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GALLOWS AND GOTHIC HUMOR (INCLUDES DISGUSTING, , INSULTING, SICK, SUBVERSIVE, OBSCENE, POLITICALLY INCORRECT, AND TRAGICOMIC HUMOR:

by Don L. F. Nilsen English Department Arizona State University Tempe, AZ 85287-0302 ( [email protected] )

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GALLOWS HUMOR, PAGE 1 Carroll, Noel. "Horror and Humor." Journal of and Cricisism 57 (1999): 145-160; also in Beyond Aesthetics: Philosophical Essays. Ed. Noel Carroll. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2001, 235-253. Chamberlain, William, and Nancy Pogel. "Humor Into Film: Self Reflections in Adaptations of Black Comic Novels." Literature/Film Quarterly. 13.3 (1985): 187-193. Chappell, Charles. "The Sanitized Ending of William Faulkner's The Wild Palms or, Fifty Years of No Shit." Maledicta 11 (1990-1995): 49-58. Clark, John R. The Modern Satiric Grotesque and Its Traditions. Lexington: Univ of Kentucky, 1991 Clark, John R., and Anna Lydia Motto. "Funny Bones: The Deadly Laughter of the Grotesque." Thalia: Studies in Literary Humor 9.2 (1987): 24-31. Cleveland, Les. Dark Laughter: War in Song and Popular Culture. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1994. Cohen, Karl F. Forbidden : Censored Cartoons and Black-listed Animators in America. New York, NY: McFarland, 1997. Colletta, Lisa. Dark Humor and Social in the Modern British Novel. New York, NY: Palgrave/McMillan, 2003. Conway, Andrew. "You're Ugly, Your Dick Is Small, and Everybody Fucks Your Mother! The Stand-Up 's Response to the Heckler." Maledicta 11 (1990-1995): 34-46. Craig, David M. Tilting at Mortality: Narrative Strategies in Joseph Heller's . Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 1997. Crawford, Neil. "Do You Like Aural? British Phone Sex Ads" Maledicta 11 (1990-1995): 129-132. Davis, Douglas M., ed. The World of Black Humor: An Introductory Anthology of Selections and Criticism. New York: E. P. Dutton, 1979. de Sousa, Ronald. "When Is Wrong to Laugh?" The Philosophy of Laughter and Humor. Ed. John Morreall. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1987, 226-249. Delahaye, S. “ by Laughter in Sade and Maupassant.” French Studies Bulletin 96 (2005): 16-17. Denniston, Constance. “The American Romance-Parody: A Study of Heller’s Catch-22.” Critical Essays on Catch-22. Ed. James Nagel. Encino, CA: Dickenson Publishing Co., 1974, 64-77. Des Pres, Terrence. "Holocaust Laughter?" Writing and the Holocaust. Ed. Berel Lang. New York, NY: Holmes and Meier, 1988. 216-233. Di Renzo, Anthony. American Gargoyles: Flannery O'Connor and the Medieval Grotesque. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 1992. Dickstein, Morris. "Black Humor and History: Fiction in the Sixties." Black Humor: Critical Essays. Ed. Alan Pratt, CT: Garland, 1993, 123-154. Dolmetsch, Carl. "`' and Black Humor in Recent American Fiction." Black Humor: Critical Essays. Ed. Alan Pratt, CT: Garland, 1993, 215-248. Duckworth, A. M. “Lisa Colletta Dark Humor and Social Satire in the Modern British Novel.” English Literature in Transition 49.2 (2006): 234-238. Duffy, R. “Bad Language: From Potty Talk to Swearing to Name-Calling: Humor or Hurtful?” Exchange 173 (2007): 72-75. Dukore, Bernard Frank. Where Laughter Stops: Pinter's . Columbia: Univ of Missouri Press, 1976. Dundes, Alan. "At Ease, Disease--AIDS Jokes as Sick Humour." American Behavioural Scientist 30.1 (1987): 72-81. Dundes, Alan. Cracking Jokes: Studies of Sick Humor Cycles and Stereotypes. Berkeley: Ten Speed Press, 1987. Dundes, Alan. "The Dead Baby Joke Cycle." Folklore 38 (1979): 145-157. Dundes, Alan, and Thomas Hauschild. "Auschwitz Jokes." Western Folklore 42.4 (1983): 249-260; also in Humour in Society: Resistance and Control. Eds. Chris Powell and George Paton. NY: St. Martin's, 1988, 56-66. Dutton, R. Modern Tragicomedy and the British Tradition Brighton, England: Harvester Press, 1986.

GALLOWS HUMOR, PAGE 2 Eckardt, A. Roy. On the Way to Death: Essays Toward A Comic Vision. New Brunswick, NJ: 1996. Erickson, John D. "Surrealist Black Humor as Oppositional Discourse." Symposium: A Quarterly Journal in Modern Foreign Literatures. 42 (1988): 198-213. Estren, Mark. A History of Underground Comics. Berkeley, CA: Ronin, 1993. Feldman, Burton. "Anatomy of Black Humor." Black Humor: Critical Essays. Ed. Alan Pratt, CT: Garland, 1993, 101-106. Fetrow, Fred M. "Joseph Heller's Use of Names in Catch-22." Studies in Contemporary Satire 1.2 (1975): 28- 38. Fletcher, M. D. "Heller's Catch-22: Satiric Political Apalogue." Contemporary Political Satire: Narrative Strategies in the Post-Modern Context. NY: Lanham, 1987, 59-82. Foerstel, Herbert N. Banned in the U.S.A.: A Reference Guide to Book Censorship in Schools and Public Libraries. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1994. Fog, Rasmus. "Mozart's Bizarre Verbal Behavior: A Case of Tourette Syndrome?" Maledicta 11 (1990-1995): 59-62. Fowkes, Katherine A. Giving Up the : Spirits, , and Angels in Mainstream Comedy Films. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 1998. Foxx, Redd, and Norma Miller. The Encyclopedia of Black Humor. Pasadena, CA: W. Ritchie Press, 1977. Friedman, Bruce Jay, ed. Black Humor. New York: Bantam, 1965. Friedman, Bruce Jay. "Some Observations: Bruce Jay Friedman Looks Back." Black Humor: Critical Essays. Ed. Alan Pratt, CT: Garland, 1993, 25-26. Frohock, W. M. "The Edge of Laughter: Some Modern Fiction and the Grotesque." Veins of Humor. Ed. Harry Levin. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 1972, 243-54. Galloway, David. The Absurd Hero in American Fiction: Updike, Styron, Bellow, Salinger. 2nd ed. Austin: Univ of Texas Press, 1981. Gehring, Wes D. American Dark Comedy: Beyond Satire. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1996. Gillen, Francis P. "Joseph Heller." Encyclopedia of American . Ed. Steven Gale. NY: Garland, 1988, 213-20. Goldstein, Donna. Laughter Out of Place: Race, Class, Violence, and Sexuality in a Rio Shantitown. Berkeley, CA: 2003 Goodwin, Joseph P. "If Ignorance Is Bliss, 'Tis Folly To Be Wise: What We Don't Know Can Hurt Us." Journal of Folklore Research 32.2 (1995): 155-164. Goodwin, Joseph P. "Unprintable Reactions to All the News That's Fit to Print." Southern Folklore. 46.1 (1989): 15-40. Green, Daniel. “A World Worth Laughing at: Catch-22 and the Humor of Black Humor.” Studies in the Novel 8.2 (1995): 186-196. Greiner, Donald J. Djuna Barnes’ Nightwood and the American Origins of Black Humor.” Critique 17.1 (1975): 41-51. Guthke, K. S. Modern Tragicomedy. New York, NY: Random House, 1966. Halfin, Igali. “The Bolsheviks’ Gallows Laughter.” Journal of Political Ideologies 11.3 (2006): 247-268. Hall, Dennis. "No Laughing Matter: Values, , and the Demise of AIDS Jokes." Journal of American Culture 16.2 (1993): 25-30. Hall, James. The Tragic : Seven Modern British Novelists. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University, 1963, 3-10. Harmon, William. "`Anti-Fiction' in ." The Comic Imagination in American Literature. Ed. Louis D. Rubin, Jr. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers Univ Press, 1983, 373-84. Harris, Charles B. Contemporary American Novelists of the Absurd. New Haven, CT: College & University Press, 1971. Harris, Charles B. "Illusions of Absurdity: The Novels of ." Critical Essays on Kurt Vonnegut.

GALLOWS HUMOR, PAGE 3 Ed. Robert Merril. Boston, MA: G. K. Hall, 1990, 131-141. Harris, David A., and Izrail Rabinovich. The Jokes of Oppression. New York, NY: Jason Aronson, 1988. Hartwig, H. Joan. Shakespeare's Tragicomic Vision. New Orleans: Louisiana State Univ Press, 1972. Hasley, Louis. "Black Humor and Gray." Arizona Quarterly 30 (1974): 317-328; also in Black Humor: Critical Essays. Ed. Alan Pratt, CT: Garland, 1993, 107-122. Hassan, Ihab. "Echoes of Dark Laughter: The Comic Sense in Contemporary American Fiction." Humor in America. Ed. Enid Veron. NY: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1976, 316-21. Hayes, Harold. Smiling Through the Apocalypse: Esquire's History of the Sixties. NY: McCalls, 1969. Haynes, Doug. “The Persistence of : Interfering with Surrealist Black Humour.” Textual Practice 20.1 (2006): 25-47. Heller, Terry. "Notes on Technique in Black Humor." Thalia: Studies in Literary Humor 2.3 (1980): 15-21. Hendra, Tony. Going Too Far: The Rise and demise of Sick, Gross, Black, Sophomoric, Weirdo, Pinko, Anarchist, Underground, Anti-Establishment Humor. New York, NY: Doubleday, 1987. Hennessy, Brendan. The Gothic Novel. Harlow, England: Longman, 1978. Herzog, Thomas R., and Beverly A. Bush. "The Prediction of Preference for Sick Humor." HUMOR: International Journal of Humor Research 7.4 (1994): 323-340. Herzog, Thomas R., and Joseph A. Karafa." HUMOR: International Journal of Humor Research 11.3 (1998): 291-312. Herzog, Thomas R., and Maegan R. Anderson. "Joke Cruelty, Emotional Responsiveness and Joke Appreciation." HUMOR: International Journal of Humor Research 13.3 (2000): 333-352. Hill, Hamlin. "Black Humor: Its Cause and Cure." Black Humor: Critical Essays. Ed. Alan Pratt, CT: Garland, 1993, 341-350. Hill, Hamlin. "Black Humor and the Mass Audience." American Humor. ed. O. M. Brack, Jr. Scottsdale, AZ: Arrete Press, 1977, 1-11. Hipkiss, Robert A. The American Absurd: Pynchon, Vonnegut, and Barth. Port Washington, NY: National Univ Press, 1984. Holmes, Eric A. "Horror, Crime, and Red Dupes: The Agitative Rhetoric of Entertaining Comics." International Journal of Comic Art 7.1 (2005): 180-187. Holmes, Janet, and Meredith Marra. "Over the Edge? Subversive Humor between Colleagues and Friends." HUMOR: International Journal of Humor Research 15.1 (2002): 65-88. Hoppenstand, Gary. “Horror as Humor: Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s `When the World Screamed.’” Thalia: Studies in Literary Humor 19.1-2 (2000): 52-62. Huckabay, Keith. "Black Humor and of the Absurd: Ontological Insecurity Confronted." Black Humor: Critical Essays. Ed. Alan Pratt, CT: Garland, 1993, 323-340. Hughes, Geoffrey. Swearing: A Social History of Foul Language, Oaths, and in English. Oxford, England: Blackwell, 1991. Hunt, John W. "Comic Escape and Anti-Vision: Joseph Heller's Catch-22." Critical Essays on Catch-22." Ed. James Nagel. Encino, CA: Dickenson Publishing Co, 1974, 125-130. Hyers, M. Conrad. The Spirituality of Comedy: Comic Heroism in a Tragic World. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press/Transaction, 1995. Isaac, Frederick. "Laughing with the Corpse: Hard-Boiled Humor." Comic Crime. Ed. Earl Bargainnier. Bowling Gren, OH: Bowling Green State University Press, 1987. 44-53. Jacobs, D. "When is Bad- Comedy ? ("History of the World Part I" and "Polyester")." Horizon 24 (1981): 70-71. Janoff, Bruce. "Black Humor: Beyond Satire." The Ohio Review. 14.1 (1972): 5-20. Janoff, Bruce. "Black Humor, Existentialism, and Absurdity: A Generic Confusion." The Arizona Quarterly 30.4 (1974): 293-304. Jenkins, Ron. Subversive Laughter: the Liberating Power of Comedy. New York, NY: Free Press, 1994. Johnson, Burgess. The Lost Art of Profanity. Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill, 1948.

GALLOWS HUMOR, PAGE 4 Jones, Richard Glyn, ed. The Fish Is Loaded! Surreal and Bizarre Humour. New York, NY: Citadel, 1991. Kauffman, J. "Gallows Humor and : A Reading of `The Dance of Genghis Cohn" by Romain Gary." Jewish Humor Ed. Avner Ziv. Tel Aviv, Israel: Papyrus, 1986, 99-110. Kauffmann, Judith. Grotesque et Marginalité: Variations sur Albert Cohen et L’effet-Mangeclous. Berlin, : Peter Lang, 2000. Keough, William. Punchlines: The Violence of American Humor. NY: Paragon House, 1966. Keough, William. "The Violence of American Humor." in What's So Funny: Humor in American Culture. Ed. Nancy A. Walker. Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 1998, 133-144. Kernan, Alvin B. The Cankered Muse. New Haven, CT: Press, 1959. Klein, Allen. The Courage to Laugh: Humor, Hope and Healing in the Face of Death and Dying. New York, NY: Tarcher/Putnam, 1998. Klinkowitz, J. "A Final Word for Black Humor." Contemporary Literature 15.2 (1983): 71-76. Klinkowitz, Jerome, and Donald Lawler, eds. Vonnegut in America. New York,, NY: Delta, 1977. Knott, Blanche. Truly Tasteless Jokes. NY: Ballantine, 1982. Kominsky-Crumb, Alice, and Diane Noonin, eds. Twisted Sisters. New York, NY: Penguin, 1990. Kuipers, Giselinde. Good Humor, Bad Taste. New York, NY: Mouton de Gruyter, 2006. Kurtz, Steve. "Black Humor, Crash Humor, and Traditional Aesthetic Representation." Black Humor: Critical Essays. Ed. Alan Pratt, CT: Garland, 1993, 283-302. Leach, Maria, ed. The Ultimate Insult. New York, NY: Carroll and Graf, 1996. Lederer, Richard. The Cunning Linguist. New York, NY: St. Martin's/Griffin, 2003. Lederer, Richard. Nothing Risqué, Nothing Gained. Chicago, IL: Chicago Review Press, 1995. Leeds, Marc, and Peter J. Reed, eds. Kurt Vonnegut: Images and Representations Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2000. Legman, Gerson, ed. Mark Twain: The Mammoth Cod. Santa Rosa, CA: Maledicta Press, 1976. Legman, Gershon. Mark Twain's "The Mammoth Cod: An Address to the Stomach Club." Santa Rosa, CA: Maledicta Press, 1976. Lewis, Paul. "The Killing Jokes of the American Eighties." HUMOR: International Journal of Humor Research 10.3 (1997): 251-284. Lewis, Paul. "Three Jews and a Blindfold: The Politics of Gallows Humor." Semites and Stereotypes: Characteristics of Jewish Humor. Eds. Ziv, Avner, and Anat Zajdman. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1993, 47-58. Lindberg, Stanley. "One Alternative to Black Humor: The Satire of Jack Matthews." Contemporary Satire 1.1 (1974): 17-36. Lipman, Steve. Laughter in Hell. New York, NY: Jason Aronson, 1991. Little, Matthew. "As I Lay Dying and `Dementia Praecox' Humor." Studies in American Humor 2.1 (April, 1975): 61-70. Lloyd, Mike. “Rear Gunners and Troubled Privates: Wordplay in a Dick Joke Competition.” Journal of . 11.1 (2007): 5-23. Lone, S. “Between Bushido and Black Humour.” History Today 55.9 (2005): 20-30. Lubow, Arthur. "Screw You Humor." The New Republic 179.17 (1978): 18-22. Lurie, Alison. Don't Tell the Grown-Ups: Subversive Children's Literature. New York, NY: Avon Books, 1990. Mager, M., and P. A. Cabe. "Effect of Death on Perception of Death-Related Humor." Psychol. Rep. 66 (1990): 1311-1314. Mahony, Patrick. Barbed and Malicious Humor. NY: Citadel, 1956. Mamchak, P. Susan, and Steven R. Mamchak. Encyclopedia of School Humor: Icebreakers, Classics, Stories, Puns and Roasts for All Occasions. West Nyak, NY: Parker, 1987. Mandia, Patricia M. Comedic Pathos: Black Humor in Twain's Fiction New York, NY: McFarland, 1991. Manns, J. "Two Faces of the Absurd." HUMOR: International Journal of Humor Research 1.3 (1988): 259-268. Markels, Julian. "Shakespeare's Confluence of Tragedy and Comedy." Shakespeare 400. New York, NY: Holt,

GALLOWS HUMOR, PAGE 5 Rinehart, and Winston, 1964, 75-88. Marvick, Louis. “Brecht, Shakespeare, and the Dynamics of Black Humor.” Studia Neophilologica 78.1 (2006): 39-45. Mechling, Jay. " and Madness in Joseph Heller's Catch-22." Play and Culture 1.3 (1988): 226-38. Mellencamp, Patricia. High Anxiety: Catastrophe, Scandal, Age and Comedy. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1992. Michael, Nancy. "Censure of a Photocopylore Display." Journal of Folklore Research 32.2 (1995): 137-154. Mintz, Lawrence E. "American Humor as Unifying and Devisive." HUMOR: International Journal of Humor Research 12.3 (1999): 237-253. Miczo, N., and R. E. Welter. “Aggressive and Affiliative Humor: Relationships to Aspects of Intercultural Communication.” Journal of Intercultural Communication Research 35.1 (2006): 61-77. Morreall, John. Comedy, Tragedy, and Religion. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1999. Morrow, Patrick D. "Those Sick Challenger Jokes." Journal of Popular Culture. Spring, 1987, 175-184; also in The Humor Prism in Twentieth-Century America. Ed. Joseph Boskin, Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 1997, 258-266. Munn, W., and Charles Gruner. "`Sick' Jokes, Speaker Sex, and Informative Speech." Southern Speech Communication Journal 46 (1981): 411-418. Murray, Thomas E. "Swearing as a Function of Gender in the Language of Midwestern American College Students: Who Does It More, What Do They Say, When and Where Do They Do It, and Why Do They Do It?" Maledicta 11 (1990-1995): 139-151. Nachman, S. R. "Anti-Humor--Why the Grand Sourcerer Wags His Penis." Ethos 10.2 (1982): 117-135. Nagel, James. Critical Essays on Catch-22. Encino, CA: Dickenson, 1974. Naremore, James. More Than Night: in Its Contexts. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1998. Narváez, Peter, ed. Of Corpse: Death and Humor in Folklore and Popular Culture. Logan, UT: Utah State University Press, 2003. Nelson, William. "The Comic Grotesque in Recent Fiction." Thalia: Studies in Literary Humor 5.2 (1983): 36- 40. Nilsen, Alleen Pace. “Labels of Primary Potency.” Living Language. New York, NY: Allyn and Bacon, 1999, 145-194. Nilsen, Alleen Pace, and Ken Donnelson. "Black Humor and Satire," and "The Humor of Death." Literature for Today's Young Adults. Second Edition. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman, 1985, 348-349, and 354-357. Nilsen, Alleen Pace, and Don L. F. Nilsen. "Barbs of the West: Humor of the Western ." The World and I (April, 1992): 663-670. Nilsen, Alleen Pace, and Don L. F. Nilsen. Encyclopedia of 20TH Century American Humor. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2000. Nilsen, Alleen Pace, and Don L. F. Nilsen. "The Shadows and Shades of Black Humor." Satire 4.1 (1997): 37- 44. Nilsen, Don L. F. "Black/Gallows Humor in American Literature." Humor in American Literature. New York: Garland Press, 1992, 435-442. Nilsen, Don L. F. "Gallows, Black, Sick, and Tragicomic Humor." Humor Scholarship: A Research Bibliography. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1993, 78-84. Nilsen, Don L. F. "The Shadows and Shades of Black Humor." Satire 4.1 (1997): 37-44. Nilsen, Don L. F., and Alleen Pace Nilsen. "The Art of Darkness--Satire and Black Humor." Satire 1.2 (1994): 79-92. Numasawa, Joji. "Black Humor: An American Aspect." Black Humor: Critical Essays. Ed. Alan Pratt, CT: Garland, 1993, 41-60. O'Neill, Patrick. The Comedy of Entropy: Humour, Narrative, Reading. Toronto, Canada: Univ of Toronto Press, 1990.

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