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Andrachuk Mark MA.Pdf AN ASSESSMENT OF THE VULNERABILITY OF TUKTOYAKTUK TO ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHANGES A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Guelph by MARK ANDRACHUK In partial fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Master of Arts November, 2008 © Mark Andrachuk, 2008 Library and Bibliotheque et 1*1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-47749-6 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-47749-6 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par Plntemet, prefer, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans loan, distribute and sell theses le monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non­ sur support microforme, papier, electronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation. reproduced without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne Privacy Act some supporting sur la protection de la vie privee, forms may have been removed quelques formulaires secondaires from this thesis. ont ete enleves de cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires in the document page count, aient inclus dans la pagination, their removal does not represent il n'y aura aucun contenu manquant. any loss of content from the thesis. Canada ABSTRACT AN ASSESSMENT OF THE VULNERABILITY OF TUKTOYAKTUK, NWT TO ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHANGES Mark Andrachuk Advisor: University of Guelph, 2008 Professor Barry Smit This thesis assessed the ways that the Inuvialuit community of Tuktoyaktuk is vulnerable to climate change in the context of ongoing socio-economic and environmental changes. Stresses to livelihoods are occurring due to changes in demand for sport hunting and tourism, health issues, and limited availability of employment opportunities. Aspects of food security are stressed due to changes in the abundance and distribution of wildlife, the amount of time that Tuktoyaktuk residents spend harvesting, and the high cost of store-bought foods. Infrastructure is also at risk due to coastal erosion, flooding, and permafrost degradation. Existing adaptations have not taken the form of planned actions in response to specific changes in climate. In light of projected intensification of climate change and a proposed natural gas pipeline in the Tuktoyaktuk area, the community will experience new stresses and changes in adaptive capacity in the future. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I want to thank everyone in Tuktoyaktuk who supported and participated in my research. As research assistants, Tessa Dillon, Rebecca Pokiak, and Frank Umoak made the interviews possible and helped me appreciate their community. Thanks you also to James and Maureen Pokiak and their family for providing me with so many opportunities to participate in their day-to-day lives and experience life in Tuk. Special thank you to Rebecca, Ning, and Edward for welcoming me in their home. Barry, your insights and guidance were essential for completing this thesis. I value the opportunities that you have provided me and the trust that you place in your students. Derek, I found your perspectives and comments to be very constructive. You enabled me to take a step back and see larger issues surrounding my work. To my classmates and the Global Environmental Change Group, thank you for all of the interesting discussions, fun times, and sharing of frustrations. Funding for my fieldwork was provided by ArcticNet, an Aurora Research Institute Fellowship, the Aurora Research Institute's Research Assistant Program, a Lattornell Travel Scholarship, and the Northern Scientific Training Program. Two Ontario Graduate Scholarships provided me with support as a student. Leah: you are the best 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements i Table of Contents ii List of Tables vi List of Figures vii List of Acronyms x Chapter One Introduction 1 1.1 Rationale 1 1.2 Aim and Objectives 3 1.3 Outline of Thesis 4 Chapter Two Theoretical Context for Research 6 2.1 International Context 6 2.2 Conceptualizing Vulnerability 7 2.3 Approaches to Assessing Vulnerability 14 2.4 Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Research in the Arctic 17 2.5 Summary of Research Context 18 Chapter Three Study Area 20 3.1 People 20 3.2 Governance 23 ii 3.3 Environment 26 3.4 Infrastructure and Services 31 3.5 Economy 32 3.6 Socio-Cultural Changes 33 Chapter Four Research Approach 36 4.1 Researcher-Community Relationship 36 4.1.1 Ethical and Cross-Cultural Considerations 41 4.2 Data Collection 43 4.2.1 Semi-Structured Interviews 43 4.2.2 Participant Observation 48 4.2.3 Secondary Sources 49 4.2.4 Limitations of Data Collection 49 4.3 Data Analysis 51 4.4 Reporting Research Results 53 Chapter Five Current Vulnerability 54 5.1 Exposure-sensitivities and Adaptations Related to Livelihoods 55 5.1.1 Sport Hunt Guiding as a Livelihood Alternative 57 5.1.2 Tourism as a Livelihood Alternative 65 5.1.3 Summary of Exposure-sensitivities Related to Livelihoods 66 iii 5.2 Exposure-sensitivities and Adaptations Related to Food Security 69 5.2.1 Use, Availability, and Management of Caribou 73 5.2.2 Use, Availability, and Management of Waterfowl 84 5.2.3 Use, Availability, and Management of Fish 90 5.2.4 Use, Availability, and Management of Beluga Whales 95 5.2.5 Use of Store-bought Foods Compared to Harvested Foods 100 5.2.6 Summary of Food Security 104 5.3 Exposure-sensitivities and Adaptations Related to Infrastructure 106 5.3.1 Shoreline Protection 112 5.4 Summary of Current Vulnerability 119 Chapter Six Future Vulnerability 122 6.1 Climate Change 122 6.1.1 Implications for Future Exposure-sensitivities 123 6.2 Mackenzie Valley Pipeline 139 6.2.1 Implications for Future Exposure-sensitivities 143 6.3 Future Adaptive Capacity 146 6.3.1 Operational Issues Influencing Future Adaptive Capacity 147 6.3.2 Strategic Issues Influencing Future Adaptive Capacity 153 6.4 Summary of Future Vulnerability 157 iv Chapter Seven Conclusions 161 7.1 Summary of Results 161 7.2 Contributions From This Research 164 7.2.1 Practical Contributions 164 7.2.2 Scholarly Contributions 167 7.3 Further Research Opportunities 167 References Cited 170 Appendix A 190 Appendix B 194 Appendix C 199 Appendix D 200 v LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Purposes of climate change adaptation research (summarized from Smit & Wandel,2006) 15 Table 2: Interview guide. The sample questions presented here were preceded with some information about the researcher to establish rapport. Interviews ended with the opportunity for interviewees to express any other views 47 Table 3: Topics raised during interviews according to elements of the vulnerability framework 52 Table 4: Stresses identified through interviews and participant observation; grouped in relation to livelihoods, food security, and infrastructure 55 Table 5: Breakdown of types of infrastructure in Tuktoyaktuk according to use 107 Table 6: Summary of adaptive strategies in Tuktoyaktuk 121 vi LISTOFFIGURES Figure 1: Conceptualization of vulnerability 9 Figure 2: Analytical framework of the vulnerability approach (adapted from Smit et ah, 2008) 17 Figure 3: The Inuvialuit Settlement Region, showing location of all six present day communities (note: Holman Island is now known as Ulukhaktok) 21 Figure 4: Co-management organizations in the ISR and their participants (taken from US 2004). The full names of the organizations listed in the centre column are as follows: Environmental Impact Screening Committee (EISC), Environmental Impact Review Board (EIRB), Fisheries Joint Management Committee (FJMC), Wildlife Management Advisory Council for the North Slope (WMAC - NS), and Wildlife Management Advisory Council for the Northwest Territories (WMAC - NT) 26 Figure 5: Satellite photograph of Tuktoyaktuk (courtesy of ILA) 28 Figure 6: Average temperature and precipitation in Tuktoyaktuk based on normals between 1971 and 2000 (data from Environment Canada, 2004) 30 Figure 7: Level of schooling for population aged 20-64 (data from Statistics Canada, 2002a) 33 Figure 8: Habitat range for southern Beaufort Sea polar bears (from Regehr et al, 2007). This population lives within the boundary identified by IUCN (the International Union for the Conservation of Nature) 60 Figure 9: Relationships associated with livelihood exposure-sensitivities 69 vii Figure 10: Range of the Cape Bathurst caribou herd (from Nagy et at, 2005) 76 Figure 11: Range of the Bluenose-west caribou herd (from Nagy et ai, 2005) 76 Figure 12: Population estimates for the Cape Bathurst and Bluenose-west caribou herds (Environment and Natural Resources, 2006b; Nagy & Johnson, 2006) 78 Figure 13: Number of waterfowl harvested by Tuktoyaktuk residents between 1988 and 1997 (values from Joint Secretariat, 2003) 88 Figure 14: Harvest times for fish species (sources: Community of Tuktoyaktuk et ai, 2000; Joint Secretariat, 2003; Harwood etai, 2007) 92 Figure 15: Beluga harvesting areas in the ISR. Inuvialuit in Tuktoyaktuk make use of the Kugmallit Bay area (from DFO, 2008) 97 Figure 16: Movement of the eastern Beaufort Sea beluga whale stock during spring, summer and fall (from DFO, 2000) 98 Figure 17: Relationships associated with food security exposure-sensitivities 106 Figure 18: Historical rates of erosion and accretion, showing the shoreline position in 1947 (solid line), 1972 (dotted line) and 2001.
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