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Reducing Railway Noise Pollution

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Reducing Railway Noise Pollution DIRECTORATE GENERAL FOR INTERNAL POLICIES POLICY DEPARTMENT B: STRUCTURAL AND COHESION POLICIES TRANSPORT AND TOURISM REDUCING RAILWAY NOISE POLLUTION STUDY This document was requested by the European Parliament's Committee on Transport and Tourism. AUTHORS Uwe CLAUSEN Claus DOLL Francis James FRANKLIN Gordana Vasic FRANKLIN Hilmar HEINRICHMEYER Joachim KOCHSIEK Werner ROTHENGATTER Niklas SIEBER RESPONSIBLE ADMINISTRATOR Piero SOAVE Policy Department Structural and Cohesion Policies European Parliament B-1047 Brussels E-mail: [email protected] EDITORIAL ASSISTANCE Nora REVESZ LINGUISTIC VERSIONS Original: EN. Translations: DE, FR. ABOUT THE EDITOR To contact the Policy Department or to subscribe to its monthly newsletter please write to: [email protected] Manuscript completed in March 2012. Brussels, © European Union, 2012. This document is available on the Internet at: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/studies DISCLAIMER The opinions expressed in this document are the sole responsibility of the author and do not necessarily represent the official position of the European Parliament. Reproduction and translation for non-commercial purposes are authorised, provided the source is acknowledged and the publisher is given prior notice and sent a copy. DIRECTORATE GENERAL FOR INTERNAL POLICIES POLICY DEPARTMENT B: STRUCTURAL AND COHESION POLICIES TRANSPORT AND TOURISM REDUCING RAILWAY NOISE POLLUTION STUDY Abstract 12 million EU inhabitants are affected by railway noise during the day and 9 million during the night. This study lists measures, funding and regulations to reduce it. The introduction of modern rolling stock will lower noise most significantly. In the short run, the replacement of cast iron by composite brake blocks on rail freight cars is most important. Developing a regulation scheme for a staged process towards low-noise rolling stock is the heart of a rail noise abatement strategy. IP/B/TRAN/FWC/2010-006/LOT4/C1/SC2 2012 PE 474.533 EN Reducing Railway Noise Pollution ____________________________________________________________________________________________ CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 5 LIST OF TABLES 7 LIST OF FIGURES 9 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 11 1. DEFINITIONS AND EFFECTS OF NOISE 15 1.1. Noise and railway noise 15 1.2. Measurement of noise 15 1.3. Effects of noise 16 1.4. Results of noise mapping 17 1.5. Environmental groups and affected inhabitants 19 2. LEGAL FRAMEWORK 23 2.1. General recommendations, limits and thresholds for environmental noise 23 2.2. Environmental Noise Directive 2002/49/EC 29 2.3. Recast of the First Railway Package 41 2.4. TSI Noise 42 2.5. Measuring and computing of railway noise 43 3. RAIL NOISE – SOURCES AND PREVENTION MEASURES 47 3.1. Sources of railway noise 47 3.2. Noise emissions in relation to rolling stock 50 3.3. Measures to avoid railway noise 53 3.4. Result for main reduction measures 63 3.5. Number of rail freight wagons to be retrofitted 68 4. CASE STUDIES 71 4.1. General descriptions of environmental railway noise in selected areas or countries 71 4.2. Detailed analysis of selected sections 83 5. EVALUATION 93 5.1. Economic incentives 93 5.2. Analysis of regulation possibilities 98 5.3. Analysis of stakeholder remarks on economic incentives and regulation 100 6. CONCLUSIONS 103 6.1. Recommendations of measures 103 6.2. Recommendations for parliamentarian activities 107 3 Policy Department B: Structural and Cohesion Policies ____________________________________________________________________________________________ REFERENCES 109 Annex I Environmental noise emissions in Member States and agglomerations (reference [ETC 2010]) 117 Annex II Maximum noise levels of rolling stock according to TSI noise 119 Annex III Comparison of coverage of bogies from different modern rolling stock equipment 121 Annex IV Important and analysed regulations 123 4 Reducing Railway Noise Pollution ____________________________________________________________________________________________ LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AEA AEA Technology Rail BV, Netherlands BIMSchV Bundes-Immissions-Schutz-Verordnung (Traffic Noise Ordinance of Germany) BMVIT Bundesministerium für Verkehr, Innovation und Technologie (Federal Minister for Transport, Innovation and Technology of Austria) BS British Standard BVU Beratergruppe Verkehr + Umwelt (Consultants for Transport + Environment) CER Community of European Railway and Infrastructure Companies DB German Rail (Deutsche Bahn) DEFRA Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs of UK DG Directorate-General of the European Commission DG ENTR Directorate-General Entreprise and Industry DG ENV Directorate-General Environment DG Research Directorate-General Research DG TREN Directorate-General Transport and Energy DIR Directive EC European Council ECML East Coast Main Line EEA European Environment Agency EMU Electric multiple unit EP European Parliament ERFA European Rail Freight Association ETC LUSI European Topic Centre on Land Use and Spatial Information EU European Union FM Friction modifier FS National railway of Italy - Trenitalia (former Ferrovia dello Stato) K-block Composite brake block 5 Policy Department B: Structural and Cohesion Policies ____________________________________________________________________________________________ LDAY Average Noise Level Index day time LDEN Average Noise Level Index total day LL-block Low-low brake block LNIGHT Average Noise Level Index night time NDTAC Noise Depending Track Access Charge ÖBB Österreichische Bundesbahn (Federal Railway of Austria) PPG Planning Policy Guidance RENFE Spanish Railways (Red Nacional de Ferrocarriles Españoles) RFI Italian railway infrastructure management company - (Rete Ferroviaria Italiana) SBB Swiss Federal Railway (Schweizer Bundesbahn) STIB Municiple Public transportation company of Brussels (Société des transport intercommunaux de Bruxelles TAC Track Access Charge TOC Train Operating Company TOR Top of Rail TSI Technical Specification for Interoperability UIC International Union of Railways (Union Internationale des Chemins de Fer) UIP International Union of Private Wagons (Union Internationale des Wagons Privé) UIRR International Union of combined Road-Rail transport companies (Union internationale des sociétés de transport combiné Rail-Route) UITP International Assosiation of Public Transport UNIFE Association of the European Rail Industry VDV Association of German Transport Companies (Verband Deutscher Verkehrsunternehmen) VPI German Association of private wagon owners (Vereinigung der Privatgüterwagen-Interessenten) WCML West Coast Main Line WHO World Health Organisation 6 Reducing Railway Noise Pollution ____________________________________________________________________________________________ LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Affected people by environmental noise according to first round of noise mapping 17 Table 2 Thresholds for environmental noise at night time to avoid health risks according to WHO recommendation 24 Table 3 German Federal Environment Agency recommendations of thresholds for action planning 25 Table 4 German maximum environmental noise levels for new built or modified transportation infrastructures 26 Table 5 Austrian values of thresholds for action planning reference 26 Table 6 UK values of thresholds for indoor noise caused by environmental noise 26 Table 7 Noise exposure categories for dwellings 27 Table 8 Noise levels corresponding to exposure categories for dwellings 28 Table 9 Spanish values of thresholds for action planning 28 Table 10 Road map for implementation of Directive 2002/49/EG 30 Table 11 Additional steps in noise mapping according to [Dir. 2002/49/EC] 31 Table 12 Schedule for noise mapping and noise reduction planning 31 Table 13 Status of implementation of Directive 2002/49/EG 32 Table 14 Actions by European Countries for noise abatement on railways where data are available 33 Table 15 Analysis of studies about the eligibility of rail noise incentives 45 7 Policy Department B: Structural and Cohesion Policies ____________________________________________________________________________________________ Table 16 Importance of noise sources 48 Table 17 Maximum and realised noise emissions of existing high speed trains 51 Table 18 Maximum and realised noise emissions of new freight wagons 51 Table 19 Measures, effects and costs 63 Table 20 Age structure of freight wagon fleet in the year 2000 69 Table 21 Prediction of numbers of trains on Rheintalbahn 72 Table 22 Share of numbers of trains on Rheintalbahn between day and night time 73 Table 23 Affected inhabitants of railway noise in Freiburg 73 Table 24 Affected inhabitants of railway noise in Offenburg 74 Table 25 Results of the Austrian rail noise abatement programme 77 Table 26 Example of railway traffic data in the Susa Valley; Number of trains for an average workday 78 Table 27 Range of noise reduction 84 Table 28 Impacts of noise reduction measures in the Middle Rhine Valley 85 8 Reducing Railway Noise Pollution ____________________________________________________________________________________________ LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Share of people affected by railway noise outside agglomeration according to EEA data 18 Figure 2 Protests in Rüdesheim May 2011, noise map Loreley LDEN 20 Figure 3 Upper Rhine Valley: Plans for Weil am Rhein and protests in Offenburg 21 Figure 4 LDEN planning values for residential area 25 Figure 6 Sources of railway noise according to train speed 48 Figure 7 Development of noise sources while train passing 49 Figure 8 Noise emission development
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