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(GIS) Atlas of Cephalopod Distribution in the Southern Ocean

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(GIS) Atlas of Cephalopod Distribution in the Southern Ocean Antarctic Science 11 (I): 61-62 (1999) Short note A Geographical Information System (GIS) Atlas of cephalopod distribution in the Southern Ocean J.C. XAVIER1,2,P.G. RODHOUSEl, P.N. TRATHANI and A.G. WOOD1 'BritishAntarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 OET, UK 2Universidadedo Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8000 Faro, Portugal Received 12 May 1998, accepted 14 September 1998 Introduction Results The geographic distributions of many Antarctic cephalopod A total of 2497 geographic positions of 21 species of squid species are not well understood. Many may be influenced by (suborder Oegopsida) were obtained, combining data from physical factors such as watermasses, iceextent or bathymetry. 1886 (Challenger Expedition) to 1997. There are huge areas For example, there is an apparent association of mesoscale without any geographic positions that appear under-sampled. oceanographic features with some species (Rodhouse et al. The best represented species were G. glacialis (625 geographic 1996). Such associations suggest certain physical factors in positions), B. picta (412), T. filippovae (293), B. abyssicola the environment that may be predictors of foraging locations (250), M.hamiltoni (188), M. hyadesi (184) and P. glacialis for cephalopods and/or their predators. Improving our (112). understanding of such interrelations is important in developing The maps of the species distribution in relation to bathymetry, a better scientific basis for conservation and sustainable ocean fronts and sea-ice extent are on World Wide Web page: management of commercial fisheries (Trathan et al. 1993). http://www.nerc-bas.ac.uWpublic/dsd/squid-atlas/ A detailed bibliography is also provided there. Material and methods Discussion Data were obtained from published papers, published reports and unpublished data held at the British Antarctic Survey, UK. GIS is a very useful tool in marine biology. It has been used The species studied, from suborder Oegopsida, were: in marine fisheries (Waluda & Pierce in press), fisheries Kondakovia longimana, Moroteuthis ingens, Moroteuthis assessment and management (Trathan et al. in press) and knipovitchi, M. robsoni, Gonatus antarcticus, Histioteuthis planning of artificial aquatic habitat developments (Gordon atlantica, H. eltaninae, H. macrohista, H. miranda, Batoteuthis 1994). In this study we demonstrate the ability of GIS to skolops, Psychroteuthis glacialis, Alluroteuthis antarcticus, handle large amount of data from different sources, particularly Bathyteuthis abyssicola, Brachioteuthis ?picta, Martialia cephalopod species distribution. hyadesi, Todarodes filippovae, Chiroteuthis veranyi, One of the advantages of GIS is the capacity for adding new Mastigoteuthis psychrophila, Galiteuthis glacialis, data to the system. The species distribution maps produced Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni and Taonius sp (cf pavo). The within the GIS can be updated as soon as more data are data utilized were from commercial and scientific fishing available and can be made available via Internet. The use of gear. GIS and Internet technology combined will allow the scientific Data were compiled from the different sources including as community to haveeasy access to themost recent information. much detail as possible. The minimum information required The compilation of data in the different maps allows certain was species name and location (latitude and longitude). important aspects of squid ecology, such as distribution, to be After loading into Arc/lnfo (ESRI), a Geographical examined. Information System, three maps were produced for each There are large areas with no data. Though research surveys species: species distribution with bathymetry; species may have covered some of these areas, a large number of distribution with oceanic fronts, and species distribution with reports were rejected because no gear was specified or because winterkummer sea-ice extent. of the inability of the specified gear to catch squid. In various The bathymetry was taken from the GEBCO Digital Atlas reports, the gear used was designed to sample other species (Jones et al. 1994), oceanic fronts from Orsi et al. (1995) and (i.e. krill) and squid were merely a by-catch. Thus, it is sea-ice extent from Gloersen et al. (1992). The winter and possible that some catches taken by scientific nets were not summer sea-ice extent used are mean monthly Antarctic sea- representative of the population (Rodhouse et al. 1996). ice concentrations from the ScanningMultichannel Microwave Despite this, most data were obtained with scientific nets as Radiometer average over 1978-87 (Gloersen et al. 1992). there are no squid fishery data from Antarctic waters. In the future new fisheries may improve available data (Gonzalez & 61 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. Open University Library, on 17 Jan 2020 at 09:40:39, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102099000097 62 J.C. XAVIER eta/. Rodhouse 1998). sutellite-microwuve observations rind analysis. NASA SP, 5 1 I. Washington, DC: NASA, 206 pp. Most species had geographic positions south of the Antarctic GONZALEZ,A.F. & RODHOUSE,P.G. 1998. Fishery biology of the seven Polar Front (APF), in Antarctic waters. The only species that star flying squid Martiuliu hyudesi at South Georgia during winter. were not found in Antarctic waters were H. atlantica, Polar Biology, 19, 231-236. H. miranda and H. macrohista; these were geographically GORDON,W.J. 1994. A role for comprehensive planning, Geographical distributed in subantarctic and subtropical waters. Information Systems (CIS) technologies and program evaluation in aquatic habitat development. Bulletin of Murine Science, 55, The muscular families Ommastrephidae and 995- 1013. Onychoteuthidae are mainly distributed in subantarctic and JONES,M.T., TABOR,A.R. & WEATHERALL,P. 1994. Supporfing volume subtropical waters while the ammoniacal families to the GEBCO Digital Atlas (general bathymetric chart of the Histioteuthidaeand Cranchiidae are mainly found in Antarctic oceans). Birkenhaed: British Oceanographic Data Centre, NERC, and subantarctic waters. Thismay indicate that morphological 70PP. features, such as the presence or absence of ammoniacal KUBODERA,T. 1989. Young squids collected with 10-foot IKPT nel during the JARE-28 cruise, 1987. Proceedings qf NIPR Synzposiurn tissues, affect the geographic distribution of squid species. Off Oh‘ BiOlOgy, 2, 7 1-77 Futhermore, in this case, these families seem to be NEMOTO,T., OKIYAMA,M., IWASAKI,N. & KIKUCHI,T. 1988. Squid as complementary in their geographic distribution. predators on krill (Euphuusiu superbu) and prey for sperm whales in Geographic distribution of several species, south of the the Southern Ocean. In SAHRHACE,D., ed. Antarctic Ocean und APF, within the summer ice extent, suggested that they are resource.v variability. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 292-296. NESIS,K.N. 1994. Teuthofauna of Walters Shoals, a seamount in the endemic to Antarctic waters: K. longimana, A. antarcticus, southwestern Indian Ocean. Ruthenicu. 4, 67-77. M. knipovitchi (Okutani & Clarke 1985), M. hamiltoni, OKUTANI,T. & CLARKE,M.R. 1985. Identification key and species G. glacialis, B. picta, H. eltaninae, B. skolops,M. psychrophila. distribution for Antarctic squids. BIOMASS handbook, 21, 1-57, B. abyssicola is also present in the winter and summer extent, ORSI,A.H., WHITWORTH111, T. & NOWLINJR, W.D. 1995. On the but because it is cosmopolitan elsewhere in the worlds’ ocean ineridional extent and fronts of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Deep-sea Reseurch, 42, 641-673. (Filippova 1972), it is probably also cosmopolitan in Antarctic RODHOUSE,P.G. 1998. Todurodes,filipovoein the Southern Ocean: an waters. appraisal of knowledge relevant to exploitation and management. liz The species with circumpolar distributions in the Antarctic OKUTANI,T., ed. Large pelagic squids. Tokyo: Japan Marine Fishery are: C. glacialis, M. hamiltoni, P. glacialis, A. antarcticus Resources Research Center, 207-215. (Rodhouse & Piatkowski 1995), K. longimana (Roper et al. RODHOUSE,P.G. 1989. Pelagic cephalopods caught by nets during thsz Antarctic research cruises of the ‘Polursfern’and ‘ Wulter Herwig’, 1985), M.psychrophila (Rodhouse 1990) and M. knipovitchi 1985- 1987. Archiv ,fur Fischereiwissenschuft, 39, 1 1 1 - 12 1. (Nemoto et al. 1988). RODHOUSE,P.G. 1990. Cephalopod fauna of the Scotia Sea at South Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni is also found north of the Georgia: potential for commercial exploitation and possible Subtropical Front (STF), although Clarke (1 980) considered consequences. In KERRY,K. & HEMPEL,G., eds. Ecologicul change this front to be an oceanographic barrier to this species. and the conservufion of Antarctic ecosystems. Berlin: Springer- Verlag, 289-298. All species were present in oceanic waters, but some were RODHOUSE,P.G. & PIATKOWSKI,U. 1995. Fine-scale distribution c,f also associated with coastal waters (A. antarcticus (Kubodera juvenile cephalopods in the Scotia Sea and adaptive allometry of the 1989), H. eltaninae (Voss et al. 1998) and P. glacialis brachial crown. Murine Biology, 124, 11 1-1 17. (Rodhouse 1989)),groups of islands (M.knipovitchi (Rodhouse RODHOUSE,P.G., PRINCE,P.A., TRATHAN,P.N., HATFIELD,E.M.C., 1989)), continental shelves (M. ingens, G. antarcticus (Roper WATKINS,J.L., BONE,D.G., MURPHY,E.J. & WHITE,M.G. 1996. Cephalopods and mesoscale oceanography at the Antarctic Polar et
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