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A Brief History of Bolivia, Second Edition A Br i e f Hi s t o r y o f BoliviA se c o n d ed i t i o n A Br i e f Hi s t o r y o f BoliviA se c o n d ed i t i o n WA l t r A u d Q. Mo r A l e s University of Central Florida A Brief History of Bolivia, Second Edition Copyright © 2010 by Lexington Associates All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information contact: Facts On File, Inc. An imprint of Infobase Publishing 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Morales, Waltraud Q. A brief history of Bolivia / Waltraud Q. Morales. — 2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8160-7877-6 (acid-free paper) 1. Bolivia—History. I. Title. F3321.M76 2010 984—dc22 2009053660 Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions. Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at (212) 967-8800 or (800) 322-8755. You can find Facts On File on the World Wide Web at http://www.factsonfile.com Excerpts included herewith have been reprinted by permission of the copyright holders; the author has made every effort to contact copyright holders. The publishers will be glad to rectify, in future editions, any errors or omissions brought to their notice. Text design by Joan M. McEvoy Maps by Dale Williams Composition by Mary Susan Ryan-Flynn Cover printed by Art Print, Taylor, Pa. Book printed and bound by Maple-Vail Book Manufacturing Group, York, Pa. Date printed: April 2010 Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 This book is printed on acid-free paper. To Carl, my one and only, and to Mom and Dad with love Contents List of Illustrations viii List of Maps ix List of Tables ix List of Acronyms xi Acknowledgments xv Preface xvii Introduction: People of South America’s Heartland xxvii 1 The Ancient Indian Peoples 1 2 Colonial Bolivia (1532–1780) 15 3 Independence Wars and the New Nation (1780–1839) 35 4 The Age of Caudillo Rule (1839–1879) 57 5 Republican Rule and the New Oligarchy (1879–1932) 73 6 The Chaco War and Its Aftermath (1932–1951) 101 7 The National Revolution (1951–1964) 139 8 The Military and Counterrevolution (1964–1982) 167 9 The Challenge of Democracy (1982–2002) 201 10 The Democratic Revolution of Evo Morales (2003–2009) 233 11 Conclusion: What’s Ahead for Bolivia? 271 Appendixes 1 Basic Facts about Bolivia 277 2 Chronology 283 3 Bibliography 293 4 Suggested Reading 307 Index 321 List of illustrations Aerial view of the Andes xxxi Llamas xxxvi Potato harvest xxxviii Quechua woman xxxix A paceño xl La Paz xlii Tiwanakan pottery jar 3 Gate of the Sun, Tiwanaku 5 Inca stone walls 9 Francisco Pizarro 17 Cerro Rico, Potosí 24 Altiplano agriculture 26 Indian woman weaving, near Lake Titicaca 37 Woman in traditional dress 39 Simón Bolívar 48 Antonio José de Sucre 50 Burros 60 Bay of Cobija 79 View of Sucre 87 Potosí revival 91 A potosino 92 Tin miners 93 Germán Busch 111 Bolivian classroom 115 Gualberto Villarroel 126 Members of the Sakaka ethnic group 128 Plaza Murillo, La Paz 131 Miners at site of labor unrest in 1940s 133 Víctor Paz Estenssoro 144 Rural farmer 146 Campesinos shearing an alpaca 150 Juan Lechín 157 Street vendors 173 César Lora 175 viii Hugo Banzer Suárez 191 Luis García Meza 197 Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada 210 Tin workers’ protest, 1986 214 Jaime Paz Zamora 217 Cocaine factory 220 Miners taking coca leaf–chewing break 228 Ch’alla ritual offering 239 Pro-Evo graffiti in Trinidad 245 Vote for autonomy in Tarija 248 Pro-autonomy graffiti in Santa Cruz 250 Woman carrying wiphala 252 Evo Morales 255 List of Maps Income Equality throughout the World, 2007–2008 xx South America xxviii Modern Bolivia xxxv Departments of Bolivia xlv Inca Empire 12 Viceroyalty of Peru, ca. 1650 30 Territorial Distribution of the “Yes” and “No” Votes in the 2006 National Referendum on Departmental Autonomy 246 List of Tables Rural Population in Select Latin American Countries xxxiii Population of Departments and Departmental Capitals, 1854 Census 61 Representation of Major Parties and Groups in the Popular Assembly 188 ix Class Makeup and Political Affiliation of Delegates to the Popular Assembly 189 Results of the 1978 Presidential Election (Major Parties and Coalitions) 195 Results of the 1979 Presidential Election (Major Parties and Coalitions) 195 Results of the 1980 Presidential Election (Major Parties and Coalitions) 197 Results of the 1985 Presidential Election (Major Parties) 209 Results of the 1989 Presidential Election (Major Parties) 216 Results of the 1997 Presidential Election (Major Parties) 225 Results of the 2002 Presidential Election (Major Parties) 230 Results of the 2005 Presidential Election (Major Parties) 240 2005 Political Party Representation in Bolivian National Congress 244 Results of 2006 Constituent Assembly Elections and Autonomy Referendum 247 Results of 2009 National Constitutional Referendum 257 x List of acronyms ADN Nationalist Democratic Action (Acción Democrática Nacionalista) APCOB Aid for Indigenous Peasants of Eastern Bolivia (Apoyo para el Campesino-Indígena del Oriente Boliviano) APDHB Bolivian Permanent Assembly of Human Rights (Asamblea Permanente de Derechos Humanos de Bolivia); also Permanent Assembly of Human Rights of Bolivia APG Assembly of Guaraní People (Asamblea del Pueblo Guaraní) ATPDEA Andean Trade Promotion and Drug Enforcement Act BAMIN Mining Bank of Bolivia (Banco Minero de Bolivia) CEPB Bolivian Confederation of Private Entrepreneurs (Confederación de Empresarios Privados de Bolivia) CIA (U.S.) Central Intelligence Agency CIDOB Confederation of Indigenous Peoples of Eastern Bolivia (Confederación de Pueblos Indígenas del Oriente Boliviano) CNTCB National Confederation of Peasant Workers of Bolivia (Confederación Nacional de Trabajadores Campesinos de Bolivia) COB Bolivian Labor Central (Central Obrera Boliviana) COMIBOL Bolivian Mining Corporation (Corporación Minera de Bolivia) CONADE National Committee for the Defense of Democracy (Comité Nacional de Defensa de la Democracia) CONALDE National Democratic Council (Consejo Nacional Democrático) CONAMAQ National Council of Ayllus and Markas de Qullasuyu (Consejo Nacional de Ayllus y Markas de Qullasuyu) CONDEPA Conscience of the Fatherland (Conciencia de Patria) CPE Political Constitution of the State (Constitución Política del Estado) CPSC Pro–Santa Cruz Civic Committee (Comité Cívico Pro– Santa Cruz) CSTB Confederation of Bolivian Workers (Confederacíon Sindical de Trabajadores de Bolivia) xi CSUTCB Sole Unionist Confederation of Peasant Workers of Bolivia, or General Trade Union Confederation of Peasant Workers of Bolivia (Confederación Sindical Unica de Trabajadores Campesinos de Bolivia); also Confederation of Peasant Unions of Bolivia DEA (U.S.) Drug Enforcement Administration FEJUVE Federation of Neighborhood Councils of El Alto (Federación de Juntas Vecinales El Alto) FPN Popular Nationalist Front (Frente Popular Nacionalista) FRB Bolivian Revolutionary Front (Frente de la Revolución Boliviana) FSB Bolivian Socialist Falange (Falange Socialista Boliviana) FSTMB Bolivian Mine Workers’ Federation, or Trade Union Federation of Bolivian Mineworkers (Federacíon Sindical de Trabajadores Mineros de Bolivia) HDI United Nations Human Development Index ICSID International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes IDH Direct Tax on Hydrocarbons (Impuesto Directo a los Hidrocarburos) IMF International Monetary Fund IU United Left (Izquierda Unida) LEC Legion of Veterans (Legión de Ex-Combatientes) MAS Movement toward Socialism (Movimiento al Socialismo) MAS-MSM Movement toward Socialism–Movement without Fear Front (Frente Movimiento al Socialismo–Movimiento sin Miedo) MIP Pachakuti Indigenist Movement (Movimiento Indígena Pachakuti) MIR Leftist Revolutionary Movement, or Movement of the Revolutionary Left (Movimiento de Izquierda Revolucionaria) MIR-NM MIR–New Majority (MIR–Nueva Mayoría) MNR Nationalist Revolutionary Movement (Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionario) MNRA Authentic MNR (MNR Auténtico) MNRH Historic MNR (MNR Histórico) MNRI MNR-Left (MNR Izquierda) xii MPC Popular Christian Movement (Movimiento Popular Cristiano) MRTKL Tupac Katari Revolutionary Liberation Movement (Movimiento Revolucionario Tupac Katari de Liberación) NCP New Political Constitution (Nueva Constitución Política) NFR New Republican Force (Nueva Fuerza Republicana) NPE New Economic Policy (Nueva Política Económica) OAS Organization of American States PCB Bolivian Communist Party (Partido Comunista de Bolivia) PDC Christian Democratic Party (Partido Demócrata Cristiano) PIR Party of the Revolutionary Left (Partido de la Izquierda Revolucionaria) PODEMOS Democratic and Social Power (Poder Democrático y Social) POR Revolutionary Workers’ Party (Partido Obrero Revolucionario) PPB-APB Progress Plan for Bolivia–Autonomy for Bolivia (Plan Progreso para Bolivia–Autonomía para Bolivia) PPP Purchasing Power Parity PRA Authentic Revolutionary Party (Partido Revolucionario Auténtico) PRI Institutional Revolutionary Party (Partido Revolucionario Institucional) PRIN Revolutionary Party of the Nationalist Left (Partido Revolucionario de la Izquierda Nacionalista) PS Socialist Party (Partido Socialista) PS-1 Socialist Party–One (Partido Socialista Uno) PSD Social Democratic Party (Partido
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