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Cephalopoda: Oegopsida: Gonatidae) from the Gulf of Alaska, 2001–2003

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Cephalopoda: Oegopsida: Gonatidae) from the Gulf of Alaska, 2001–2003 IDENTIFICATION, DISTRIBUTION AND RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF PARALARVAL GONATID SQUIDS (CEPHALOPODA: OEGOPSIDA: GONATIDAE) FROM THE GULF OF ALASKA, 2001–2003 ELAINA M. JORGENSEN Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle WA 98115, USA (Received 28 April 2006; accepted 1 February 2007) Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/mollus/article-abstract/73/2/155/977925 by Portland State University user on 11 March 2019 ABSTRACT Paralarvae of the family Gonatidae were sampled in the Gulf of Alaska during spring 2001–2003. Taxonomic characters were determined to allow identification of the specimens to species. The dorsal head chromatophore pattern (DHCP) was the most robust character and allowed identification to species for the first time without requiring the removal and examination of the radula. Six different DHCPs were found among the six species in the study area. The 1140 specimens collected consisted of the following six species: Berryteuthis anonychus (759), Berryteuthis magister (71), Gonatopsis borealis (155), Gonatus kamtschaticus (1), Gonatus madokai (4) and Gonatus onyx (143). The specimens had a size range of 3.0–20.63 mm dorsal mantle length with the majority of specimens smaller than 10 mm. All species showed an increasing trend in abundance from the shelf (0–200 m) to the slope (200–1000 m) to the basin (.1000 m) except G. onyx in 2001 and 2002. Wide variation in distribution and abundance was found for the four most abundant species; however, in general, B. anonychus was most abundant and widely distributed, followed by Gonatopis borealis, Gonatus onyx and B. magister. INTRODUCTION squids, while difficult to identify, have limited swimming ability and are relatively easy to collect. For these reasons, Fourteen families of Cephalopoda (Bolitaenidae, Chiroteuthi- Vecchione (1987) and Bower et al. (1999) concluded that the dae, Cranchidae, Enoploteuthidae, Gonatidae, Histioteuthidae, most accurate method of sampling squids for estimating distri- Loliginidae, Octopodidae, Octopoteuthidae, Ommastrephidae, bution and abundance is by paralarval collection. Unfortunately, Onychoteuthidae, Opisthoteuthidae, Sepiolidae and Vampyro- accurate identification of small (,8 mm) gonatid paralarvae to teuthidae) are present in the eastern North Pacific Ocean. Of species, or even genus in most cases, has not been possible. these, the Gonatidae (order Oegopsida) has the most species Identification keys for several species of this family have been and the greatest biomass (Nesis, 1997). Worldwide, 19 described published (Okutani et al., 1988; Okutani & Clarke, 1992), but species of the Gonatidae belong to four genera: Berryteuthis, they rely on removal and examination of the radula for final Eogonatus, Gonatus and Gonatopsis. All are endemic to the North identification, which is often neither definitive nor easy. Further- Pacific Ocean or Bering Sea, with the exception of three species more, Arkhipkin & Bizikov (1997) published a key on the identi- of the genus Gonatus, two of which are found in the North Atlantic fication of gonatid squids from the Bering Sea based on the and one in the Southern Ocean. morphology of their statoliths. However, the process of extrac- The ecology of most gonatid squids, despite their species rich- tion is destructive to the specimen, the statoliths are difficult to ness and large biomass, is relatively unknown. The adults are dif- extract, and the majority of specimens collected for this study ficult to collect and all stages are difficult to identify, especially were smaller than those on which the statolith key was based. since many species of the family may co-occur in a relatively The goals of this research are (1) to determine taxonomic char- small area. Nevertheless they are important in the diets of many acters to identify species of paralarval gonatid squids occurring fishes, including Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) and walleye in the Gulf of Alaska; (2) to estimate their distribution and abun- pollock (Theregra chalcogramma ), as well as marine mammals dance; and (3) to infer the timing and location of hatching. and seabirds (Nesis, 1997; Okutani, Kubodera & Jefferts, 1988; Radchenko, 1992). Gonatid squids, predominantly Berryteuthis magister, are fished commercially outside the US Exclusive MATERIAL AND METHODS Economic Zone (EEZ) by both Japanese and Russian fishers Gonatid paralarvae were sampled from the northeastern Gulf of (Nesis, 1997). Although not a commercial fishery in the US, Alaska during late April to early June 2001 to 2003. Paralarvae gonatid squids are frequently taken as bycatch in commercial were collected as bycatch in ichthyoplankton tows conducted by fisheries. The extent to which the biomass of gonatid squids is NOAA’s Fisheries Oceanography Coordinated Investigations affected by harvest, bycatch and predation is unknown due to (FOCI) Program. Although the FOCI sampling area was geo- the paucity of data on their biology and life history. graphically large, a small subset of cruises was chosen for this Estimating biomass for any squid species is notoriously diffi- study based on the availability of multi-year sampling and pre- cult using conventional sampling techniques, such as trawling sence of high numbers of gonatid paralarvae. Sampling was con- and fisheries acoustics (Vecchione, 1987). Mature squids can ducted from the NOAA ship Ron Brown (2001), the R/V Maurice easily avoid or escape trawls and, because they typically aggre- Ewing (2002) and the NOAA ship Kilo Moana (2003). Dates of gate only during spawning events (the locations of which are sampling were 13–23 May 2001, 22 May–10 June 2002 and unknown for most species) their biomass cannot be accurately 29 April–11 May 2003 (Fig. 1). estimated using acoustic detection. In contrast, paralarval Sampling was conducted on the shelf, slope and basin each year of the study; however, sampling locations varied greatly Correspondence: E.M. Jorgensen; e-mail: [email protected] among years. Sampling was least extensive in 2001, while in Journal of Molluscan Studies (2007) 73: 155–165. Advance Access Publication: 10 July 2007 doi:10.1093/mollus/eym010 # The Author 2007. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Malacological Society of London, all rights reserved. E. M. JORGENSEN Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/mollus/article-abstract/73/2/155/977925 by Portland State University user on 11 March 2019 Figure 1. Map of sampling locations. Larger map represents area in black rectangle of smaller map. 2002 and 2003 the basin was examined to sample an annual the entire growth series. In addition to specimens from the offshore eddy, whose position changed between years. The NOAA collection, the collections at the National Science maximum area sampled for all years was divided into a Museum, Tokyo (NSMT), were used in the determination of 50-km2 grid to facilitate interannual comparison of distribution characters of Gonatus kamtschaticus (Middendorff, 1849) since and abundance. Grid size was chosen to maximize the number of the NOAA collection contained too few specimens for taxonomic data points per cell while maximizing the resolution at which the analysis. Abundance is presented as the number of each species data would be analysed. Because of the variability of sampling collected per 100 m3 seawater filtered at each station. locations, interannual comparisons of distribution and abun- Abbreviations used are those recommended by Roper & Voss dance will be limited to those cells in the grid where sampling (1983) and are as follows: dorsal mantle length (DML) and fin was conducted each year. width index (FWI). Samples were collected with a 60-cm bongo net (333-mm mesh) towed double-obliquely to a maximum depth of either 300 m or 10 m off bottom at a vessel speed of 2 knots. Volume RESULTS filtered was calculated from the revolutions of a calibrated flow- Gonatid paralarvae (Table 1) were the most abundant (97% of meter mounted in the middle of each net opening. The contents total) and widely distributed cephalopods collected. Of the of the bongo net codend were fixed in a 5% buffered formalin pelagic squids commonly found in the Gulf of Alaska as seawater solution and later sorted for ichthyoplankton and cephalopods at the Sea Fisheries Institute’s Plankton Sorting and Identification Center in Szczecin, Poland. Table 1. Cephalopod paralarvae collected. Cephalopod samples were sorted to family (Gonatidae, Cran- chiidae and Octopodidae). Gonatid samples were then sorted Year Bolitaenidae Cranchiidae Gonatidae Octopodidae Total into morphological groups based on a matrix of characters, 2001 0 0 696 3 699 including dorsal head chromatophore pattern (DHCP), relative 2002 1 4 226 2 233 arm and tentacle length, arm and tentacle armature and dorsal mantle chromatophore pattern. Specimens in these groups were 2003 0 1 225 19 245 organized into growth series such that the largest specimen was Total 1 (0.08%) 5 (0.42%) 1147 (97.45%) 24 (2.04%) 1177 identifiable using published keys, thus allowing identification of 156 lengths were poor characters for theacter. sizes of The animals studied here. tentacleepidermis was armature too easily andthe damaged relative for six this arm species; tochromatophore however, be and a as pattern tentacle reliable mentioned char- wasinto previously, species also groups, the the a mantle DHCP was unique most character robust.trawl Dorsal damage among mantle are soapplicable dramatic. to living specimens,
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