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PICES Scientific Report No. 30 2005 MICRONEKTON of the NORTH

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PICES Scientific Report No. 30 2005 MICRONEKTON of the NORTH PICES Scientific Report No. 30 2005 MICRONEKTON OF THE NORTH PACIFIC PICES Working Group 14 Final Report Edited by Richard Brodeur and Orio Yamamura May 2005 Secretariat / Publisher North Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES) c/o Institute of Ocean Sciences, P.O. Box 6000, Sidney, B.C., Canada. V8L 4B2 E-mail: [email protected] Home Page: http://www.pices.int LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS TO THE REPORT ON MICRONEKTON OF THE NORTH PACIFIC CANADA MEXICO John Dower Jaime Gómez-Gutiérrez School of Earth and Ocean Sciences Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas University of Victoria A.P. 592, La Paz, Baja California Sur P.O. Box 3055 STN CSC C.P. 23096, México Victoria, BC, Canada V8W 3P6 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] U.S.A. David Mackas Richard Brodeur Institute of Ocean Sciences Hatfield Marine Science Center Fisheries and Oceans Canada Northwest Fisheries Science Center P.O. Box 6000, Sidney, BC, Canada V8L 4B2 National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA E-mail: [email protected] Newport, OR, U.S.A. 97365 E-mail: [email protected] JAPAN Naoki Iguchi Kenneth Coyle Japan Sea National Fisheries Research Institute School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences Fisheries Agency of Japan University of Alaska Fairbanks 1-5939-22 Suido-cho, Niigata Institute of Marine Science Japan 951-8121 P.O. Box 757220 E-mail: [email protected] Fairbanks, AK, U.S.A. 99775-7220 E-mail: [email protected] Kouichi Kawaguchi University of Tokyo William Pearcy 2-8-3, C-1019, Someji, Chohu-shi College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences Tokyo, Japan 182-0023 Oregon State University E-mail: [email protected] 104 Ocean Administration Building Corvallis, OR, U.S.A. 97331 Kazushi Miyashita E-mail: [email protected] Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Change Analysis Hokkaido University Michael Seki 3-1-1 Minato-cho, Hakodate, Hokkaido Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center Japan 041-8611 National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA E-mail: [email protected] 2570 Dole Street Honolulu, HI, U.S.A. 96822-2396 Sean Toczko E-mail: [email protected] Ocean Research Institute 1-15-1 Minamidai, Nakano-ku RUSSIA Tokyo, Japan 164-8639 Andrey Balanov E-mail: [email protected] Institute of Marine Biology, Far East Branch Orio Yamamura Russian Academy of Sciences Palchevskij-Street 17 Hokkaido National Fisheries Research Institute Vladivostok, Russia 690041 Fisheries Agency of Japan E-mail: [email protected] 116 Katsurakoi, Kushiro, Hokkaido Japan 085-0802 Vadim Savinykh E-mail: [email protected] Pacific Scientific Research Fisheries Center TINRO-Centre R EPUBLIC OF KOREA 4 Shevchenko Alley Won-DukYoon Vladivostok, Russia 690950 National Fisheries Research and Development Institute E-mail: [email protected] 408-1 Shirang-ri, Gijang-up, Gijang-gun, Busan Korea 619-902 E-mail: [email protected] TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................1 1.1 Working Group History ..............................................................................................................1 2. SPECIES COMPOSITION AND DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS RELATED TO WATER MASSES................3 2.1 Mesopelagic Fishes.....................................................................................................................3 2.1.1 Dominant families ...........................................................................................................3 2.1.2 Large-scale feeding and/or spawning migration or expatriation? ...................................3 2.1.3 Definition of water masses ..............................................................................................3 2.1.4 Species composition ........................................................................................................7 2.2 Crustacean Micronekton ...........................................................................................................14 2.2.1 Euphausiids....................................................................................................................14 2.2.2 Mysids and decapods.....................................................................................................18 2.3 Cephalopod Micronekton..........................................................................................................19 2.3.1 Family Enoploteuthidae.................................................................................................19 2.3.2 Family Gonatidae ..........................................................................................................20 2.3.3 Family Onychoteuthidae................................................................................................20 2.3.4 Family Pyroteuthidae.....................................................................................................21 2.3.5 Other cephalopods .........................................................................................................21 3. VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS ..............................................................................................23 3.1 Mesopelagic Fishes...................................................................................................................23 3.1.1 Significance of diel vertical migration ..........................................................................23 3.1.2 DVM patterns ................................................................................................................23 3.1.3 Ontogenetic change in DVM patterns ...........................................................................25 3.2 Crustacean Micronekton ...........................................................................................................27 3.3 Cephalopod Micronekton..........................................................................................................29 4. BIOMASS PATTERNS..........................................................................................................................31 4.1 Micronektonic Fish ...................................................................................................................31 5. LIFE HISTORY ...................................................................................................................................35 5.1 Fish Micronekton......................................................................................................................35 5.1.1 Age and growth .............................................................................................................35 5.1.2 Production......................................................................................................................37 5.1.3 Reproduction .................................................................................................................37 5.1.4 Mortality ........................................................................................................................38 5.2 Crustacean Micronekton ...........................................................................................................39 5.2.1 Age and growth .............................................................................................................41 5.2.2 Production......................................................................................................................42 5.2.3 Reproduction and early life history ...............................................................................43 5.2.4 Mortality ........................................................................................................................43 5.3 Cephalopod Micronekton..........................................................................................................44 5.3.1 Age and growth .............................................................................................................44 5.3.2 Production......................................................................................................................44 5.3.3 Reproduction and early life history ...............................................................................45 5.3.4 Mortality ........................................................................................................................45 6. ECOLOGICAL RELATIONS ................................................................................................................47 6.1 Feeding Habits ..........................................................................................................................47 6.1.1 Fish micronekton ...........................................................................................................47 6.1.2 Crustacean micronekton ................................................................................................50 v 6.1.3 Cephalopod micronekton...............................................................................................54 6.2 Estimating the Impact of Micronekton Predation on Zooplankton...........................................54 6.2.1 Predation by micronektonic fish....................................................................................54 6.3 Predators ...................................................................................................................................55 6.3.1 Cephalopods ..................................................................................................................56
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