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A Faunal Analysis of Okrn-1, Banks Island, N.W.T Western University Scholarship@Western Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository 6-15-2016 12:00 AM Variability in Thule Inuit Subsistence Economy: A Faunal Analysis of OkRn-1, Banks Island, N.W.T. Kathryn Kotar The University of Western Ontario Supervisor Lisa Hodgetts The University of Western Ontario Graduate Program in Anthropology A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree in Master of Arts © Kathryn Kotar 2016 Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd Recommended Citation Kotar, Kathryn, "Variability in Thule Inuit Subsistence Economy: A Faunal Analysis of OkRn-1, Banks Island, N.W.T." (2016). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 3776. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/3776 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Abstract This thesis presents a zooarchaeological analysis of animal remains recovered from a late Thule qarmaq at the OkRn-1 archaeological site (ca. 1450 – 1650 AD) on Banks Island, N.W.T. The main objectives were to: 1) document animal exploitation in the qarmaq; 2) determine the season of occupation of the qarmaq; 3) assess change in Thule subsistence strategies on Banks Island over time; 4) identify similarities/differences between OkRn-1 and contemporary sites in the western Canadian Arctic. Ringed seal was the dietary staple of the qarmaq and Arctic fox were exploited for their pelts. The presence of migratory species and the demographic profile of ringed seals suggest that the qarmaq was occupied in the late winter, spring, and fall. Comparisons between early and late Thule assemblages on Banks Island, and between OkRn-1 and contemporary sites, reveal variability in subsistence driven by local landscape/climate, season of occupation, variability in settlement organization, and social change. Keywords Banks Island, Canadian Arctic, zooarchaeology, Thule, faunal, consumption. ii Acknowledgements To my supervisor, Dr. Lisa Hodgetts, meow meow meow meow. Thank you to the ringed seal that was sacrificed for our reference collection. In an associated way, thank you to fate, fishing nets, Kevin Gully (also for donuts), and Kyle Donovan. A special thank you to the other residents of Sachs Harbour, especially Mariah Lucas, Alex Kudlak, Trevor Lucas, and Steven Lucas. Thank you to the Sachs Harbour Community Corporation and the Sachs Harbour Hunters and Trappers Committee for permitting this research. I would like to acknowledge the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, the Christine Nelson MA Bioarchaeology Award, and the Northern Scientific Training Programme for their financial support. Logistical aid was provided by the Polar Continental Shelf Program, the Aurora Research Institute in Inuvik, and Park Canada’s Western Arctic Field Unit (WAFU). I would like to publically apologize for setting off the fire alarms at the ARI dorms, I was just trying to fry some bacon and things got a little dicey. My two years at Western have been full of laughs, learning, and even the occasional opportunity for personal growth. Thank you to the fantastic faculty, staff, and fellow graduate students of the Anthropology department. Thank you to Dr. Jean-François Millaire for giving me a place to work in your lab and to Edward Eastaugh for organizing a small army of volunteers and a literal shit tonne of animal bones. Thank you to the rest of my examining committee: Dr. Ian Colquhoun, Dr. Chris Ellis, and Dr. Katrina Moser. My master’s degree is the second best thing I got out of this programme. My peers in the Ikaahuk Archaeology Project pulled me through six weeks of an “oh-god-I’ve-never- camped-before” field season. Laura Kelvin then kept me sane for the next two years (and Jeopardy!). My cohort is the best cohort. Thank you to Anthro Rave for the eye-opening experiences and the unconditional love. Thank you to CATSMANEK for the support back home. I sincerely treasure every new friendship I have made above all else. Finally, thank you to my family. Thank you Mom, Dad, Grandpa, Matt, Derek, Stephanie, and Charlotte for the warmth and love. To Marilyn Teasdale and Julian Kotar, thank you for watching over me always. Lastly, thank you to Blankey, because I know it will drive my mom crazy. We did it, Buddy! iii Table of Contents Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………….….ii Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………………..iii Table of Contents…….......……………………………………………………………….…..iv List of Tables…...……………………………………………………………………….…..viii List of Figures……………...………………………………………………………….……...ix List of Appendices…...……………………………………………………………….……....xi Chapter 1……………………………………………………………………………………....1 1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………….1 1.1 Research Questions………………………………...........………………………...2 1.2 The Cultural History of Banks Island……………………………………………..3 1.2.1 Pre-Dorset……...………………………………………………………..3 1.2.2 Lagoon Phase…………………………………………………………....4 1.2.3 Thule…………………………………………………………………….6 1.2.3.1 Nelson River…………………………………………………..6 1.2.3.2 Cape Kellet………...………………………………………….9 1.2.3.3 OkRn-1………………………………………………………..9 1.2.3.3.1 OkRn-1 Seasonality………………………………..12 1.2.4 Ancestral Inuvialuit………………………………………………...…..13 1.2.5 Summary of Banks Island Subsistence…………………………...…....14 1.3 Recent Archaeological Research in the Mackenzie Delta...……………………..15 1.4 Recent Archaeological Research on Victoria Island…………………………….18 1.5 Summary and Thesis Structure…………………………………………………..20 Chapter 2……………………………………………………………………………………..22 iv 2 Environmental Context and Methodology…………………………………………………22 2.1 Environmental Context: Banks Island…………………………………………...22 2.1.1 Marine, Terrestrial, and Avian Resources on Banks Island……………22 2.1.1.1 Mammals……………………………………………………..22 2.1.1.2 Birds………………………………………………………….23 2.1.1.3 Fish…………………………………………………………...24 2.2 The Excavation at OkRn-1……………………………………………………….24 2.2.1 Recovery……………………………………………………………….24 2.2.3 Identification…………………………………………………………...25 2.2.4 Recording………………………………………………………………27 2.3 Quantification……………………………………………………………………30 2.3.1 NISP and MNI…………………………………………………………30 2.3.2 MNE and MAU………………………………………………………...32 2.4 Utility Indexes……………………………………………………………………33 2.5 Determining the Age Distribution of Ringed Seals……………………………...34 2.5.1 Ringed Seal Epiphyseal Fusion………………………………………..35 2.5.2 Long Bone Measurements……………………………………………..36 2.6 Statistical Tests and Analysis…………………………………………………….37 2.6.1 Spearman’s Rho………………………………………………………..37 2.7 Summary…………………………………………………………………………39 Chapter 3……………………………………………………………………………………..40 3 Results……………………………………………………………………………………...40 3.1 Relative Abundance of Bird/Fish/Mammal Classes……………………………..40 3.2 Main Fish Taxa…………………………………………………………………..43 v 3.3 Main Bird Taxa…………………………………………………………………..45 3.4 Main Mammal Taxa……………………………………………………………...46 3.5 Skeletal Part Representation of Ringed Seal and Caribou……………………….49 3.5.1 Representation of Ringed Seal Skeletal Elements……………………..49 3.5.2 Representation of Caribou Skeletal Elements………………………….51 3.6 Age Distribution of Ringed Seals………………………………………………..54 3.6.1 Ringed Seal Epiphyseal Fusion………………………………………..55 3.6.2 Ringed Seal Metric Data……………………………………………….57 3.7 Seasonality……………………………………………………………………….59 3.8 Bone Processing and Taphonomy………………………………………………..62 3.8.1 Bone Length……………………………………………………………63 3.8.2 Burning and Cut Marks………………………………………………...64 3.8.3 Acid Corrosion and Carnivore Gnawing………………………………65 3.9 Summary and Conclusion………………………………………………………..66 Chapter 4……………………………………………………………………………………..68 4 Discussion………………………………………………………………………………….68 4.1 Consumption Activities at OkRn-1………………………………………………68 4.1.1 Dwellings 1 and 5……………………………………………………...71 4.1.2 Comparison of Dwelling 2 Fauna with that of Dwellings 1 and 5…….74 4.2 Consumption Activities on Banks Island………………………………………...75 4.2.1 Nelson River (OhRh-1)………………………………………………...75 4.2.1.1 Nelson River Faunal Assemblage……………………………76 4.2.1.2 Nelson River Seasonality…………………………………….78 4.2.1.3 Comparison of Dwelling 2 and Nelson River………………..82 vi 4.3 Consumption Activities in the Western Canadian Arctic………………………..84 4.3.1 Washout………………………………………………………………..87 4.3.2 Iglulualuit………………………………………………………………91 4.4 Summary and Conclusion………………………………………………………..95 Chapter 5……………………………………………………………………………………..98 5 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………98 5.1 Subsistence Practices at OkRn-1………………………………………………...98 5.2 Comparisons with other Thule Sites……………………………………………101 5.3 Contributions……………………………………………………………………102 5.4 Future Research………………………………………………………………...103 References…………………………………………………………………………………..105 Appendices………………………………………………………………………………….121 Curriculum Vitae…………………………………………………………………………...140 vii List of Tables Table 1.1: Relative Abundance of Species (% of NISP) from Umingmak (Taylor 1976)……4 Table 1.2: Relative Abundance of Species (% of NISP) from the Lagoon site (Arnold 1980)..........................................................................................................................................5 Table 1.3: Relative Abundance of the Minimum Number of Individuals (% of MNI) from Nelson River (Arnold 1986)…………………………………………………………………..8 Table 1.4: Chronological Information for Mackenzie Delta and Victoria Island Sites, Nelson River, and OkRn-1…………………………………………………………………………...19 Table 2.1: Units Sampled for Contexts 5 and 25…………………………………………….27 Table 2.2:
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