VerticalVertical DistributionDistribution ofof ParalarvalParalarval GonatidGonatid SquidsSquids inin thethe NortheastNortheast PacificPacific
JohnJohn BowerBower andand ShogoShogo TakagiTakagi HokkaidoHokkaido UniversityUniversity JapanJapan BerryteuthisBerryteuthis B. anonychus B. magister EogonatusEogonatus E. tinro GonatidaeGonatidae GonatopsisGonatopsis G. borealis G. japonica G. makko G. octopedatus G. okutanii GonatusGonatus G. berryi G. californiensis G. kamtschaticus G. madokai G. onyx G. oregonensis G. pyros G. ursubrunae Gonatid squids
:: paralarvaparalarva
:: adultadult Gonatid squids
:: paralarvaparalarva
:: adultadult Gonatid squids
:: paralarvaparalarva
:: adultadult Paralarval surveys are useful for: Paralarval surveys are useful for:
1)1) determiningdetermining adultadult distributiondistribution patternspatterns Paralarval surveys are useful for:
1)1) determiningdetermining adultadult distributiondistribution patternspatterns 2)2) identifyingidentifying spawningspawning areasareas Paralarval surveys are useful for:
1)1) determiningdetermining adultadult distributiondistribution patternspatterns 2)2) identifyingidentifying spawningspawning areasareas 3)3) estimatingestimating populationpopulation abundancesabundances Paralarval surveys are useful for:
1)1) determiningdetermining adultadult distributiondistribution patternspatterns 2)2) identifyingidentifying spawningspawning areasareas 3)3) estimatingestimating populationpopulation abundancesabundances 4)4) describingdescribing lifelife historieshistories Paralarval surveys are useful for:
1)1) determiningdetermining adultadult distributiondistribution patternspatterns 2)2) identifyingidentifying spawningspawning areasareas 3)3) estimatingestimating populationpopulation abundancesabundances 4)4) describingdescribing lifelife historieshistories BUT,BUT, depthdepth--distributiondistribution datadata areare neededneeded StudyStudy objectivesobjectives StudyStudy objectivesobjectives
1)1) describedescribe thethe verticalvertical distributiondistribution ofof paralarvaeparalarvae inin thethe northeastnortheast PacificPacific StudyStudy objectivesobjectives
1)1) describedescribe thethe verticalvertical distributiondistribution ofof paralarvaeparalarvae inin thethe northeastnortheast PacificPacific
2)2) examineexamine thesethese patternspatterns inin relationrelation toto thethe thermoclinethermocline StudyStudy objectivesobjectives
1)1) describedescribe thethe verticalvertical distributiondistribution ofof paralarvaeparalarvae inin thethe northeastnortheast PacificPacific
2)2) examineexamine thesethese patternspatterns inin relationrelation toto thethe thermoclinethermocline
3)3) describedescribe paralarvalparalarval sizesize vs.vs. depthdepth patternspatterns OshOshorooro MaruMaru 60
50
40
180160 140 120 60
50 37 depth-stratified tows with four nets 1999: 0, 50, 100, 200 m 2000-2001: 0, 20, 50, 100 m 40
180160 140 120 60
50 37 depth-stratified tows with four nets 1999: 0, 50, 100, 200 m 2000-2001: 0, 20, 50, 100 m 40 CTD casts to 200-m depth
180160 140 120 145oW 165oW Temperature (oC) 357911 357911 0 0 20
50 50
100 100
150
Sampling depth (m) Sampling depth 1999 2000 2001 200 200 145oW 165oW Temperature (oC) 357911 357911 0 0 20 shallow
50 50 thermocline
100 100
deep 150
Sampling depth (m) Sampling depth 1999 2000 2001 200 200 Summary of all cephalopods collected in the 1999- 2001 vertical distribution study. Taxon Family ＃ Berryteuthis anonychus Gonatidae 181 Gonatopsis borealis Gonatidae 53 Gonatus spp. Gonatidae 48 Gonatus type A Gonatidae 12 Gonatus madokai Gonatidae 3 Chiroteuthis sp. Chiroteuthidae 3 Japatella diaphana Bolitaenidae 2 Gonatus onyx Gonatidae 1 Gonatus pyros Gonatidae 1 Chiroteuthis calyx Chirtoteuthidae 1 Unidentified 4 All taxa 309 Summary of all cephalopods collected in the 1999- 2001 vertical distribution study. Taxon Family ＃ Berryteuthis anonychus Gonatidae 181 Gonatopsis borealis Gonatidae 53 Gonatus spp. Gonatidae 48 Gonatus type A Gonatidae 12 Gonatus madokai Gonatidae 3 Chiroteuthis sp. Chiroteuthidae 3 Japatella diaphana Bolitaenidae 2 Gonatus onyx Gonatidae 1 Gonatus pyros Gonatidae 1 Chiroteuthis calyx Chiroteuthidae 1 Unidentified 4 All taxa 309 AllAll cephalopodscephalopods Density (No./1000 m3) 0 30 60 90 120 0 20
50
100 Depth (m)
200 AllAll cephalopodscephalopods Density (No./1000 m3) 0 30 60 90 120 0 20
50
100 Depth (m) shallow = thermocline > deep
200 Density (No./1000 m3)
20 40 60 801000 20 20 40 40 60 60 80 80 100 100
0 0 20 40 60 80 100 20
50
100 Depth (m)
NIGHT 200 DAY Berryteuthis anonychus
(Okutani, 2001) Berryteuthis Gonatopsis borealis anonychus
(Okutani, 2001) Berryteuthis Gonatopsis borealis Gonatus spp. anonychus
13 species in the North Pacific
paralarvae from 7 spp. remain undescribed
(Okutani, 2001) BerryteuthisBerryteuthis anonychusanonychus Density (No./1000 m3) 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20
50 Depth (m) 100
200 BerryteuthisBerryteuthis anonychusanonychus Density (No./1000 m3) 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20
50 Depth (m) 100
shallow > thermocline = deep
200 GonatusGonatus sppspp.. Density (No./1000 m3) 0 10 20 30 0 20
50
100 Depth (m)
200 GonatusGonatus sppspp.. Density (No./1000 m3) 0 10 20 30 0 20
50
100 Depth (m) shallow > thermocline = deep
200 GonatopsisGonatopsis borealisborealis Density (No./1000 m3) 0 10 20 30 0 20
50
100 Depth (m)
200 GonatopsisGonatopsis borealisborealis Density (No./1000 m3) 0 10 20 30 0 20
50
100
Depth (m) thermocline > shallow = deep
200 AllAll cephalopodscephalopods
60
40
20 Frequency
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Mantle length (mm) AllAll cephalopodscephalopods
60 57% smaller than 5 mm ML 40
20 Frequency
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Mantle length (mm) BerryteuthisBerryteuthis anonychusanonychus
Mantle length (mm) 0 2 4 6810 0 z
20 z
50 z Depth (m)
100 z GonatusGonatus sppspp.. GonatopsisGonatopsis borealisborealis
Mantle length (mm) 0 246810 02468 10 0 z
20 z z
50 z z Depth (m)
X X 100 XX SummarySummary
•• mostmost (96%)(96%) paralarvaeparalarvae atat <<5050 mm depthdepth SummarySummary
•• mostmost (96%)(96%) paralarvaeparalarvae atat <<5050 mm depthdepth
•• distributiondistribution patternspatterns variedvaried amongamong gonatidgonatid taxataxa
•• BerryteuthisBerryteuthis anonychusanonychus -- 00 mm
•• GonatusGonatus sppspp.. -- 2020 mm
•• GonatopsisGonatopsis borealisborealis -- 5050 mm SummarySummary
•• mostmost (96%)(96%) paralarvaeparalarvae atat <<5050 mm depthdepth
•• distributiondistribution patternspatterns variedvaried amongamong gonatidgonatid taxataxa
•• nono evidenceevidence ofof diurnaldiurnal verticalvertical migrationmigration SummarySummary
•• mostmost (96%)(96%) paralarvaeparalarvae atat <<5050 mm depthdepth
•• distributiondistribution patternspatterns variedvaried amongamong gonatidgonatid taxataxa
•• nono evidenceevidence ofof diurnaldiurnal verticalvertical migrationmigration
•• probableprobable ontogeneticontogenetic verticalvertical descentdescent inin
GonatopsisGonatopsis borealisborealis andand GonatusGonatus sppspp.. SummarySummary
•• mostmost (96%)(96%) paralarvaeparalarvae atat <<5050 mm depthdepth
•• distributiondistribution patternspatterns variedvaried amongamong gonatidgonatid taxataxa
•• nono evidenceevidence ofof diurnaldiurnal verticalvertical migrationmigration
•• probableprobable ontogeneticontogenetic verticalvertical descentdescent inin
GonatopsisGonatopsis borealisborealis andand GonatusGonatus sppspp..
•• descriptionsdescriptions neededneeded forfor paralarvaeparalarvae <5<5 mmmm MLML CURRENTCURRENT PROJECT:PROJECT: GeneticGenetic speciesspecies identificationidentification ofof hatchlinghatchling gonatidgonatid paralarvaeparalarvae OBJECTIVES:OBJECTIVES: 1)1) toto useuse molecularmolecular analysisanalysis toto confirmconfirm thethe speciesspecies identificationsidentifications ofof B.B. anonychusanonychus andand G.G. borealisborealis 2)2) toto useuse molecularmolecular analysisanalysis toto assignassign mymy GonatusGonatus sppspp.. morphotypesmorphotypes toto thethe appropriateappropriate speciesspecies CURRENTCURRENT PROJECT:PROJECT: GeneticGenetic speciesspecies identificationidentification ofof hatchlinghatchling gonatidgonatid paralarvaeparalarvae OBJECTIVES:OBJECTIVES: 1)1) toto useuse molecularmolecular analysisanalysis toto confirmconfirm thethe speciesspecies identificationsidentifications ofof B.B. anonychusanonychus andand G.G. borealisborealis 2)2) toto useuse molecularmolecular analysisanalysis toto assignassign mymy GonatusGonatus sppspp.. morphotypesmorphotypes toto thethe appropriateappropriate speciesspecies PLAN:PLAN: 1)1) samplingsampling ofof hatchlingshatchlings andand adultsadults 2)2) describingdescribing paralarvalparalarval morphologymorphology 3)3) molecularmolecular analysisanalysis ofof 16S16S andand COICOI genesgenes AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements
AlexanderAlexander ArkhipkinArkhipkin
TsutomuTsutomu IkedaIkeda
TsunemiTsunemi KuboderaKubodera
KirKir NesisNesis
RichardRichard YoungYoung
OshoroOshoro MaruMaru crewcrew
APR/MAYAPR/MAY SEP/OCTSEP/OCT
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h dept
dept
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ng ng
i
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M M Winter Spring Summer Fall Gonatid squids
:: paralarvaparalarva
:: adultadult above thermocline in thermocline below thermocline 100
Berryteuthis anonychus
0
100
Gonatus spp.
0 Relative frequency 100
Gonatopsis borealis
0 <4 4 5 6 7 >7 Mantle length size range (mm) AllAll cephalopodcephalopod paralarvaeparalarvae
1999 2000
55 55
50 50
45 45
40 40 170160 150 140170 160 150 140 BerryteuthisBerryteuthis anonychusanonychus （（ヒメドスイカ）ヒメドスイカ）
1999 2000
55 55
50 50
45 45
40 40 170 160150 140 170 160150 140 BerryteuthisBerryteuthis anonychusanonychus （（ヒメドスイカ）ヒメドスイカ） ((DMLDML << 4.04.0 mm)mm)
1999 2000
55 55
50 50 nt urre tic C arc Sub ent 45 45 Curr rctic Suba
40 40 170 160 150 140 170 160 150 140 GonatopsisGonatopsis borealisborealis（（タコイカ）タコイカ）
2000
55
50
45
40 170 160 150 140 GonatusGonatus sp.sp. typetype AA 2000
55
50
nt urre ic C arct 45 Sub
40 170160 150 140 12 8 o 4 49 01'N 0 5 47o02'N 0 30 20 o 10 42 08'N 0 30 20 o 10 41 02'N Abundance Abundance 0 12 8 o 4 40 55'N 0 30 20 o 10 39 04'N 0 MantleMantle LengthLength (cm)(cm) (Bower et al., 2002)