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Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-42757-9 — When Movements Become Parties Santiago Anria Index More Information Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-42757-9 — When Movements Become Parties Santiago Anria Index More Information Index Achacachi, 57 authoritarianism, 181, 191 Achacollo, Nemecia, 146 “competitive authoritarian” regimes, 24 AD. See Democratic Action FA formative years under military ad hoc committees, 119–20, 138 authoritarian rule, 184 adaptive capacity, 32 autonomous social mobilization, 4, 17, 26, 42, African National Congress (South Africa) 63, 161, 199 (ANC), 9, 213, 217, 219–20 bottom-up participation and, 166 agrarian reform, 133–4, 144 capacity for, 62–9, 156, 202 Aldrich, John H., 8, 214 sustaining, 211 Alencar, José, 176 check on executive power by, 94 Alianza País (PAIS Alliance) (Ecuador), 1 demand making by, 137 allied groups, 18–19, 209 internal party politics and, 130 constraining capacities of, 50, 161 MAS autonomous mobilization capacity, 18 creative capacities of, 160 MAS unable to control, 152 Almaraz, Alejandro, 145–6 party-movement relations and, 91 El Alto, 57, 80, 86–9 strength of, 160 Aymara immigrants to, 77 top-down structures countered by, 198 candidate selection in, 123–4 autonomy general elections in, 77–80 embedded autonomy, 143 MAS in, 76–82 mobilization capacity, autonomy of, 48, municipal elections in, 79 131–2 population of, 77 of social organizations, 87 poverty in, 77 state funding and, 24 Amaral, Oswaldo E., 53, 168, 175 Aymara peoples Amenta, Edwin, 219 immigrants to El Alto, 77 ANC. See African National Congress katarista Aymara indigenous movement, (South Africa) 13–14 anticorruption law, 133–4 Arce Catacora, Luis, 91, 155 Banzer, Hugo, 76 Argentina, 38 Batlle, Jorge, 189 ASIP. See Popular and Solidarity Alliance Blancos (Uruguay), 184 ASP. See Sovereignty of the People Bloque Oriente (Eastern Block), 89 AU. See Uruguay Assembly Bogliaccini, Juan, 189 265 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-42757-9 — When Movements Become Parties Santiago Anria Index More Information 266 Index Bolivarian Circles, 23 bodies for deliberation and consultation, 187 Bolivia, 201–2, 209–10, 216, 225–9 bottom-up participation in, 183, 190–1 decentralization reforms in, 222 electoral progress, 194–6 domestic power relations in, 97 formative years under military authoritarian economic and social crises in, 196 rule, 184 greater inclusiveness of Bolivian politics, ideological moderation of, 185–6 91–2, 96 labor unions and, 190 major departments in, 56–7 majoritarianism, commitment to, 187, 192 MAS and political system of, 24 MAS and PT, comparison across cases with, under Morales, 23 195, 211–12 personalistic leadership in, 227 membership rights and obligations of, 192–3 rural syndicalism in, 28 organizational vitality of, 190 “ruralization” of politics in, 14 origins of, 182–3, 186–7, 190 “shock-therapy” shift to neoliberalism, 14 policy-making under FA governments, 188–9 social and cultural diversity of, 128 power distributions in, 164, 166–7 Bolivian Communist Party (PCB), 74 rise to power of, 197 Bolivian Law 1008, 70 Bruera, Gómez, 177, 180 Bolivian Socialist Falange, 72 Bruhn, Kathleen, 206 Bolivian Workers’ Central (COB), 13, 87, 150–1 bureaucratization, 37, 170 Ministry of Economy and, 144–5 weak, 21–2 Bolsa Familia, 178 Weber on, 43 bottom-up participation, 2, 26, 84–5, 167, 183, 191–2 Campo Majoritário (Majority Group), 171, autonomous social mobilization and, 166 175–6 candidate selection and, 210 candidate selection, 33–5, 49, 57, 108 conditions for, 208–9 in El Alto, 123–4 correctives to hierarchy, 127, 160 bottom-up participation and, 210 executive branch and, 137 civil society and, 104 in FA, 183, 190–1 Duverger on, 35 governing parties open to, 6 fieldwork sites for local level, 122 gradual suppression of, 162 grass-roots social movements and, 128 institutional structures for, 181 importance of, 34–6 logic of mobilization, 91, 102 of legislative candidates, 99, 109 MAS and, 1, 68, 93, 211 MAS and, 209 Morales and, 72 mechanics of, 112 movement-based parties and, 214 plurinominal representatives and, 116–20 permeability to, 58 top-down structures and, 102 policy-making and, 209 uninominal representatives and, 110–16 pressure from, 58 variation in, 100, 105 in PT, 32 capitalism spaces for, 171 anti-capitalist rhetoric, 188 weakening channels of, 151–2 reforming, 45, 175, 194 Brazil. See also Workers’ Party cartel party thesis, 31–2 economic and social crises in, 196 causal process observations, 56 Lula and constraints of Brazilian politics, CCSI. See Civicus Civil Society Index 177–8 CEDIB. See Center for Documentation and participatory programs at municipal level in, Information 196 Centellas, Miguel, 28 pension system in, 179 Center for Documentation and Information Brazilian Democratic Movement (MDB), 169 (CEDIB), 58 Broad Front (Uruguay) (FA), 9, 19, 51, 167, centrales, 112–13 181, 192 Chaco War, 12–13 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-42757-9 — When Movements Become Parties Santiago Anria Index More Information Index 267 Chamber of Deputies, 95, 110 CONAMAQ. See National Council of Ayllus Chamber of Senators, 110 and Marcas of Qullasuyu Chapare region, 15 CONDEPA. See Conscience of the Fatherland coca producers in, 84 Confederation of Bolivian Indigenous Peoples charismatic political leaders, 52–3 (CIDOB), 93, 157–8 Chávez, Hugo, 1, 18, 23, 228 Congress, 110, 117 Chávez, Marcelina, 118 MAS control over, 149–50 CIDOB. See Confederation of Bolivian socio-demographic composition of, 133 Indigenous Peoples Congress Socialist Party (Kerala) (CSP), 9 Civic Solidarity Union (UCS), 81, 90, 126 Conscience of the Fatherland (CONDEPA), Civicus Civil Society Index (CCSI), 202–3 73, 80 civil liberties, 227 constant causes, 16–17, 40–1, 47–51, 165, 199 civil society, 47, 49, 127, 208–9, 219 internal power distributions and, 203 aligned with MAS, 112–13, 121–3 Constituent Assembly, 93, 95 aligned with opposition parties, 113–14, Constitution, 2009, 95, 134 125–7 constitutional reform, 71 of Bolivia, 201–2, 210 constraining capacities, 132, 152–9 candidate selection and, 104 of allied groups, 50, 161 configuration of, 22–3, 47, 199, 205 of grass-roots social movements, 131 constellations of party-civil society, 103–4, cooperative miners, 142 108 core constituency, 8 cyclical attributes of, 41 COR-El Alto. See Regional Labor Federation democratic politics and, 22–5 corporatism, 131, 142 density of, 22, 44, 220–1 Correa, Rafael, 1 highly mobilized, 49, 224 corruption, 168 movement-based parties and, 20 anticorruption law, 133–4 policy-making and, 199–204, 210–11 creative capacities, 40, 49–50, 136–7 political alignment of, 98–9, 102, 114–15, of grass-roots social movements, 130–1, 161 217 CSP. See Congress Socialist Party (Kerala) multiple, 123–5 CSUTCB. See Unique Confederation of Rural power distributions and, 18, 20 Laborers of Bolivia shaping internal party structures, 199–203 CUT. See Unified Workers’ Central (Brazil) significance of, 212–13 Cyr, Jennifer, 74 strength of, 44, 49, 102, 114–15, 217, 228 weak, 115, 193 Dahl, Robert A., 24–5, 227 clientelism, 23–4 de Leon, Cedric, 31 COB. See Bolivian Workers’ Central debt crisis, 221 coca eradication programs, 69–70, 85 decentralization reforms, 222 coca growing unions, 83 Decree 748, 155 coca producers (cocaleros), 15, 67–8, 156 Delgadillo, Wálter, 157 in Chapare region, 84 Delgado, Rebeca, 141 Marxism and, 70 della Porta, Donatella, 2–3, 8–9 political instrument of, 62, 71–2, 82–3 de-mobilization, 39, 176–7, 190 Collier, David, 22–3, 221 Democracy and the Organization of Political Collier, Ruth Berins, 22–3, 199–201, 221 Parties (Ostrogorski), 3–4 Colorados (Uruguay), 184 Democratic Action (AD) (Venezuela), 36 COMIBOL. See state mining sector democratic politics, 5, 225–6 Communal Councils (Venezuela), 23 civil society and, 22–5 Communist Party (Uruguay) (PC), 182–3 delegative democracy, 226–7 CON. See Regular National Congress direct democracy, 107, 185 CONALCAM. See National Coordinator for internal party democracy, 36 Change democratizing democracy, 6 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-42757-9 — When Movements Become Parties Santiago Anria Index More Information 268 Index Department of Cochabamba, 118, 120 Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front Departmental Directorates, 137 (FMLN) (El Salvador), 9 direct democracy, 107 Federation of Neighborhood Boards mechanisms of, 185 (FEJUVE-El Alto), 86–9, 123–4 Direct Election Process (PED) (Brazil), 171–3 feminism, CSTUCB feminist branch, 146 Do Alto, Hervé, 107, 117, 133 FENCOMIN. See National Federation of Downs, Anthony, 20 Mining Cooperatives Dunkerley, James, 92 FETCT. See Special Federation of Peasant Duverger, Maurice, 30, 35, 170 Workers of the Tropics of Cochabamba on candidate selection, 35 FEYCH. See Special Federation of the Yungas of the Chapare Eastern Block (Bloque Oriente), 89 FMLN. See Farabundo Martí National economic crises, 196, 224–5 Liberation Front economic growth, 143 food sovereignty, 146–7 economic pressures, 52 French, John D., 169 Ecuador, 26, 216–17, 228 FSTMB. See Union Federation of Bolivian elections, 73, 86 Mineworkers El Alto general elections, 77–80 El Alto municipal elections, 79 Gallardo, Germán, 147 April 2010 municipal elections, 121 García, Fernando, 120 cities central for winning electoral majorities, García Linera, Álvaro, 53, 75, 112, 140, 159 134–5 Gas War, 80–1 electoral competition, 30, 37, 44 Gasolinazo, 85, 97, 154–5 electoral rules, 98, 100–1, 127 gasoline
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