody. When the characters in the movie use these various types of swear words, they also have intention to provide catharsis which is as the emotion release. (See Appendix A).

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

In this chapter, the researcher divides the part into two major parts. They are conclusions and recommendations. In the first part, the researcher presents the conclusions of the research findings related to the research problems. The second part contains the suggestions for the students, the readers, and the future researchers.

A. Conclusions

Based on the analysis in Chapter IV, the following findings can be drawn to answer the research questions in Chapter I. The first research question is: What the types of swear words are uttered by White and Black characters in 12 Years a

Slave movie? Based on the analysis in Chapter IV, the types of swear words found in the movie are various. The types are epithet, profanity, and obscenity. Epithet is characterized by the several types of slurs which have derogatory meaning. It includes racial or ethnic slurs, animal terms, genders, one‘s appearances, and disabilities. From the analysis, the swear words belong to epithet are nigger, bastard, dog, and bitch. Meanwhile, damn, goddamn, goddamned, damnation, and hell are included in profanity. The last type which is found in the movie is obscenity and the word fuck is as the example. Based on the ethnicity of the

76

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77 characters in the movie which is White and Black people, they show differences in using swear words. White characters often use profanity. 19th century swear words were dominated by profanity type. Thus, profanity is often used as swearing. It is different from Black characters in the movie who use epithet and profanity.

The second research question is: What are the purposes of using swear words uttered by White and Black characters in 12 Years a Slave movie? The purposes of using swear words found in the movie are: to create attention, to discredit, to provoke, to create interpersonal identification, and provide catharsis.

All of them appear in the conversations which are spoken by Black and White characters in the movie. White characters in the movie tend to use swear words to discredit other people. Due to their superiority, the characters tend to use these words to harm their slaves. Meanwhile, Black people use swear words to create attention.

The types of swear words have relation with the purposes of using it. When using swear words, the characters have intention. Some types of swear words may have more than one purposes when they are used. Epithet can be used to create attention, to create personal identification, to discredit, and to provoke. Profanity type is mostly used to discredit other people. This type is effective to insult and hurt people. When the characters in the movie use obscenity, their purpose of using swear word is to provoke somebody. Using swear words also can be used to provide catharsis.

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B. Recommendations

First, this research can be a reference which shows that linguistic analysis does not only focus on linguistic features. It is expected that the discussion about swear words does not give judgment that this word indecent. For the students, they are expected to learn swear words in different perspective based on the various circumstances and see the context between language and society.

Second, this thesis is expected to be sources of information for the readers having an interest on the matter of swear words. Thus, the researcher suggests that this thesis is used appropriately. Various resources are found to be helpful in supporting the thesis. However, more books related on swear words or taboo words are better provided since it is quite difficult to access these kinds of books.

Third, this research focuses on identifying and describing the types of swear words, and also describing the purposes of swearing based on the situation in 12

Years a Slave movie. There are other problems such as gender issue and social status issue which are not analyzed in this research. These problems can be used for the researchers who want to conduct the research about swear words.

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REFERENCES

Allan, K., & Burridge, K. (2006). Forbidden words: Taboo and the censoring of language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Andersson, L., & Trudgill, P. (1990). Bad language. London: Basil Blackwell.

Ary, D., Jacobs, L.C., Sorensen, C., & Razavieh, A. (2010). Introduction to research in education (8th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

Batistella, E.L. (2005). Bad language: Are some words better than others? Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Beers-Fägersten, K. (2007). A sociolinguistic analysis of swearword offensiveness. Saarland Working Papers in Linguistics (SWPL) 1, 19-40.

Chen, R. (1999). How Southern Californians ―talk dirty‖: Taboo words as a sociolinguistics variable. Southwest , 18, 69-81.

Chaika, E. (1982). Language the social mirror. New York: Newbury House Publishers.

Downes, W. (1984). Language and Society (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Ellis, D.G. (1999). Crafting society: Ethnicity, class, and communication theory. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.

Fairman, C.M. (2006). Fuck. Public law and legal theory working paper series, 59, 1-83.

Fairman, C.M. (2009). Fuck: Word taboo and protecting our first amendment Liberties. Naperville: Sphinx Publishing.

Foner, E. (1970). Free soil, free Labor, free men: The ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil war. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Fraenkel, J.R., & Wallen, N.E. (2008). How to design and evaluate research in education (7th ed.). New York: Mc-Graw-Hill.

Fitzgerald, M. (2007). Offensive language spoken on popular radio program: Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertation, College of Communication, Department of Communication, The Florida State University. Retrieved

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on 14 November, 2015. from http://diginole.lib.fsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1509&context=etd.

Grose, F. (1785). A classical dictionary of the vulgar tongue. London: S. Hooper.

Holmes, J. (2013). An Introduction to sociolinguistics (4th ed.). London: Routledge.

Howe, R. (2012). The use of fuck: A sociolinguistic approach to the usage of fuck in the BNC ad blog authorship corpus. (Master‘s theses and doctoral dissertations. Eastern Michigan University).

Hughes, G. (1991). Swearing: A social history of foul language, oaths, and profanity in English. London: Blackwell.

Jay, T. (2000). Why We Curse. A neuro-psycho-social-theory of speech. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

Jay, T. & Janschewitz, K. (2008). The of swearing. Journal of Politeness Research, 4, 267-288.

Karjalainen, M. (2002). Where have all the swearwords gone? An analysis of the loss of swear words in two Swedish translations of J.D. Salinger‟s „Catcher in the Rye. Unpublished Pro Graduate Thesis, University of Helsinki.Retrieved on 16 November, 2015, from http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/hum/engla/pg/karjalainen/wherehav.pdf

Labov, W. (1972). Sociolinguistics patterns. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Ljung, M. (1984). Om SVORDOMAR.Stockholm: Akademi Literatur.

Ljung, M. (2011). Swearing: A cross-cultural linguistic study. New York: Palgrave McMillan.

Locher, M. A., & Graham, S. L. (2010). Introduction to interpersonal pragmatics. Berlin: Mouton.

Margaret, C. (1995). Muzzle the B-word. Time, 145, 36-38.

Mbaya, M. (2002). Linguistic taboo in African marriage context: a study of Oromo Laguu. Nordic Journal of African Studies, 11 (2), 224-235.

Maxwell, J.A. (2005). Qualitative research design: an interactive approach (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.

McEnery, T. (2006). Swearing in English: Bad language, purity and power from 1586 to the present. London: Routledge.

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McCutcheon, M. (1993).The writers guide to everyday life in the 1800s. Cincinnati, Ohio: Writer‘s Digest Books.

Mc Guire, S.M. (1973). Obscenity: Its use and abuse. The Communicator, 4(4). Retrieved on 15 November 2015, from http://www.files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED099920.pdf.

Mencken, H.L. (1921). The American language. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

Mesthrie, R. (2000). Introducing sociolinguistics (2nd ed.). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Middleton, P. & Pilgrim, D. (2001). Nigger (The word): a brief history. African American Registry . Retrieved April 30, 2016, from http://www.aaregistry.org/historic_events/view/nigger-word-brief-history

Mohr, M. (2013). Holly Sh*t: A brief history of swearing. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Moleong, L. J. (2004). Metodologi penelitian kualitatif. Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya.

Montagu, A. (2001). The anatomy of swearing. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania.

Pinker, S. (2007). The stuff of thought: Language as a window into human nature. London: Penguin Books.

Rothwell, J. D. (1973). Verbal Obscenity: Time for second thoughts. In Liedlich. (Ed). Coming to terms with language: An anthology. London: John Wiley & Sons.

Seale, B. (1970). Seize the time: The story of the Black Panther Party. Maryland: Black Classic Press.

Stapleton, K. (2010). Swearing. In M. A. Locher & S. L. Graham (Eds.), Interpersonal Pragmatics (p. 289). Berlin: Mouton.

Strauss, A & Corbin, J. (1998).Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.

Trudgill, P. (2000). Sociolinguistics: An introduction to language and society (4th ed.). London: Penguin Books.

Wardhaugh, R. (2006). An introduction to Sociolinguistics (6th ed.). West Sussex: Willey-Blackwell.

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APPENDICES

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Appendix A

Types of Swear Words and Purposes of Using Swear Words in 12 Years a Slave Movie Note:

E : Epithet TCA : To Create Attention TPC : To Provide Catharsis P : Profanity TD : To Discredit V : Vulgarity TP : To Provoke O : Obscenity TCII : To Create Interpersonal Identification

No. Data Types Purposes Speaker Explanation Dialogue Swear E P V O T T T T T Words C D P C P A I C I 1. Clemens: If you want to survive, Nigger Black From the conversation above, do and say as little as Clemens tries to remind other possible. Tell no one Black people to be quiet if they who you really are and want to survive. He utters the tell no one that you word nigger which carries can read and write. emotional meaning which means Unless you want to be can be classified as swear words. a dead nigger. Clemens tries to remind Solomon how to survive. He uses swear words to create

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attention, so his suggestion will be heard by him. The use of word nigger by Blacks reflects this hatred, even when the user is unaware of the psychological forces involved. Besides, the word niggers at that time was considered as strong and powerful swear word based on the degree of offensiveness. Its connotation and effect could stimulate an instant reaction from the listener. Thus, by saying this word Clemens believes he can attract other‘s attention in order to make his friends listen to his words.

2. Robert : I say we fight. Niggers Black Clemens tries to gain attention Solomon :The crew is fairly from the other Black people

small. If it were well because he wants to be the point planned, I believe Niggers of attention. Clemens warns the they could be strong others because they cannot be armed. Damn quiet and want to fight back the Clemens :Three can‘t stand ship crews. He tries to calm them

against a whole down by saying niggers instead

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crew. The rest here of saying African-Americans or are niggers, born Black people. Besides, he utters and bred slaves. damn which is considered as Niggers ain‘t got the swear word. He says ―not a damn stomach for a fight, one‖ as the repetition of the not a damn one. sentence: ―Niggers ain‘t got the stomach for a fight‖. He tries to attract them in order to be listened in such kind of chaotic situation.

3. Eliza : I will not go without Goddamn White Mr. Ford is interested in buying my children. Eliza and Platt. Eliza begs him to Freeman : Goddamn sniveling let her bring her children too. wench! However, Freeman offers the children with high price. Mr. Ford cannot afford that, so he only buys Platt a.k.a. Solomon and Eliza. Eliza does not want to go without her children. She tries to preclude Freeman from taking her children. She yells loudly at Freeman not to take her children. It triggers his anger then he swears at her by saying Goddamn. Goddamn refers to

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Jesus Christ as a God. The purpose of using those words is to discredit Eliza because she cannot stop crying.

4. Eliza : You will not take Goddamn White In Freeman‘s house the situation them from me. becomes more chaotic because

Freeman : Goddamn you! Eliza cries loudly. She does not

Get her out of here, want to be separated from her

Cape! Goddamn children. Freeman tries to stop

Eliza : Please! No! No! the fuss. He commands Cape to

Freeman : Get her out of here, take her out, but Eliza keeps

goddamn it! Platt, Goddamned struggling to protect her children. get your fiddle. She begs him not to take her Play, play, play children. This makes Freeman something. I will mad and annoyed with her give you lamentation. He cannot handle something to cry his anger then he shouts at her by about, you saying goddamn you, goddamn goddamned it, and goddamned. These words witch! Get her out are considered as profanity. The of here, Cape! purpose of swearing is to Out, now! discredit Eliza. It is because he is disappointed with Eliza who is supposed to obey his commands. The reality is different from what

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he is expected.

5. Tibeats : Oh, my, you are a Fucking White It can be seen that Tibeats brute. You are a discrediting Solomon‘s way on fucking dog. And making a house. At the moment no better for Dog Solomon is nailing on a siding, followin' Tibeats is arriving and he is instruction. immediately being dissatisfied Solomon : I'll do as ordered, with the work. He expresses his sir. dissatisfaction because he thinks that Solomon cannot do something as he wishes. He as the White American always underestimates Black people. Thus, Tibeats‘ purpose of swearing is to discredit Solomon because he is not able to follow his instructions as he is expected.

6. Tibeats : Goddamn you! I Goddamn White This dialogue happens when thought you Solomon is building a house. knowed Tibeats is coming to see his work something! Bastard as if purposefully looking for Solomon : I did as instructed. If Solomon‘s fault. He blames him

there's something because he does not follow his wrong, then it‘s Goddamn instructions well. The tension is

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wrong with your Bastard caused by Tibeats‘ resentment instructions. toward him. That is why he yells

Tibeats : You black bastard! at him by saying Goddamn. This You goddman black word has purpose to provoke bastard! Strip your somebody. Saying bastard as clothes! Strip. epithet also has purpose to state Solomon : I will not what kind of person he is.

7. Tibeats : (Groan) You will not Nigger White Tibeats mocks his work. live to see another However, Solomon does not feel day, nigger! he has made mistakes. Solomon and Tibeats fights in Mr. Ford‘s Plantation. Tibeats treats Solomon by swearing at him. He says nigger to provoke him. This causes Solomon beats him more.

8. Mr. Epps :Yah menfolk got no Damn White The setting is in Mr. Epps cotton shame letting Patsey field. He is Solomon‘s new out-pick you? The master. The slaves are assembled day ain't yet come Nigger in a shack with their baskets of she swung lower cotton. Their cotton is being than five hundred weighed by Treach. There is pounds. Queen of Nigger anxiety among the slaves. The the fields, she is. slaves who get the lightest cotton Treach : 138 pounds… will be whipped brutally. There

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Mr. Epps : I ain't done, Treach. is Patsey who is considered as Ain't I owed a the best cotton picker there. She minute to luxuriate gets much more than the others, on the work Patsey so Mr. Epps gives her done? compliment. It does not sound Treach : Yes, sir. like a nice compliment directed Mr. Epps: Damn queen. Born to Patsey. It is like the way he and bred to the expresses his disappointment due field. A nigger to the fact that most of his slaves among niggers. only collect little cotton. Mr. And God gave her Epps thinks that ―nigger among to me. A lesson in niggers‖ is the proper the rewards of compliment to praise a nigger righteous living. All slaves. The purpose of using be observant to that. these words is to create personal All! Now, Treach. identification. Mr. Epps gives a Now speak. name calling for Patsey because of her action and behaviour.

9. Mistress Epps: No other. Sell Bitch White The next example of epithet can her! be seen from the conversation Mr. Epps : I will not! between Mistress Epps and Mr. Mistress Epps: You will Epps. Both of them are debating remove that because Mistress Epss gets black bitch jealous about his husband‘s from this uncommon treatment to Patsey.

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property or I'll She thinks that her husband has take myself an affair with the slave. Thus, back to she commands him to sell Cheneyville Patsey, but he does not agree. Mistress Epps refers to Patsey as a black bitch. The purpose of swearing is to call Patsey because her behavior is like a bitch.

10. Mr. Epss : What you looking Damn White From the dialogue above, Epss at? Damn. I shows his frustration after won't have my arguing with her wife because of mood spoiled. Patsey. Mistress Epps cannot Dance. Dance, I control her jealousy then she says! Come on! hurts Patsey. This situation Pick it up, Platt. causes the dancing party Play that fiddle, becoming chaotic. The dancing boy and the music stop suddenly. Mistress Epps chooses to leave him and the slaves. There is only the sound of Patsey sobbing. Therefore, Mr. Epps lose his mood to dance. He swears spontaneously in response to something happening (in this

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case her wife leaves the party and Patsey cries desperately).

11. Mr. Epps : What did you just Damn White Mr. Epps accuses Solomon of now tell her? What lying. Due to the fact that Patsey did you say to ignores him, Mr. Epps believes Pats? he has said something to Patsey. Solomon : No words were He thinks Solomon provokes spoken. None of Patsey, so she does not give him consequence. any responses. Solomon does not Mr. Epps : You're a liar. You admit if he and Patsey talk. This damn liar. I saw action causes Mr. Epps cannot you talking with control his bad temper. Thus, he her. Tell me. expresses his emotion by Solomon : I cannot speak of swearing at Solomon. The word what did not damn belongs to profanity and it occur. is not supposed to be said in Mr. Epps : I'll cut your black profane manner. The word damn throat. here has function to intensify and to emphasize the word liar. The purpose is to create interpersonal identification for Solomon.

12. Mrs. Epps: What's the fuss? Bastard White The dialogue happens between Solomon : Master Epps believed Mr. and Mistress Epps. They are Patsey and me to arguing because of Patsey.

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be in conversation Mistress Epps gets mad and when we were not. cannot handle her jealousy I tried to explain, knowing her husband still thinks but it's led to all of Patsey with his lewd intention. this. Moreover, as a Christian, he is Mrs. Epps: What is it? You supposed to respect Sabbath day can't remain the without having dirty thoughts. Sabbath without Thus, to express her her under your disappointment to her husband, eye? You are a no- she discredits him by swearing. account bastard. A filthy, godless heathen. My bed is too holy for you to share

13. Mr. Epps : What's he been Nigger White This conversation happens when telling you? Mr. Epps believes that Platt a.k.a Mrs. Epps : Of your Solomon tells something to her misbegotten Damn wife Mistress Epps. This makes ways. Mistress Epps acts coarse to him. Mr. Epps : And he would She knows from Solomon about know what of Nigger his husband‘s insolent behavior. anything? I ain't He often flirts Patsey. He begs even spoken with her not to believe Solomon‘s him today. You words because he thinks

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lying nigger, Solomon lies. He creates Platt. Have I? personal branding for Solomon. Have I? There. Thus, he calls Solomon as lying There's all the nigger. truth he got. Damn nigger.

14. Mrs. Epps :You are manless. A Damn White Mistress Epps is bringing a tray damn eunuch if full of fresh baked pastries. there ever was. If Patsey comes and wants to eat it. you won't stand for However, Mistress Epps does not me, I pray you'd at allow her to take any pastries. least be a credit to Patsey does not give any your own kind... responses and she directly turns and beat every foul her face away. This situation is thought from them. used by Mistress Epps to ridicule Beat it from them! her in front of Mr. Epps and the other slaves due to his hatred toward Patsey. She accuses her by showing her insolent look to her. However, Mr. Epps who is her husband ignores what she says to Patsey. It creates tension between them. She gets disappointed by her husband responses. It is not like what she

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expects. He is supposed to agree with what her wife says. Therefore, she swears at her husband to discredit him.

15. Solomon : There are others. Damnation Black This dialogue happens when Beg them. Patsey tries to ask for Solomon‘s Patsey : I'm begging you! help. It is uncommon because Solomon : Why? Why would Hell she asks him to kill her. She you consign me to cannot stand living as a slave in damnation with Mr. Epps‘ Plantation. She such an ungodly persuades him, but he keeps request? refusing it. She insists that he Patsey :There is God here! should do it. It seems that she God is merciful, does not want to hear his refusal. and He forgive It leads to a debate because both merciful acts. Hell. of them want to be listened. So, Do it. Do what I he utters damnation which has ain't got the strong effect to the listener. He strength to do wants her to listen to his words. myself Thus, using swear word can create other people attention.

16. Mr. Epps : It is a plague. Damn White The scene happens when Mr. Treach : It‘s cotton worm. Epps‘ plantation is in its hard Mr. Epps : It's a plague. It's time. The cotton field does not

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damn biblical. Damn bloom. The cotton worms have Two seasons God dined cotton and nearly done sent a plague destroyed the crop. However, to smite me. What Damn Mr. Epps claims that it is a I done that God plague which is sent by God to hates me so? It's ruin his life. He feels God hate that godless lot. him so much. It is not supposed They brought this to be happened. Mr. Epps thinks on me. I bring whether or not this damnation them God's word happens because of his slaves. and heathens they As a Christian, he has preached are, they brung me the scripture to his slaves, but his God's scorn. slaves are godless. It gives him Damn you! Damn God‘s scorn. He assumes that you all! Damn his slaves cause this damnation. you! Thus, he swears at them.

17. Mr. Epps : I'll be damned. Damned White It is in a tense moment when Mr. Were he not free Epps interrogates Solomon and white, Platt. whether or not he can write a Were he not free letter. It is because Armsby, a and white. white slave has told to Mr. Epps about Solomon. Solomon trusts him to send his letter to Marksville. However, Armsby betrays Solomon. In the slavery

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period, a slave nigger who can read and write will be killed. Mr. Epps has intention to kill him. However, Solomon tells him that Armsby is a liar and he only wants to take advantage of him. Hearing that, he gets surprised. He uses swear word to provide catharsis or an emotional release.

18. Mr. Epps : Whoa, whoa, whoa. Nigger White There is a conversation going on Yah compare me to between Mr. Epps and Bass a nigger, Bass? about slavery. Bass does not You might as well agree with the brutal way that ask what the Mr. Epps treats his slaves. He difference is expresses his opposition to between a white slavery and it creates Mr. Epps's man and a baboon. enmity. Bass warns Mr. Epps to treat his slaves as human; White people and Black people are alike. Mr. Epps does not want to be compared to those slaves. It is wrong because he is more superior than the Blacks, so he discredits them by saying a nigger is alike a baboon.

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19. Mr. Epps : Where is she, damn Damn White It is Sabbath day. The slaves are it? Where is she? working on their own chores. Phebs, where is Female slaves are washing their she? Where is Dog clothes and hanging them up to Patsey? Where is dry in the backyard. Mr. Epps is she? What you drunk. He is looking for Patsey. standing there for? He asks Phebe whom he thinks Where is she? she must know where she is. Phebe : I don‘t know, Sir. However, Phebe does not know Mr. Epps : You know, you where she goes. It causes Mr. know, you know! Epps annoyed. Thus he scolds You know! her and swears at her by saying Phebe : No, I don‘t. black dog. The word dog belongs Mr. Epps : You miserable to Epithet which refers black dogs. You somebody as an animal. Mr. stand like the deaf Epps is drunk, and so he cannot and dumb. control his anger. He discredits her like a dog.

20. Solomon : Thou devil! Sooner Goddamn Solomon is forced to whip Patsey or later... somewhere by Mr. Epps. However he refuses in the course of it. After being intimidated by eternal justice, thou Epps, he finally does it. He shalt answer for this strikes her until he is not able to sin! do it. Epps take the whip from Mr. Epps : Sin? There is no Solomon and start to strike her

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Appendix B

The Syllabus of “Bad Language Rhetoric” Subject

The University of Texas at Austin Department of Slavic and Eurasian Studies http://www.utexas.edu/cola/depts/slavic/ Spring Semester 2012

Maledicta: “Bad” Language, Race, Class, and Gender in American Popular Culture

RUS 369, REE 325, LIN 350, CL 323, MAS 374, WGS 340, AMS 321

COURSE DESIGN

Instructor: Prof. Thomas. J. Garza Offices: Calhoun CAL 406 and Rainey HRH 4.190 (box in CAL 415) Phones: 471-3607 or 471-6574 Email: [email protected] Office hours: M 2-3:30 (HRH), T 9:30-11 (CAL)

and any other time by appointment Class time: TTh 2-3:30 p.m. in CAL 100 ______

TeachingRequired texts: Jason[all available Alea, Abbie at the Weil, UT Co and-op] Assistants:• Bad Language: Maryam Are Some Shariati Words Better than Office:Others? [BL ], E.CAL Battistella. 429E Oxford UP, 2007. Phone:• :471 -A3607 Good Look at Bad Language E[-EDmail:], Ruth [email protected] Free Press, 2005. • Course packet of readings [CP], available at [email protected] and Speedway Printers (Dobie Mall) Supplementary [email protected]: [available at the UT Co-op] Office hours: TBD

Required texts: [all available at the UT Co-op]  Bad Language: Are Some Words Better than Others? [BL], E. Battistella. Oxford UP, 2007.  Expletive Deleted: A Good Look at Bad Language [ED], Ruth Wajnryb. Free Press, 2005.  Course packet of readings [CP], available at Speedway Printers (Dobie Mall) Supplementary text: [available at the UT Co-op]

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 Forbidden Words: Taboo and the Censoring of Language. Keith Allan, Kate Burridge. Cambridge University Press, 2006.

Ma•le•díc•ta: (Latin. n., pl. maledictum, sg.), curse words, insults; profane and obscene language of all kinds. When is a word ―bad‖? Why does it seem that one person can use a ―bad‖ word with impunity, and another cannot? Why are certain words used specifically to hurt, insult, or demean another person? How do race, socio-economic class, and gender play into the use of ―bad‖ language in the ? This course undertakes the examination of modern usage of language that has been designated as ―bad‖ through social convention. Usage of forms of and invective in common usage will be examined in an attempt to come to an understanding of how the products of US popular culture portray maledicta in situational contexts. Through an examination of various texts culled from print, film, and music, participants will study the context and use of ―bad‖ language and attempt to the underlying principles that dictate its social effect and determine its impact on the audience. Though the majority of texts and usage will be taken from English- language sources, several non-English examples of maledicta from Mexican Spanish, Russian, and other languages will also be examined for contrast and comparison.

I. Course Requirements

Attendance and Participation: You are expected to attend class meetings regularly, participate actively in discussions, do all assigned readings and film viewings, and prepare written and revision assignments. Critical analysis, synthesis and cogent argumentation are essential to the success of the course; precise articulation – orally and in writing -- of your understanding of the texts we consider this term is essential to your own success. [As REE/RUS or MAS participants in this course, you will be required to work with a quotient of the texts in the original Russian or Spanish.] Special Accommodations: Any student with disabilities may request appropriate academic accommodations from the Division of Diversity and Community Engagement, Services for Students with Disabilities at 471-6259. Any necessary accommodations should be presented to the instructor in written form from the SSD at the beginning of the course, unless the need for special accommodations becomes necessary during the course. Response Paper: Each participant will submit a brief response paper (5 pages) to one of a series of statements from the course material presented in class. The paper will be due on Thursday, February 16. Reflection Paper: A short (5 pages) essay on a pre-assigned topic, or one approved by the instructor, involving at least two of the texts covered in the course. This essay is to be handed in on Tuesday, April 5.

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Revision Project: Course participants, working in groups of 2 or 3, are required to hand in by the last day of class, a revision project, 10-15 pages in length, treating any of the film or literary texts covered during the semester, or a text chosen by the participant with the approval of the instructor. Sample treatments will be given out and discussed well in advance of the due date. Groups are required to communicate with the instructor about the treatments well in advance of the due date, as well as to turn in a brief, one paragraph prospectus justifying the choice of text before beginning the revision project.

II. Grading

There are four components of the final course grade. These components and their relative weights are:

Reflection Paper (5 pp.) 20% Response Paper (5 pp.) 20% Revision Project (no less than 10 pp.) 40% Active enthusiastic participation 20%

III. Code

The University of Texas Honor Codes reads: ―The core values of The University of Texas at Austin are learning, discovery, freedom, leadership, individual opportunity and responsibility. Each member of the university is expected to uphold these values through integrity, honesty, trust, fairness and respect toward peers and community.‖ Every class participant is expected to adhere to these principles throughout the course, in dealing with the instructors, fellow students, and in completing all assignments for the course.

COURSE OUTLINE

JANUARY/FEBRUARY When Language Strikes Back

 The History of ―Bad‖ Language  Defining Bad Language: ―I Know It When I Hear It‖  The F-Word: What is Bad Language Linguistically?  ―Banned in Boston‖: Books, Language, and Censorship  You Can‘t Say That! The Case of Lenny Bruce

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MARCH

Language, Comedy, And Music

 George Carlin: 7 Words You Can‘t Say on TV  Tipper Gore v. MTV  The Rise of Hip-Hop, Rap, and the Spoken Word  The N-Word Reemerges  Cable TV Pushes the Envelope

APRIL

Bad Language, Race, and Gender in Film

 MPAA Rating System  Who‟s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1966)  M*A*S*H (1970) and the F-Word  Quentin Tarantino v. Spike Lee  Post-Porno: Women and Language

MAY

Take Back What You Said!

 What is the Impact of ―Bad‖ Language?  ―Bad‖ Rewritten

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SYLLABUS OF ASSINGMENTS

Tuesday, January 17 Introduction to “Maledicta” Overview of syllabus, texts and course requirements  Cee Lo Green‘s ―F*** You‖ v ―Forget You‖

For next meeting, read Ch. 1 ―Falling Foul‖ and Ch. 2 ―Precisely Foul‖ in ED

Thursday, January 19 Definitions of Terms: Obscenity v. Profanity  What are ―maledicta‖?  Why do we swear the way we do? View scenes from Reservoir Dogs (1992) and (1999)

Tuesday, January 24 Setting the Stage I: A History of “Bad” Language in Western Civilization  The Evolution of Bad Language  From the Renaissance to the New World

For next meeting, read Ch. 1 and 4 ―Bad Language: Realism versus Relativism‖ and ―Bad Words‖ in BL, and ―Swearing‖ by Anderson and Trudgill in CP.

Thursday, January 26 Setting the Stage II: What Exactly IS “Bad” Language?  Markers of maledicta  Role of the listener/recipient Listen to excerpts from James Joyce‘s Ulysses

For next meeting, read Ch. 4 and 5 ―Where the F***‖ and ―The Wild Thing‖ in ED, and Sheidlower‘s ―Introduction: About the F- Word‖ in CP. Vladimir Vysotsky ca. 1975

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Tuesday, January 31 The F-Word

 Linguistic considerations  Social considerations and the dilution of the word View scenes from Blue Velvet (1986) and Four Weddings and a Funeral (1994)

For next meeting, read ―Regulation of Indecent Speech‖ in the CP.

Thursday, February 2 Regulating Language and The Greasy Pole  Problems in regulating language  Coming to consensus on how and what to regulate

For next meeting, read ―Banned Books: From Harriet the Spy to The Catcher in the Rye‖ by Brunner in CP.

Tuesday, February 7 Banned In Boston! Literature under Siege

 What were criteria for the bans?  Read excerpts from A Farewell to Arms, Leaves of Grass, Manhattan Transfer, and others – banned in Boston

Thursday, February 9 Reading Literature –with or without Bad Language

 What does national culture say about profanity?  Read excerpts from Mexican and Russian literature  Short Essays are due today!

For next meeting, read the First Amendment of the US Constitution,

Tuesday, February 14 What Does the 1st Amendment Protect?  Free Speech v Freedom of Speech

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 View scenes from The People Vs. Larry Flynt (1996) Listen to ―protected speech‖ in the US

For next meeting, read ―The Trials of Lenny Bruce‖ by Doug Linder. in CP.

Thursday, February 16 The Case of Lenny Bruce

 Lenny Bruce performance  Review case history and verdict  Was Lenny Bruce a scapegoat?

For next meeting, read ―Richard Pryor,‖ and ―Shock Jock‖ in CP.

Lenny Bruce Mug Shot

Tuesday, February 21 Lenny Bruce’s Inheritors: From Richard Pryor to Howard Stern

 1987 and a Youth "Revolution" in film

For next meeting, read ―Nigger‖ [from Wikipedia(!)] in CP.

Thursday, February 23 Does Comedy Excuse Language?  Humor v. Language  Current models

For next meeting, bring in examples of ―controversial‖ language in current television media

Tuesday, February 28 Language and the Media  Does it matter where bad language occurs?

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 Watch segment from ―The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour‖

For next meeting, read transcript of George Carlin‘s ―Filthy Words‖ and ―A Tribute to George Carlin‖ in CP. Thursday, March 1 Words You Can’t Say on TV  Carlin‘s Seven Words and Why Those Words  View performance of ―7 Words‖

For next meeting, read Ch. 6 ―Bad Accents‖ in BL, and ―Rap, Rock and Censorship: Popular Culture and the Technologies of Justice‖ by Deflem in C

George Carlin

Tuesday, March 6 Music, Lyrics, and Bad Language  Relationship between music lyrics, obscenity, and censorship Listen to selected songs from various ―watch lists‖

For next meeting, read the introduction to Raising Kids in an X-Rated Society by Tipper Gore in CP.

Thursday, 8 March Tipper Gore and the PRSC  Rock music lyrics, profanity, and Capitol Hill Moms Listen to the songs on PRSC ―hit list‖

For next meeting, read Ch. 6 ―Bad Accents‖ in BL, and ―Rap, Rock and Censorship: Popular Culture and the Technologies of Justice‖ by Deflem in CP. Tipper Gore and PRSC

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SPRING BREAK

Thursday, March 22 Rap, Music, and the Written Word (Graffiti)  Language of Rap: Poetry, Lyric, Message  Listen to the songs on PRSC ―hit list‖

For next meeting, read ―The Blue Tube: Foul Language on Prime Time Network TV‖ and ―PTC Study Shows Almost 70% Jump in Bad Language on Broadcast TV‖ in CP.

Tuesday, March 27 Bad Language and TV Culture  Ratings v. Language  View scenes from The Sopranos and Dexter

For next class, read ―FCC Regulation of Broadcast Obscenity, Indecency, and Profanity‖ and ―High Court Weighs Policy against Curse Words on TV

Thursday, March 29 Cable Rewrites Bad Language  Was the youth community the cause in  View scenes from The Sopranos and Dexter.

For next meeting, read Beck‘s ―Hollywood Censored: The Production Code Administration and the Hollywood Film Industry, 1930-1940‖ in CP).

2 Live Crew LP cover 1986

Tuesday, April 3 Censorship and Cinema  Can language in film be controlled?  View edited scenes from censored movies. Longer paper is due on Thursday! For next meeting, finish papers!

Thursday, April 5 Early Cinematic Occurrences View scene from Gone with the Wind (1939)  Hand in longer papers today!

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 For next meeting, read ―Useful Notes: The Fifties‖ in CP.

Tuesday, April 10 The 1950s and How Language is Managed  The New Age of Television and Language

For next meeting, read ―One Eternal Round - Movie Ratings and Content Judging Profanity in Film‖ by Kevin B. and ―Motion Picture Association of America Rating System‖ in MPAA Rating System CP.

Thursday, April 12 Film Gets “Rated”  Ratings: Utility v. Censorship  View scenes from ―Frankly My Dear…‖

For next meeting, read Legman‘s ―A Word for It‖ and Stewart‘s ―Male and Female Differences in Swearing and Taboo Language‖

Tuesday, April 17 Language and Portraits of Women in Film  Women playing women – or men?  View scenes from Who‟s Afraid of Virginia Woolf (1966)

For next meeting, read Weiner‘s ―A Concise History of ‗Fuck‘‖ in CP.

Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1966)

Thursday, April 19 The F-Bomb Explodes on Film  The F-bomb is dropped!

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 View scenes from M*A*S*H* (1970) and Summer of Sam (1999)

For next meeting, read ―Swearing in the Cinema‖ by Cressman, et al. in CP and watch Reservoir Dogs in CAL 100.

Tuesday, April 24 Post-Cold War Cinema and a Leap in Language  Why the shift in language use?  View scenes from Pulp Fiction and Do the Right Thing. For next meeting, read Ch. 9 ―Son of a Bitch‖ in ED and ―Dialogue Graffiti‖ in CP.

Pulp Fiction (1995)

Thursday, April 26 Post-Porno: Women and Language  The rise of the b-word and its dilution View scene from Aliens

For next meeting, read Ch. 11 ―Bootleggers and Asterisks‖ in ED, and wikiHow ―How to Stop Swearing‖ (in CP).

Tuesday, May 1 Can Bad Language Be Rewritten? View ―How to Stop Swearing‖  Course Instructor Survey

For next meeting, read Ch. 7 ―Images and Engagement‖ in BL.

Thursday, May 3 Conclusions and Final Thoughts  Closing Comments  Final Projects due

Have a great summer!

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