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Sappho Schoolmistress Author(S): Holt N American Philological Association Sappho Schoolmistress Author(s): Holt N. Parker Source: Transactions of the American Philological Association (1974-), Vol. 123 (1993), pp. 309- 351 Published by: The Johns Hopkins University Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/284334 . Accessed: 28/06/2014 10:32 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. American Philological Association and The Johns Hopkins University Press are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Transactions of the American Philological Association (1974-). http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 91.220.202.46 on Sat, 28 Jun 2014 10:32:32 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Transactionsof theAmerican Philological Association 123 (1993) 309-351 Sappho Schoolmistress Holt N. Parker Universityof Cincinnati If we showthat poetry...is not one thingfor men and another for women but thesame, by comparing the songs of Sapphowith those of Anacreon...will anyonehave any reason to find fault with the demonstration? Plutarch,On theVirtues of Women (243b) I. Introduction. "MoniqueWittig and Sande Zeig in theirLesbian Peoples: Materialfor a Dictionarydevote a fullpage to Sappho. The page is blank."So JohnWinkler began one of themost perceptive articles of recentyears on Sappho (162). Wit- tig and Zeig's blank page is a salutarywarning that we know nothingabout Sappho. Or worse:Everything we knowis wrong.Even themost basic "facts" are simplynot so or in need of a stringentcritical reexamination. A singleex- ample.We are toldover and overagain thatSappho "was marriedto Kerkylas of Andros,who is never mentionedin any of the extantfragments of her poetry"(Snyder 1989: 3). Not surprising,since it's a joke name:he's Dick All- cock fromthe Isle of MAN.1 It's been over 139 years since William Mure pointedthis out (1850-57: 111.2,278 [1854]; Calder 147, 150) and it is therein Wilamowitz(1913: 24) and easily accessible in theReal-Encyclopddie (Aly 2361 [?7]). The onlysource for this factoid is theSuda, and it is clearlytaken fromone of the numerouscomedies on Sappho.2Yet one findsthis piece of A versionof thispaper was originallypresented at the1991 APA meetingin Chicagoin a panelsession, "Looking Inward and Looking Outward: New Directionsin theStudy of Sex- ualityin theAncient World," sponsored by theLesbian/Gay Caucus. It was subsequently awardedthe first annual Women's Classical Caucus Prize for Scholarship for an orallypre- sentedpaper. I wouldlike to thank the organizer of the session, Philip Kovitz, and the members ofthe WCC. 1Fromicepico; 'penis,' cf. Henderson 128. I mightbe willingto acceptKerkylas as a real personif the name were ever attested anywhere else andif he came from any other place on the planetexcept Andros (an island,not a city,pace Lardinois22). Theetymology is quitesound. Forother such names built to ice?pi-,e.g., Kepid&a; (RE 21: 292-3,s.v., for the etymology), see Bechtel482. The endingis intendedto recallthe semi-productive type in -Oka; (deriving originallyfrom u-stem by-forms of thematics,e.g., Nt KvXa;, ATjg&0ca;, etc.) and may in fact be a pundirectly on Kep65Xa;(< icp8o; 'profit')attested as a titleof Zeus (Lyc. 1092). 2Sapphoby Ameipsias (Kock 1.674),Amphis (Kock 2.94-96), Antiphanes (Kock 2.94-96), Diphilos(who has Archilochus and Hipponax as herlovers; Kock 2.564=Kassel-Austin [K-A] This content downloaded from 91.220.202.46 on Sat, 28 Jun 2014 10:32:32 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 310 Holt N. Parker informationrepeated without question from book to book, usuallyomitting the dubioussource, usually omitting any reference at all.3 Thus thenote I am soundingis cautionaryand mypurpose in thispaper is primarilynegative. I hope to fosteran atmosphereof skepticism.Whenever anyonepresents a statementabout Sappho, I want us to ask, "How do you know?Says who and where?"I wishto remindus to distrust.4 My purposein thisbrief animadversion is notto attackthe straw men of previouscenturies, nor to rehearsethe fascinatinghistory of the criticalfor- tunesof Sappho (forwhich see Lefkowitz1973/1981 and forFrance, DeJean). Rather,I wish to reconsidera singleinterpretive paradigm which continues to have remarkableinfluence: Sappho as schoolmistress.I wantfirst to examine 5.94), Ephippus(Kock 2.262=K-A 5.148), Timocles (Kock 2.464=K-A 7.777). Other comediespossibly about Sappho: Phaon byPlato Comicus (Kock 1.648=K-A7.508-17) and Antiphanes(Kock 2.104, if not identical with Sappho); Leucadia by Menander (Korte 2.96-98), Diphilus(Kock 2.558=K-A5.81), Alexis (Kock 2.344),Amphis (Kock 2.243); Leukadiosby Antiphanes(Kock 2.69=K-A2.387); Antilaisby Epikrates (Kock 2.284=K-A5.156). Also a Leucadia byTurpilius telling the story of Phaon,based presumably on Menander(Ribbeck 2.113-18;Rvchlewska 1971: 29-37). See Alv 2366:CamDbell 1982: 27. 3So forstandard works subsequent to Aly,see Schadewaldt1950: 9 ("Von dem Mann erfahrenwir nur eben seinen Namen und vielleicht nicht einmal diesen," without mentioning whythe name is in doubt);Hadas 51; Bowra176 ("Thereis no needto doubtthat she was marriedto Cercylas of Andros reputed to be a richman," without mentioning by whom or why ithad been doubted); R. Cantarella203; Flaceliere126; Lesky 139; Campbell 1967: 261 (who notesAly's doubt later in 1982:5 n. 4); West1970: 328 ("Sheacquired a husband,though he is conspicuousby his absencefrom the fragments"); Tarditi 73; Frankel171; Kirkwood101; Pomeroy54; Levi 82 (in a passage stillgallantly defending her against charges of homo- sexuality);E. Cantarella1981/1987: 71, 1988/1992:78. Noneof thesecites the source of the information.Rose 94-95 is uniquein citing Aly and explicitly arguing against him. Wilamowitz (1913: 73) defendsher as a "vornehmeFrau, Gattin und Mutter," and though he recognizes that thehusband's name is a joke (24),the husband himself must still have existed to account for the daughterKleis (so too Schadewaldtand Lardinois 1989: 22). Mure(1857: 591) had already pointedout the basis of this argument: "My opponent [Welcker] and his fellow apologists every whereassume that Sappho was married;on theground chiefly that she had a daughter,and the daughterof so exemplarya woman must necessarily have been a legitimatechild" (see Calder 153).Others working to rehabilitate her as a nineteenth-centuryschoolmistress flatly assert that she was unmarriedand consequentlya virgin; so Schmid-Stiihlin(417 andn. 9) baldlystate: "Verheiratetkann sie kaumgewesen sein . Der reicheMann Kerkylas von Andros (Suid. s. Xianrp)wird der Legende angehoren ... Mitdem Mann fallt auch die Tochter"(failing to cite Aly,missing the point that Kerkylas comes from comedy, criticizing Wilamowitz for taste- lessnessin doing so, andevidencing the same curious assumptions about the birth of children); so tooJaeger I, 133. 4WelckerII, 80 in his defenceof Sapphoon thecharge of beinga homosexualquotes Epicharmus (250 Kaibel) as his epigraph: va&pexcat p4ivaa' aitoaeiv apOpa caiVra cav ppev6v("Be soberand remember to distrust that organ of the mind"). Though Welcker had a differentax to grind, his attempt at an attitudeof skepticism is commendable. See Calder1986. This content downloaded from 91.220.202.46 on Sat, 28 Jun 2014 10:32:32 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions SapphoSchoolmistress 311 thispicture of Sappho and what,if any,evidence has been used to constructit, thento look at the models which (explicitlyor implicitly)have formedthe basis forthis picture. Next, I turnmy attentionto two particularattempts to rescuethis image-Sappho as music teacherand Sappho as sex-educator.To support these models there has arisen a curious double movement of assimilationand isolation.Her sexuality(the expressionof whichshe shares withno one else)5 has been absorbedinto a male model of pederasticpower and aggression,while her poetry(the expressionof which she shares with many) has been cut offfrom all otherpoets. Finally,I considera different paradigmfor understanding Sappho, whichI believe is truerto the few facts we do possess. II. Palimpsest. Perhapsan even betterimage forSappho thanthe blankpage is thepa- limpsest.There does exist a textof Sappho, but it is so thicklywritten over withcritical accumulation that it is almostimpossible to make out the words beneath.This repetitionof statementsand assumptionsfrom book to book is indicativeof what seems to me to be a widespreadtendency in the studyof Sappho, wherestatements are takenfrom previous works without any critical evaluation,frequently without citation, as ifthey were facts so basic that"ever- yone" knows them.Further, this lack of criticalevaluation towards Sappho stands in sharp contrastto the generalskeptical approach to the otherlyric poets, for example Alcaeus.6 Specially, thereis a failureto tryas far as possibleto look at thetext without first reading the commentary. 5Thatis, the first-person expression of desire by a womanfor a woman. 6Forthis widespread attitude Lesky can be takenas an exemplar.Contrast the following statements:"Ancient and moderninterpretations have often grossly simplified this period of historyand have romanticized
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