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Esoteric Buddhism in Mediaeval Maritime Asia

Esoteric Buddhism in Mediaeval Maritime Asia

INDEX

Abang, cylindrical stone inscription 334 Aggabodhi V, King 356–57 Abeyadana 20n7; 20 Aggabodhi VI, King 353–54, 356, 365n25 Abhayagiri() 9n29, 10, 15, 17, 343–44, Agni 56 349–52, 353nn6–7, 355–61, 362n22, 363–69, Agnipurāṇa 47n88, 321, 321n38, 338n63 371–72, 374–76; esoteric doctrines 351; inscrip- Airlaṅga, King 377n52 tion 324, 350, 361, 365, 367, 369; monks 350, Aizen 376n51; subjugation of Īśvara and Nārāyaṇa 323 352, 356–358n16, 361, 362n20, 364, 366–67, 369, Ajanṭā 215–16 371–76; prākāra walls of 351; ‘replicas’ in South- Aji (Aṅliṅ Darma, Aridharma) 275, east Asia 17n56, 359n16; structure 362n22; 278n16, 279n16, 284, 285n25, 289, 290n32, 291, stūpa 366; 294, 296, 298–99, 304n48, 317n64 abhicāra (ābhicāraka, ābhicāruka) 330, 333, 346, 384 *Ājñāgarbha 29, 38, 50; see also Bianhong Abhidharmakoṣa 201n39 Akalāṅka 372n44 Abhidharmakośabhāya 390 ākarṣaṇa 330–34, 336, 336n57, 338n62, 338n64, Abhisamayālaṅkāra 262–63; literature 11, 19 339n66, 342–43, 345 abhiṣeka 4, 7, 17, 29, 39, 43, 193–94, 201, 223, Ākāśagarbha, 52n115, 90, 135 240, 245, 252, 278, 357, 369; ācārya- 39n60; akṣamālā 353n6 cakravarty- 39; pañca- 39n60; pañcakula- Akṣayamatisūtra 77 39n60; rājya- 29, 39, 43, 47; *saptaratna- 39; Akṣobhya 57, 81, 88–89, 90n64, 91, 149, 192, 198, *Vajradhātu- 33–34 201, 219, 232–33, 234n29, 243, 248, 264, 267, , Bodhisattva 118, 340, 340n72, 376; rites 137; 280n21, 335; head of the family 243 137 Alan Gua 153 ācārya(s) 7, 34, 40, 57n163, 99, 134n49, 358; three Alaungsitthu 20n67 great ācāryas of mid-Tang period 14 Allinger, E. 171 Account of Activities 131n27 Aluonashun (*Aruṇāśa?) 194 Account of Conduct (T 2056) 132 Amarakośa 110n107 Acri, A. 326n12, 329n24, 345, 378, 393 Amaramālā 110n107 *Adbhutakalpa (*Ekāksara-adbhutosṇīsakalpa, T Amarāvatī 18n60 953) 37, 43, 46–48n93, 50n102, 51n103 Amitābha 52n113, 88–89, 90n64, 91, 232–33, 178, Adhyardhaśatikāprajñāpāramitāsutra (T 243, APP) 192, 202, 264, 267, 268, 278n9, 280n21, 281n22 69, 71, 90 Amitāyus 57 Ādityavarman, King 8, 20n68, 21, 22n73, 149, 269 amoghapāśa (amogha-chain) 277, 281, 282, 284n24, Ādi-Buddha 19n61, 100, 232, 278n9; see also 292–93, 295, 315n58–59, 319 Amoghapāśa (Avalokiteśvara/Lokeśvara) 53n129, advaya 76, 375 54n134, 149, 234n32, 244, 268–69, 277–78, 281, Aek Sangkilon inscription 266–68, 270 317, 318n68; inscription of 142, 149; iconogra- Advayavajra 21n69 phy at Candi Jago 277; statue of Jago 278n13; Āgamas (Buddhist) 39 maṇḍala of 280–81 Agastya 363n24 Amoghapāśakalparāja (AKR, T 1092) 43n67, 48n93, Aggabodhi IV, King 354n9, 357 55n144

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Amoghapāśasādhana 21n73 Asaṅga 77, 83 57, 88–89, 178, 202, 232–33, 264, Asher, F.M. 195n19 267, 280n21, 316, 338n64, 340n72 Aśoka, Emperor 114, 211; tree 219 (Bukong) 5n15, 10, 12, 14–15, 17, Aśokakāntā-Mārīcī 219 30–31, 33, 34n27, 37–40, 42–43, 45, 47–48, Aṣṭadikpālas 43n69 51n102–54n141, 56n156, 86, 90, 99, 101, 111, Aṣṭa-mahā-bhaya-kliṅ 85n43, 87 125–28, 125n7, 130–34, 132n32, 136–38, 137n53, Aṣṭamahābhaya Tārā, see Tārā 203–206, 237, 239–41, 242n10, 244, 338, 338n64, Aṣṭamīvrata 277 339, 341n73, 351, 353–58, 360, 365n25, 369–70, Asṭāṅgahṛdaya 386n33 375–76, 381, 383, 388n45, 389–91; biographies Asṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā 8, 10n32, 12, 115, 86; journey to the Five 358; meeting 166, 170, 180, 260; Chinese (T 224, T 227) with in Java 12, 86n47, 205n58, 358; 54n142 memorial stele inscription 131n27, 132, 137; Astrology, Indian 384n21 travels of 382 368n32, 369n33 Amṛtakuṇḍali(n) 46, 54, 337, 337n60, 347, 370n39; Aśvaghoṣa 98 mantra 337n60; Atharvaveda 330 Amṛtakuṇḍalivināyakabandhadhāraṇī 337, 337n60 Atharvavedapariśiṣṭa 333n47 Amṛteśa (Amṛteśvara, Amṛteśabhairava) 332–34 Atikūṭa 14, 39 Ānandagarbha 99n78, 324, 337n60 Atiraṇacaṇḍeśvara inscription 17 Anaṅgavajra 76, 82 Atīśa (a.k.a. Dīpaṅkaraśrījñāna) 11, 19–20, 87n53, Anaṅgavarman 20n68 107, 113, 115–21, 166, 174, 178, 241, 252, 261–63, Angkor 19–20, 244, 248–49, 252, 266, 371n42 265–66, 278n9, 339n66; account of journey to Angkor Thom 20n66 Suvarṇadvīpa 19n63; relics of 120; school 119; Angling Darma (Aridharma) 275n4; see also Aji see also Candragharba Dharma Atwood, C.P. 147–48 Anige 145 Avadānas 110 Aniko 317n67 avaivartaka (Mahāyāna) monks 169n27 Lushan Rebellions 34n31, 128–31, 131n31, 137 Avalokiteśvara (Lokeśvara) 8, 13, 52, 53n129, An Thai stele 12n38 80–81, 90, 107, 165, 166n11, 171, 173n53, 175–78, Anugaṇṭhipada 391 180–82, 184, 189, 190, 217, 219–22, 225, 227, Anurādhapura 10, 15, 240, 350, 352–53, 354n9, 229–30, 239–40, 242–43, 257, 259, 277, 366, 355n9, 356, 360–61, 366, 373, 375; period 352 370–71; icons from Chaiya, Perak and Wonogiri Anuttarapūjā 105, 107–109, 111 12; images of 211 Anuttarayoga 82, 93n72 āvāsa 215, 218 An Xinggui 133, 133n37 āveśa rites 382, 384 Aparājita 40, 54, 56 Āyurvedic acupuncture 386n33 ārāma 215, 218 Arapacana 88 Bacon, F. 155 Archaeological Survey of (ASI) 191, 193n5, Bagan 166, 170–71, 183, 187–89; visual culture 194n9, 195n15 linkages with 166 Ardhanārīśvara 329, 366 Bahal II 268 Aris (or Araññavāsins) 20n67, 166n17 Bajradevī 158, 278 Arjuna 279n16, 289, 291, 293–94, 296, 298–99, Bajradhātu (Subhūti) , see Subhūti 302–305, 309n53, 315–16 Bajradhātvīśvarī 110 Arjunavivāha 279n16, 296n41, 299, 304, 316, 318 Bajrapāṇi 91 Arjunavijaya 158 Bālaputra(), King 18, 176, 207, 213, 265, 345, 393–94 Arthaśāstra 18n59, 345 Balinese ‘Bauddha Brahmins’ 13n40 Āryadeva 75, 98 172, 175–77, 189, 191n3, 195, 200n37, Āryamañjuśrīmūlakalpa 212 207; and Java 175 Āryapāda (or Ārya tradition) 71 Banteay Chhmar 20n66, 21

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Baosiwei 14 Bhaṭāra Samyaksambuddhāya 93 Baphuon 247 Bhaṭāra Śivabuddha 278n14, 318 Barong 3n10 Bhaṭāra Viśeṣa, (or the Saṅ Hyaṅ Divarūpa) 100 Batanghari, River 19, 83n41, 259–61, 263, 268 Bhattacharya, V. 76, 88n56 Batu Pahat inscription 85 Bhauma-Kara, dynasty 7, 9n25, 217 85 bhāvanā 76, 110 Bauddha-Śaiva dynamics 349, 350n3, 351n3, 366; Bhāvanākrama 77–78, 81, 111 antagonistic paradigm 21; anti-Śaiva Buddhist Bhāvanāyogāvatāra 76 myths 369; anti-Śaiva polemics 323–24, 337, Bhiksu(s), 113, 250; Mahendra 114 341–45, 347; Buddhaicized Śaiva in Bhoja 241; see also Vijaya Sri Lanka 365; divide 9; doctrinal disputes Bhomāntaka 345n81 370; Hindu gods and goddesses in Buddhist Bhṛkuṭī 52, 176, 277 contexts 182–83; problem of syncretism 21; Bhujang Valley 241 subordination of Hindu deities at Candi Bhūmisambhāra 102 372n43; violence 372n44 Bhūtadāmaratantra 119 Bautze-Picron, C. 20, 79, 197, 265n4, 268, 268n6 Bhūtanātha 332–34 Bay of Bengal 195, 205, 211; interaction sphere 211; Bhūtatantras 332, 346, 386n31 as the ‘Kaliṅga Sea’ 212 Bhūvācārya 9n25 Bayon state temple 20n66, 21, 244, 278n15 Bi’an, Dharmācārya Nirvāṇa 83–84 Behera, K.S. 213 Bianhong (Ājñāgarbha?) 12n35, 13n41, 15, 29, Bell, Sir C. 120 31–37, 39–41, 43, 45, 47–50, 59, 86–87, 99–100, Bena, King 194 101n84, 206–208 Benedict, A. 151–52 Biaro Bahal 21 Bengal 165–90, 200–201, 207; copperplate inscrip- Biaro Bahal II 218 tions 167–69, 167n21, 168n28; Muslim conquest Bidor 243 374; relations with Bagan 170, 190; relations 165–91, 193–95, 200–207; copperplate with Tibet 167, 175, 190, 188n113; see also inscriptions 167; Muslim conquest 374 Gauḍīdvīpa bījas 88n61 Benisti, M. 213 Bisa Sāgar, stūpa 195 Berg, C.C. 141–43, 151, 158 Blandongan, gold leaf inscriptions of 85n45 Bernet Kempers, A. J. 285n26, 318 19n63 Beyer, S. 87, 119 Bodh Gayā 1, 116, 164–66, 170, 178, 183, 185, Bhadracarī 87, 107, 109–11, 265 187–89, 213, 262; images 184, 188, 165n6, 197, Bhadreśvara 87–88 204; inscriptions of 194n14 Bhagavatavyākhyātantra 75 Bodhi (tree/temple) 37, 40, 185, 229, 239; see also Bhairava/Mahākāla 4, 134n48, 268, 332–33, 345; Mahābodhi 150–51n14 Bodhicaryāvatāra 21n69 Bhairavika Priest 21n71 (vodhicitta) 77, 82, 242 bhairab naach 3n10 Bodhigarbhālaṅkāralaksa 216n12 Bhaiṣajyaguruvaiḍūryaprabhasūtra 107 Bodhipathapradīpa 107 Bhaiṣajyarāja 370 (Dharmaruci) 14, 36, 48n92, 50n101, Bhaiṣajyasamudgata 370 54n135, 56n158 Bhairava 184 Bodhisattva(s) 4, 8n23, 13, 21n73, 29, 41, 43, 106, Bhājā 215 124, 134–35, 193n7, 197, 211, 216–17, 220–21 bhakti 110 232, 234, 239, 242, 244, 248, 257, 275, 277–78, Bharāla 76 281n22, 291, 353n7, 370, 371n42; cult in Mon– Bhartṛhari 81n36 Khmer land 250; group of six 80–81; Eight Bhāskaravarman, King 202 Great (aṣṭamahābodhisattvas) 41, Bhaṭāra Divarūpa 90–91 52n115, 78–79; maṇḍala of eight 270; medicine Bhaṭāra Hyaṅ Buddha 110 kings 370; path 227; Svastika 38

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Bodhisattvahood 216 Events of Buddha’s life (Asṭamahāpratiharya) Bodhisattvayāna 250 187–88, 189n121; footprint 356; gem-eyed 373; bodhyagrī-mudrā 338–39, 339n67 images at Kesariya 199; in Brahmanical images Boechari 264 184; of Bhadrakālpa 202; of 238; Borobudur 11–12, 21n69, 67, 71, 79, 82, 87, 101, pentad of 242, 245, 252 (see also Jina-Buddhas, 103–105, 107, 109–12, 191–92, 193n5, 195–202, Pañcatathāgatas); nāga-enthroned 244; of the 204, 206, 208, 233, 238, 242, 253, 262, 265, present and future 78–79; oneness with Śiva 278, 279–80, 281n22, 291n36, 293, 306, 314, 317, 349, 318; of Sambor Prei Kuk 250; of the past 78–79; 371, 378; art and architecture of 176, 191–92, Supreme 278n15; see also Śākyamuni (Buddha), 196–202, 206–207; Buddhism of 11, 101–102; Tathāgata(s) iconography of 102; lead-bronze inscription, see Buddhabhadra 87 Mahāraudranāmahdaya Buddhacarita (Vuddhacarita) 98, 110 Bosch, F.D.K. 87–88, 258, 266–68, 270 buddhacārya 110–11 Bourdieu, P. 152 Buddhaghoṣa 391 Brahmā 90–91, 182–83, 194n13, 368n32, 370 Buddhaguhya 44n75, 99n78, 123n1 134n47 Buddhagupta 81n37; inscription 256 Brahmaṇdapuraṇa 390 216, 239, 277, 316 Brahmanical, ascetics 134n47; social order 5 Buddhajñāna (or Buddhaśrījñāna) 71, 76 Brahmanism 6 Buddhakapāla 178 Brahmans (Brahmins, brāhmaṇas) 14n46, 21n71, Buddhakara, King 14n45; dynasty 14n45 114, 167n19, 168–69, 175, 282, 300, 365 Buddhasamayoga 74 brahmavihāras 77, 82, 89 Buddhism/Buddhist, and royal power 169–70, Brahmayāmala 331 167n19; council, first 203; cult of books 176, ‘Brahmic’ (Fantian) tradition of astrology 46 180, 187; donations 167–69; donors 167–70, 177, Brandes, J.L.A. 68, 275, 290, 293n37, 307, 311, 314, 180; interaction with Brahmanism 168–69, 175, 318 182–84, 190, 182n94, 190n122; monasticism 182, Bṛhatkathā 36n45 169n27; pilgrimage 165, 165n10, 173; transmis- Brief Explanation of the production, Recollection, sion between the Sanskritic and Sinitic worlds, and Recitation of the Yoga of the Diamond Peak 29 Scripture (T 866) 135 Buddhist iconography, incorporation of local Brihadīśvara 368n32 beliefs 225 ’Brom ston 120, 262 Bühnemann, G. 330n33–n32 Bronkhorst, J. 372n44 Bukit Seguntang, inscription 257 Brown, R.L. 213 Bureaucracy, in Tang 127–131 Bsam yas Monastery 77 Bu ston 389 see Candi Bubrah Buddha(s) 29, 38, 40, 50–51, 91, 106, 127, 135, caitya 8, 103, 216; window 224; - 103; 200–202, 220, 234n29, 239n4, 247, 253, 257, worship of 103 259–60, 262, 267, 269, 271, 278, 281n22, 334, caityavandana, inscription of 103 337n58, 338, 344, 368n32, 371n42, 376; 108 Cakranegara, raid of the Puri of 68n4 names of 134; as a universal and divine king Cakrasaṁvara(tantra) 9n27, 154n18, 240, 248, ruler (cakravartin) 164, 201–202; as Bhairava 338n62; -maṇḍala 178n81, 190n122 142; biography of 163, 188–90, 193; depictions/ Cakrasaṃvarapañjikā 18n57 images/statues of 164–66, 174, 177n73, 178n82, Cakravarticintāmaṇi (Bodhisattva) 31–32, 35, 183, 186–89, 191–93, 194n13, 195–96, 198–202, 46n83, 53, 99–100; -dhāraṇī 50n99 204, 206, 209; Dhyāni/Jina-Buddha(s) 141, cakravartin 29, 36, 39, 42, 43n69, 45–46, 48–50, 141n2, 143, 219, 229, 232–33, 248, 278, 280n21, 56n162, 100, 145, 154–55, 188n116, 193–94, 316, 318 (see also ); directional 201–203, 206, 208n72, 346, 358n16, 369; as 243; discourses/preaching/sermon/teaching/ut- a maṇḍala’s central Buddha or Bodhisattva terance of 164; donations to 168–69; Eight Great 201–202; vidyādhara- 36; stūpa, see stūpa

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*Cakravartitantra(s) 36–44n73, 46n83, 50n101– Cāmuṇḍā 345 55n152 Chang’an (present–day Xi’an) 1, 15, 32–34, 99–100, Cāḷukya, dynasty 377n52; Early Western 368n32 205–207, 241, 373 Campā 18, 377 Chapoholo, battle site of 194n14 Cāmuṇā 163n4 Chattopadhyaya, B. 202 Caṇḍavajrapāṇi 335, 335n51, 340, 342 Chaurasi, temple 232 Candi Angsoka 258 92 Candi Bongkol, stone post inscription 334n48 Cherok Tokun inscription 85n45 Candi Bubrah 201, 208 Chientowei, River 194n14 Candi Bukit Batu Pahat 253 Chinese monks/pilgrims 213, 216, 226, 258, 266; in Candi Bungsu 88n61, 110n108 the Indonesian Archipelago 113–14 Candi Gumpung 263–64, 266, 272; gold foil Chinggis Khan 147, 153, 158; cult of 147 inscription 335, 335n51; maṇḍala 264 Chinnamastakā (or Chinnamastā) 387n41 Candi Jago 21–22, 68, 88n58, 143n8, 157, 244, 268, Chōen 386n33 275–319; artisans of 279; cella statuary of 281; Chou, Y–L. 11, 86 maṇḍala 278; reliefs 176, 275–319 Chōyo 387n40 Candi Jawi 88 Clay sealings/votive tablets 85 Candi 90n63, 207–208, 238, 377 Coedès, G. 1n1, 82, 113, 237, 241, 253, 257, 263 Candi Kedulan 377n53; inscriptions 351n3, 377n53 Cōḻa, dynasty 115, 207, 253, 262, 266, 377n52; Candi 18n59, 201, 207–208, 252 attack on Sumatra 260, 262, 266; fleet 241; Candi Mahligai 263, 269, 273 inscriptions 207n68; interregnum in Sri Lanka Candi 8n23, 12, 79, 199, 201n39, 202n41, 368n29; period 368n32; Rājarāja 174, 207n68; 219, 226–27, 238, 244; iconography of 219n18; texts 241; and Ellorā caves 219n18; Bodhisattvas at 79 Colless, B. 323n3–24n5, 331, 341, 343, 347, 376, 378 Candi Pawon 199 Compendium of Principles of All Tathāgatas 239 Candi 12, 79, 201, 208; inscriptions 208; Comprehensive Mirror for Aiding Government Lor, 350n3, 351n3, 362n21, 372n43, 374n48 123–24 Candi Pulau Sawah 269 Confucian tradition () 48n91, 124; Candi Sewu 11n35, 12, 17, 18n59, 177, 191n3, 201, canon 130 202n41, 207–208, 238, 252, 349, 366n26, 371n43, Consecration deposits ( deposits) 264, 268, 372n43, 376, 378n53 272–73 Candi Śiva 326n12 Conti, P. 248 Candra, dynasty 167–69, 174; inscriptions 169 Conze, E. 71n12 Candragarbha 262; see also Atīśa Cool, W. 68 Candraguhyatilaka 74 Cornelius, H.C. 193n5 Candrakīrti 75, 98, 116; pseudo 45n79 Crawfurd, J. 368 Candras, dynasty 7 Cūdāmanivarman, King 10n30, 19, 117–18, Carita Parahyaṅan 323, 343–44, 344n79, 351, 174, 207, 244, 262; -vihāra, see Śrīśailen- 363n23, 377, 378n54 dracūdāmanivarman Vihāra Caryā 93 Cui Gan 129 caryāntya 3n10 Cūḷavaṁsa 352–53, 356–57, 365, 369n33, 378 Caryāmelāpakapradīpa 29n2, 75 Cundā, goddess 227 Caryātantras 71, 217, 346 Cunningham, A. 79 191, 193, 199n29 Casparis, J.G. 18n58, 85, 101, 102n86, 256, 270, 374n48, 393 Dafangguang fo shu (T 1736) 92 Catuspīṭhatantra 6n17 Daijizaiten-hōsoku-giki (Maheśvara–vidhi–?) Ceṭiyagiri Monastery 9n29 339n66 Chaiya 12, 240, 243–44, 252; 775 inscription 244 Daizong, Emperor 8, 48n90, 86n51, 126–29, 126n12, Chakaravarti, D.K. 195 133, 137, 203, 383n16 Champāran 192–96, 200 Ḍākinītantras 4

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Dale-jingang-bukong-zhenshi-sanmeiye-jing-ban- Dharmasetu 90n63 ruo-boluomiduo-liqushi (T 1003) 90 Dharmasraya 268 Dali, Kingdom 21, 123, 178 Dharmasvāmin 166, 166n11 Dalton, J. 93n72, 335n52, 337n60, 342, 345n82, 347, Dharmayaśas 17 375n49 Dharmendra 76 Damais, L.C. 212 Dholagaon 174n59 Dāmodaradeva, King 170 dhyāna 328 Daoism 240 dhyāna-mudrā 338n64 Daolin 83 Dhyāni-Buddha(s), see under Buddha(s) Dapunta Hyaṅ Śrī Jayanāśa 82 Diamond Maṇḍala, see Vajradhātu[mahā]maṇḍala Dara–Jiṅga 151 Diamond Pinnacle Scripture/Cycle, see Vajra śekha­ Dara–Petak 151 ratantra/Vajrosṇīsa daśapāramitā 71, 76–77, 82, 111 Dieng Plateau 272 Dasgupta, S.B. 74 Dignāga (Diṅnāga) 67, 76, 81–82, 84, 87, 101, 111, Davidson, R. 4–6, 123, 145–46, 148, 154–55, 202, 113 233, 265–66, 273, 335n51–37n58, 342, 344–45, Dignāgapāda, Ḍaṅ Ācāryya Śri 76, 81, 84, 111 377n52 Dīpaṅkara 260 Davis, E.L. 382 Dīpaṅkarabhadra 12, 71, 92, 101 Daxingshan, monastery 33, 383 Dīpaṅkaraśrījñāna, see Atīśa Dawangsari inscription 344n80 Divyāvadāna 279, 282n23, 293 Deccan, western 8 Donaldson, T. 214, 219, 223, 231 Degroot, V. 363, 366 Đông Dương 13n38; stele 12n38; temple 18 Des Routers, R. 127n14 Dongson bronzes 255 Desai, D. 231 Dorjee 103n92 Deśavarṇana (Nāgarakṛtāgama) 20n69, 33n20, 68, Droṇasiṁha, King 202 98, 102, 141–42, 148–50, 158, 266, 278n13–14 Druma, King 314 devadāsīs 228 Duddā, Queen 202 169–70, 200 128–31, 129n20 Devahuti, D. 194n12 Dumarçay, J. 176, 205 Devapāla, King 18, 167–68, 176, 207, 265, 358n16 Dunhuang 376; monastery 203n46; Tibetan manu- devī 110; catur- 71, 110; pañca- 71 script 335n52 Dhammapada368 () 77 Dupont, P. 244 dhāraṇī(s) 3n8, 4, 7, 9n25, 32, 36, 58, 80–81, 83, Durbodhāloka 11, 19, 262, 263 85, 93n74, 123n1, 136, 216, 324, 339, 340n69, Durgā 184, 255 357n13, 373, 387; - 387–88 Durgottārā 169 dhāraṇīghara 9n29, 357n13 Dutt, S.N. 215, 217 Dhāraṇī of the Great Protectress (T 1153) 136; see Du 128 also Mahāpratisarādhāraṇī/– dvāra–lalāṭa–bimba 223 vidyārājñī dvārapāla 224, 229, 232 Dhāraṇī Piṭaka 83–84 Dvāravatī 13, 251 dharmadhātu 103, 354n9; maṇdala 102 dveṣa (vidveṣana) 330, 332n41 Dharmakīrti (of Suvarnadvīpa) 11, 19–20, 116–21, 174, 241, 252; relics 121 Eastern India, art 163–66, 175; Gupta period 194n8, Dharmakīrti (7th-century Buddhist logician) 120 195–96, 205; Kuṣāṇa period 194n8; Pāla period Dharmapāla (Dharmakīrti), Chief Abbot of 163–206; Sena period 204; Śuṅga period 194n8 Nālandā 205, 261–62, 265 Edwards McKinnon, E. 271 Dharmapāla, King 11n34, 19, 81–82, 111, 113, Ekādaśamukhadhāraṇī 1 117–18, 167–68, 172–73, 195, 199; Ellorā 8, 201, 217, 227 91 Elverskog, J. 147, 152–53 Dharmasaṅgraha 107n102 Enchin 33–34

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Ennin 35, 47n89, 373; diary 204 365n25; Gaṇapati-Vināyaka 337, 337n60, 341, Esoteric Buddhism 2–5, 7, 10–11, 13–15, 18–22, 347; Krodhagaṇapati 339n66; Mahāgaṇapati 99, 102, 237–40, 244, 252, 318, 351–53, 370n37, 337, 339n66 374n46, 375; and early mediaeval polities 5; Gaṇapatitattva (Tatva Gaṇapati) 324–34, 336n58, and magical sovereignty 36; and politics 46–47, 337, 339n68, 340, 340n71, 342, 342n74, 346–47 123–24, 137–38; and the ethos of power 133–35; Gaṇḍakī, River 194n14 and war 137; archaic outside of the Gaṇḍavyūha 10n32, 111, 281n22; -(mahāyāna)sūtra Subcontinent 13; as distinct sectarian tradition (T 293) 87, 171n45, 176, 242, 281n22; -bhadra- in China 125n7; at Phimai 20n66; bestowing carī 206–207; reliefs of Borobudur 253 Buddhahood in life 277; bestowing super- gandhakūti/mūlagandhakūṭi 228 natural powers 278; collapse of institutional Gandhamādana, Mount 383 support after 840 ad 351; conflict with Thera­ Gandhāra, art 189 vāda 66; cult of wrathful deities 178–80, 184, 304n48, 305 190; decline after 840 A.D. 8, 18; denominator, Ganeśa, see Gaṇapati, Vināyaka vis-à-vis Tantric Buddhism 29n2; definition Gaṅgā, River 191, 195, 225 2–3; Esoteric teachings (mijiao 密教) 129n7; in , Valley 237, 239; monsteries 252 China 205, 207; in India 172, 190, 196, 206; in Gaozong, Emperor 203n47 Java 11–12, 86, 207, 242; in Sri Lanka 9n27, 351; Garbhadhātumaṇḍala 99, 111, 206, 370; garbha­ loss of royal support after 840 A.D. 373; origin maṇḍala 35, 42–43, 99–100, 335n50 4–5; relationship with śaivism 2; royal and Garuda 272, 382–85, 387; rites 382 mercantile models 5–6; scholarly construction Gāruda medicine 382 of 125n7; significant features 4; -ori- Garuda, Mount 383n17 ented, transmission to China 29; Three Phases 7, Garudapaṭalaparivarta T( 1276) 381n7, 383, 388n43, 252n19; waves 13, 19 388n45; see also Mañjuśrīmūlakalpa Eurasia 1, 2n3 Garuḍapurāṇa 47n88, 338n63 Gārudatantras 382, 383n14, 384n19; Śaiva 383n17 fang sheng 109n103 Gārudic lore 383; texts 382 Fanyu zaming (T 2135) 90n 63 Garuṅ, King 351n3, 363, 372n43, 375, 378; period 13n42, 85, 114, 191 351n3 Fa-yü 261 Gauḍīdvīpa (present-day Bengal) 18n59, 87, 101, 203 112, 177, 207 Feixi 358 Genzu maṇḍala, 36n43, 38, 41–42, 48n92, Ferrari, A. 120 53n119, 53n125, 54n137, 55n146; see also Five Indias 19n62 Mahākaruṇodbhava–garbhamaṇḍala Fontein, J. 268, 279, 281n22 Geographia 212 Foucher, A. 88n56 Geshu Han 131–33 Fozu lidai tongzai 147 Ghanavyūhasūtra (T 682) 86n51 Franke, H. 144, 146n11, 147 Ghaznī 115 Fuhōden (Himitsu Mandarakyō Fuhōden) 31, 33, Giebel, R.W. 12, 15, 17, 86, 101n84, 240–41, 252, 34n33 361n20, 369–370n36 Funan 212, 245 Girikaṇḍivihāra 353, 355–56; Pallava-Grantha inscription 356 Gajalakṣmī 223 Godan/Köden 144, 145n10 Gajavaktra 47n88, 338–39n67, 342; see also Gajen- Gold plates, Buddhist inscriptions from Java 85 dramukha, Gaṇapati, Vināyaka Golden Monastery 115 Gajendramukha 338 ‘Gold Island’/‘Gold Land’, see Suvarndvīpa Gambhīraśīla 76 Gomez, L.O. 227 gaṇacakra 98, 150 Gopāla II, King 167, 197n21; Ganapati (Ganeśa) 118–19, 182, 253, 255, 267, 324, Goris, R. 69, 71, 101 326, 329–30, 333–34, 337–42, 344n80–347, Go shorai Mokuroku (T 2161) 46n81

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Goudriaan, T. 85n43, 325–26n12, 330–32nn40–41, Han dynasty 124 335–36, 338, 345–46n83 Han Prince 127 Govindacandra, King 169–70; Hanguang 360, 365n25; biography of 17n54 grahas 46, 190n125 Hanumān 333 Grand Councillors 128–29 Hārītī 211, 226, 235 Gray, D.B. 248 Harivarman 170–71, 181–82; manuscript 182 Great Leiden Charter 117 Harṣa, King 36n45, 194–95, 202–203; Great Song Brief History of the Saṅgha 128n16 Harsavijaya, kiduṅ 151 Green Dragon, Monastery 99 Harṣavijaya (nephew of Kṛtanagara) 151 Griffiths, A. 11, 19n63, 88n61, 265–66, 270n7, 273, Hastadaṇḍaśāstra 83n40 278n13, 324, 326n12, 334–37n60, 340, 344n80, Hayagrīva 40, 56, 58, 175, 221, 277 346n85, 347 8 Gser gliṅ pa 19n63, 120 Heissig, W. 146 Guangzhou 19n62 Heling (or Holing), Kingdom 31, 208, 212; see also Guanshiyinshuo mieyijiezuiguode yijiesuoyuan Kaliṅga, Keliṅ tuoluoni 100 Hermann-Pfandt, A. 201n39 Guhasena, King 202n42 13, 20–21, 166, 177n76, 178–80, 189n1210, Guhyakādhipatinirdeśa 92 190, 184n96–97, 218, 248, 252, 267–68n6, 340, Guhyasamāja(tantra; also Śrīguhyasamāja) 14n44, 345, 383; see also Hevajra 20n66, 45n79, 71, 74–75, 77, 81–82, 85, 88–93, Herukasādhana 335 98, 100, 112, 149, 240, 246, 248, 278n9, 324, Heshang 77 328n20, 335n51, 336n57, 359n18, 376, 389–90 Hetu Vidyā 84 Guhyasamājamaṇḍala, rituals 71 Hevajra 13, 20–21, 166, 172, 177n76, 178–82, 184, Guhyasamājamaṇdalavidhi (GSMV; also Śrī–) 71, 186, 189, 166n16, 265n4, 268, 335, 339n67, 345; 73, 80, 88, 92, 98, 100–101, 111 maṇḍala 252, 265; see also Heruka Guhyasamājamaṇdalopāyikā 73 Hevajra(dākinījālasambara)tantra 13, 20–21, 88n61, Guhyasamājamaṇḍalopāyikāviṁśatividhi (GSVV; 141, 144–45, 149–50, 153, 240, 242, 252, 261, 265, also Śrī-) 38n50, 71, 73–74, 86, 88, 92, 98, 265n4, 278n15, 332n39, 338n61; cult in South- 100–101, 107, 111, 389 east Asia 252n19 Guhyasamājanidānakārikā 80 Hevajrābhiseka 141n2 Guhyatantra 43, 47n88, 56n159 Hevajratantra 149, 115, 240, 252 Guhyendutilaka 74–75, 111 Hilsa 119 Gujarat 194, 208; see also Gurjaradeśa Hīnayāna 3n8; monks 217; śāstras 217; sūtras 217 Guluṅ Guluṅ inscription 334 Hinduism in Sumatra 253, 255 Gumpung, see Candi Gumpung Hindu 213; in Odisha 213, 223, 231; in Guṇabhadra 357n13 Bhubaneswar 222 Guṇavarman 85, 205–206 Hiraṇyadāman 346 Gunung Kidul 363; inscriptions 349 Hishū kyoso sho 387n40 Gupta dynasty 194–96; art and architecture of in India 217 195–97 Hobbes, T. 155 Gupta, S. 211 Hôbôgirin 382, 384n20 Gurjaradeśa (present-day Gujarat) 12, 208 Hock, N. 214, 217 Gurjara-Pratihāra dynasty 12, 208 Hodge, S.75– 76 Gurumaṇḍalapūjā 88n61 Hodgson, B. 193n5 Gurupañcaśikhā 73–74, 76, 98–99, 111 Holt, J. 15 Guy, J. 204, 252 homa 135, 199, 240 Gyantse 201n39 Hongfa 99 Hooykaas, C. 85n43, 325–26n12, 329nn28–30, Haiyun 31, 389–90 332n44 Hall, D.G.E. 142 Hor Chos’byung 157n21

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Hpayathonzu 20n67 Jātaka(s) 110, 258, 284, 287, 302; -mālā 110 Huaidi 383n14 Java 176, 191, 195, 205–209, 213, 358; ad 1293 Huayang, Princess 126–27 invasion by Khubilai 143; and Bangladesh 175; Hucker, C.O. 127n14, 131n26, 131n31 and China 11–12, 31–34, 207; and India 165–66, Hudson, D.D. 372n44 176–78, 184, 189, 191, 195, 205–209; and Kaliṅga Huichang 373 212; connections with Odisha 213 12n35, 15, 31–36, 38–39, 50n99, 86, 99–101, Javanese literature, magical aspect of 142 206, 370n36 Jawi, Candi 88 Huilang 15, 48n94 Jayabhadra 18n57 Huilun 204 Jayakatoṅ 150–51 Huining 85 Jayākhyasaṁhitā 332n41; see also Pāñcarātra, Huiri 99 Vaiṣṇava Hulegu 146 Jayanagara see Lakhi Sarai, Jaynagar Humphrey, C. 158–59 Jayanāśa, King 256, 265 Hunlunweng 353n7 Jayanta (Rājasthavira) 118 Hunter, T.M. 296 Jayaśīla 117 Huntington, J.C. 216, 226, 252 Jayavarman II, King 346, 358 Huntington, S.L. 197, 252 Jayavarman V, King 12n37; Sanskrit inscription (K. Hyecho 15, 358 111) 346 Hye-il 33 Jayavarman VI, King 248 Jayavarman VII, King 8, 20, 252, 278n9, 278n15, Ijzerman, J.W. 88n61, 269–70n7 371n42 Ikṣvāku, dynasty 9n25 Jayavarman-Parameśvara, King 371n42 Indian Ocean, trade network 2 Jesuits 118 Indra 148, 134n43, 164, 182, 279n16, 296n41, 299, Jialouluo ji zhutian miyan jing (‘Scripture of 304n48, 305, 316, 328n23, 339, 363n24, 370; see of Garuda and Gods’ [T 1278]) 382–83, also Śakra 385n24, 385n29 Indrabhūti 75, 203 Jianfusi, monastery 203n47 Intan shipwreck 259–60 Jianzhong 99 Iron stūpa 9, 353n7, 354 ’Jig-med-rig-pa’i-rdo-rje 157n21 Īśān (modern Isan) 250 Jina 88; -temple (jinamandira) 12; -Buddha(s) Īśāna, dynasty 69 200–201; see also Buddha(s), Tathāgata(s) Īśāna (form of Śiva) 55 Jing’ai, monastery 204n53 Īśānavarman, King 14n46, 237 Jinge, monastery 204 Īśvara(s) 90–91, 323, 328n23, 329; five 88; palace Jingshe 365n25 383 Jingangfeng louge yiqie yuqie yuzhi jing 376n51 Jingangding jing yuqie shibahui zhigui 14n49 Jagaddala Mahāvihāra 172 Jingangzhi 14, 389–90; see also Vajrabodhi Jagchid, S. 146–47 Jiu Tangshu (JTS) 125–33, 137 , 172n47; inscription 167–68, 167n21, Jīvakāmravana 215n10 169n28 jñāna 77 Jago, see Candi Jago Jñānabajreśvara 88, 149, 278n14 Jaini, P.S. 279 Jñānabhadra 85 Jaka Dolog inscription 148–49, 159 Jñānacandra 76 119 Jñānagarbha 76, 77 Jambi 88n61, 240, 258–65, 268 Jñānapāda (Jñāna tradition) 71 Jambudvīpa 203 Jñānasiddhānta 326nn12–14 Jamspal, L. 92n70 Jñanasiddhi 29n2, 75 japa 106, 328, 353n6, Jñānaśiwabajra 148 Japasūtra (JS) 73 Jong, J.W. de 69, 71, 93n72

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Jordaan, R.E. 100, 113n1, 208–209, 234n31, 323n3, karuṇā 229 324, 326n12, 331, 341, 343–45, 347, 363, 376, 378 Kāśyapaparivartasūtra 77 Jūhachieshiki 341n73 Kāśyapaśilpa 272 Juynboll, H.H. 68 Kats, J. 67–69 Kaula, stream of Śaivism 332n45 Kabajradharan 21n69 Kauz, R. 2 Kaḍiri-Siṅhasāri 20 kavinayan 21n69 Kah-gyur 279, 281n22, 282n23, 284 Kayumvuṅan inscription 102, 103n90, 110–111, 206 Kailāsa, Mount 184n97 Kayuvaṅi, King 346n86, 353n8, 361, 363, 373n45, Kailāsanātha 17, 368n32 374n47, 375 Kaiyuan catalogue (Kaiyuan shijiao lu) Kedah (Kaṭāha) 10n30, 12, 19n63, 115, 174, 240–41, 381, 390 244, 253, 255–56, 258, 260, 262–63, 265, 272; Kakārakuṭarahasyam 231 inscription 85n45 Kāla, faces of 259; see also Kīrttimukha Kedulan, see Candi Kedulan Kālacakra 141, 141n1 Kedulan inscriptions 351n3, 377n53 Kālacakratantra 19, 171, 217, 262 Keichin 35n38 Kāḷachuri, dynasty 377n52 kәliṅ 212 Kāla-makara, architectural motif 213 Kelurak inscription 18n59, 86–87, 89, 90n63, 91, Kalasan, inscriptions 86, 87, 89n63, 100, 118–20, 100–101, 112, 207, 209, 241, 252 234; see also Candi Kalasan Kempers, B. 267 Kālī 231 Ken Aṅrok 158 Kālidāsa 212 Kern, H. 141n2 Kālikāpurāṇa 184 Kesariya 191–93, 195–202; inscription 195; stūpa Kaliṅga (Heling, Kәliṅ) 8, 31, 34–35, 48, 85, 87, architecture 193, 196–202; 99, 211, 213; in trade networks 212; maritime Ketu 46n83 prowess of 212; traders from 212 Khaḍgarāvaṇa 329, 332, 332nn43–44, 334 Kaliṅgapatana 9 Khagarbha 79–80; among the Eight Great Bo- Kaliṅgoḍra 12 dhisattvas 79; among the group of six Bodhisat- Kalki Śrīpāla 19 tvas 80 Kālottara 44n73 Khalimpur, charter 195n18 Kāma 316 Khanipas 323–24, 331–32, 346, 346n86, 376 Kāmākhyā 184 Khao Sam Kaeo 255 Kamalaraksita 117 Khmer, Khorat plateau 237–38; art 244 Kamalaśīla 76–78 Khon clan 145 Kāmarūpa (present-day Assam) 202 Khotan 114 Kanauj 194 Khri Srong Lde Bstan 77 Kāñcī 9, 10n30, 14n46, 15, 18, 113, 205, 237, 240–41, Khubilai Khan 8, 20n68, 21, 141–51, 153–59, 242, 352–53, 357, 372n44; Pallava–style Buddhism 252, 275, 278, 317–18; and Buddhism 144, 148, at 237 153; and foreign policy 151; and Kṛtanagara 141, Kandahjaya, H. 206 142, 158; consecration of 141n2, 142, 153n18; Kānherī 8 historiography on 148; invasion of Java 143, 252; kapāla 387n41, 388 wife of (Chabi) 157 Kāpālika(s)/kāpālika 4, 342n76, 344–45 Kiduṅ 148, 151, 155, 158 Kapstein, M.T. 3n8 Kim, J. 1, 168, 170, 187 Kāraṇḍavyūha(sūtra) 13n38, 54n138, 171, 181 King of Eulogies of Vajragarbha-Trailokyavijaya Karang Berahi inscription 261 (Kongōzō gōzanze san’ō) 370n38 , family 107 kinnarī 278; jataka 315 Karmavibhaṅgasūtra 104–105 Kīrttimukha, architectural motif 199, 259 Karpūrādistotram 231 Kīrtipaṇḍita, purohita 12, 244, 246, 248–50, 252, 346 Kārttikeya 53n118; see also Kitan 144

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Klokke, M.J. 176, 238n2, 346n86 Kurkihār 250 Kōbō Daishi Zenshū 31n8 Kusen 351n3 Kongōbuji 360, 365n25, 369–71; monastery 351 Kuśinagara 193 Koṅkana/Konkan coast 8, 18n57 Kutai inscriptions 114 Kota Cina 271 Kyanzittha, King 20n67 Kōya, Mount 99, 360, 369–70 Kōya ni dōjō o konryū shite kekkai suru keibyaku Ladahancandra, King 169, 169n33 no bun (‘Text of Declaration for the Consecra- Laghusaṁvara/Herukābhidhāna 18n57 tion of an Altar at Mount Kōya’) 370 Lakhi Sarai/Jaynagar 173, 167n19, 180, 184 Krairiksh, P. 241 Lakṣmaṇa 17n56 Kramrisch, S. 214 Lakṣmaṇasena, King 171 Kriyā 93 Lakṣmī 223, 271, 315–16, 368n32, Kriyākālaguṇottara 332nn43–44, 384n19, 387n39 Lalitagiri 8, 195n17, 197, 213, 218 Kriyāsaṅgraha (KS) 71, 73, 106n99 lalitāsana 224, 299, 309, 310n55 Kriyāsaṅgrahapañjikā 71, 103n93, 106 Lalitavistara 110 Kriyātantra(s) 45n80, 214, 217, 346 Lālmai, Buddhist centre 195 Krodhaganapati 118 Lamaism 146 Krodhagaṇapatisādhana 118 Lamaist church 146 Krodha(-vighnāntaka) deities 166, 180, 335, Lambakaṇṇa (Second), dynasty 7, 10n30, 240, 244, 339n67–343n77 349n2, 350–53, 356, 359, 372 Krom, N.J. 79, 82, 98, 101–102, 107, 142, 279, 293 Licchavi, (Nepalese) dynasty 193–95 Kṛṣṇa 279n16 Lidai minghua ji (‘Records of the Famous Painters Kṛṣṇāyaṇa 278n16, 279n16, 317n64 of All the Dynasties’) 204n53 Kṛtanagara, King 8, 20n68, 21–22, 88, 141–43, Lumbung, see Candi Lumbung 148–51, 153–59, 252, 268, 275, 278, 318, 345; and Lamdré 145 Buddhism 141, 148, 151, 153; and foreign policy Lamotte, É. 228n21 151; and Khubilai 142, 158; consecration of Lang Darma, King 18, 116, 119 141n2; isṭadevatā of 141n2 130 Kṣemarāja 331, 331nn37–38 Laporan Tahunan 362n22 Kṣitigarbha 80; among the group of six Bodhisat- la Vallée Poussin, L. de 82 tvas 80; among the Eight Great Bodhisattvas 79 Lévi, S. 1n1, 92n70, 98 Kubera 55, 224, 282, 311n55, 370n39 Leviathan 155 Kubilai, Kublai, see Khubilai Lhasa 1, 120 Kubjikāmatatantra 384n19 Liangbu dafa xiangcheng shizi fufa (T 2081) 31 Kudṛsṭinirghāṭana 21n69 Liang, dynasty 80 Kuijp, L. van der 389 Baoyu 128, 133 12, 14–15, 29, 31–35, 39, 46n81, 100, 101n84, 130 238n2, 241, 351, 360, 365n25, 369–71, 381, 382n7 Ligor inscription 118, 260 Kuladatta 103n93, 106 Li Guangbi 129, 133 Kulottuṅga Cōḻa inscription 209n74 133n37 Kumāraghoṣa 18n59, 87, 100–101, 112, 207 Li Heng 129, 131 Kumārajīva 84 Li Jie 373 Kumbhayoni, Lord 349–51, 361–64, 368–69, liṅga 362, 367, 368n32, 371n42; inscriptions 367–68 371–75; inscriptions 351, 362, 365–369n33; Liṅgapurāṇa 366n26 Śaiva structures 349; Śaiva symbology 349; Linrothe, R. 1, 3n8, 7n20, 163, 166, 214, 217–18, temple 367; temple platform 368 252n19, 333, 336n55, 339n67–341 85 Little Leyden Charter 118 Kuñjarakarṇa, character 303–305, 307, 309, 315 Li Xiyan 132, 132n32 Kuñjarakarṇa, tale 275, 284, 285n26, 302, 305n50, 90n63 308–309, 315–16 Locanā 88–89, 110, 278, 318

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van Lohuizen-de Leeuw, J.E. 196n20 Mahāparinirvāṇa 84 Lokasema 114 Mahāparinirvāṇasūtra 85 Lokanātha 8, 12, 115, 260, 267; see also Avalo­ki­teś­ Mahāprajñāpāramitā 205 vara, Lokeśvara Mahāpratisarā 11n35, 136n50, 178, 266 Lokesh 68n7, 69, 71, 103n88, 144, 149, 159, Mahāpratisarādhāraṇī/Mahāpratisarāvidyārājñī 212, 252 136n50, 136n51; see also Dhāraṇī of the Great Lokeśvara (Avalokiteśvara) 12, 48n92, 87–88, Protectress 90–91, 234n32, 278n15; among the Eight Great mahārājalīlāsana 229 Bodhisattvas 79; among the group of six Bo- Maharashtra 164, 166n17, 167, 182 dhisattvas 80; see also Avalokiteśvara Mahāratnakūṭa 77 Long, M. 102n86, 113n1, 196 Mahāraudranāmahṛdaya (Borobudur lead-bronze Longzhi 14, 389; see also Nāgabodhi inscription) 206–207, 324, 328n21, 335n51, lontar (palm leaf manuscript) 68 335n51, 337n60, 339, 340, 342, 347 Lopburi 244 Mahāsiddhas 9, 14n50, 166, 186, 166n17, 190n125; Loro Jonggrang 326n12, 344 see also siddhas Lumbinī 104n95 Mahasthangarh 172 Lumbung, see Candi Lumbung Mahāvairocana 31, 41, 44, 232–33, 329n24, 338n64, Lunsingh Scheurleer, P. 175, 247 339n67, 370; as Śākyamuni 57n169; Dharma­ 34–35, 92, 130, 204n53 kāya Tathāgata 238n2; Great Maṇḍala 99; Lü Xiang 240, 353; biography 14n46, 353n7, 356n11 Tantra 9; see also Mahāvairocanābhisaṁbodhitantra (MVA, MVT, MacKenzie, C. 193n5, 367 Mahāvairocanatantra) 69, 71, 73, 75, 77; see Madhurai 360, 373–74 also Mahāvairocanasūtra, Vairocanābhisaṁbo- madhyadeśa 11n34, 21n72 dhi(tantra) 77, 262 Mahāvairocanamahākaruṇagarbha-mahāmaṇḍala Mädigiriya 354n9, 357 99 11n34, 116, 165, 173, 183, 188, 190, Mahāvairocanasūtra (T 848) 14, 86n48, 353n7 194–95; Turkic invasion 21n72 Mahāvajrakrodha 335n51 Magetsari, N. 71, 101–102 Mahāvaṁsa 9n29, 361n19 Mahābhārata 311n55 Mahāvastu 77, 279, 284, 287, 315; jataka 284n24, Mahābimba 8, 18n57 295, 302, 315 mahābodhi 110 Mahāvihāra at Anurādhapura 349n2, 350, 352, 355, Mahābodhi Temple 104n95, 165n6, 166, 189, 197, 360–61, 374–75; chronicles 352n5 203–204 Mahāvyutpatti 50, 55n151, 92, 92n70, 94 Mahādeva 328n23, 336, 337n58, 384 Mahāyakṣasenāpati 340 *Mahādūtavidyā (T 1268.299b21–28) 47n88 Mahāyāna 3, 4, 7–13, 21n69, 77, 82n37, 98, 102, 116, Mahā-guhya 111–12 118, 125n7, 135, 164–67, 169–70, 175, 190n125, Mahāhdayadhāraṇī 340n71 196, 211, 216–18, 221, 233–34, 239–44, 256, 270, Mahākāla 20–21, 144–45, 158, 180, 184, 268–69, 355, 374; Avaivartaka Bodhisattvas 169n27; 338, 339, 342, 345 Bhiksu 217; bhūmi 169n27; conflict with Mahākālantantra 154 Theravāda 166; emergence of icons in the Malay Mahākaruṇodbhava-garbhamaṇḍala 30; see also peninsula 241; images 163; introduction in Genzu maṇḍala China 114; liturgy 227; monks 217; śāstras 217; Mahāksobhya 141, 148; see also Akṣobhya Scriptural Collection 3n8; sūtras 19n63, 217; mahāmāṁsa 388n45 Tantric 101 Mahamaṇivipulavimanaviśvasupratisṭhitaguhya­ Mahāyānasūtrālaṅkāra 92, 94 dharaṇi 36n45 Mahāyānism 68n4 Mahamayuri 54n136 Mahāyoga 244; second wave of 246; - 30, Mahāmitābha 141; see also Amitābha 33n19, 48–49, 390 Mahānāvika Buddhagupta inscription 85n45 Mahendrapāla, King 167–68, 169n28

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Maheśvara 90–91, 134, 134n47, 138, 239n5, 337n60, Mañjuśrī 10n32, 11n35, 13, 41, 53, 87–90; 145, 165, 338, 338n64, 340n69, 343–44, 347, 366, 384, 170–72, 175–77, 183–85, 184n101, 188–90, 197, 386–87; as Indra or Śiva 134n43; iconography 203, 205n57, 206–207, 217, 229, 232–33, 238–39, of 381; or Rudra 383; subjugation/taming of by 242, 251–52, 257, 262, 391; among the group of Vajrapāṇi 133–36, 138, 323, 336, 338, 341–44 six Bodhisattvas 80; Arapacana 184–86, 189; Mahīdhara, dynasty 248, 330, 332 cult of, maritime aspect 11; pavilion 127; see II, King 364–65 also Mañjughoṣa, Mañjuvajra Mahmūd of Ghaznī 115 Mañjuśrīgṛha (Mañjuśrī sanctuary) 177, 208; Maināmatī 169–70, 174–75, 177–78, 181, 167n19, inscription 376, 393–94 195, 200–101, 208; see also Vikrampura Mañjuśrīkrodha 74 53, 79, 167n19, 184n101, 189, 203, 204n53, Mañjuśrīmūlakalpa (or Mañjuśriyamūlakalpa, 206, 229; among the Eight Great Bodhisattvas MMK) 4n11, 12, 31, 36n45, 37, 43n67, 52n109, 79 53n126, 58n183, 80, 203, 388n43, 388n45; Maitreyanātha 116 maṇḍalas of 56n159; see also Garudapaṭalapa- Maitrika, dynasty 202, 208 rivarta (T 1276) 20, 21n69, 295n39 Mañjuśrīnāmasaṅgīti (‘Litany of Names of Mañ- Majumdar, R.C. 212, 213n7 juśrī’) 88n60, 233 makara 219, 367 Mañjuśrīsamaguhyānut- Malandra, G.H. 219n18 taradhyānamukhamahātantrarājasūtra 88n61 Malay Peninsula 12, 19, 205 Mañjuśrīvarman 358n16 Malay, people and culture 253, 255–56 Mañjuśriyamūlakalpa (MMK) 381n7, Malayu 149, 151, 258–63, 268; Kṛtanagara’s expedi- Mañjuvajra/Mañjuśrīvajra 88, 117, 184–86, 189–90, tion against 149 248; -maṇḍala 88n61; see also Mañjuśrī Mālinīvijayottaratantra 384n19 Mañjuvāk 88, 90 Māmakī 53–54, 88–89, 110, 318 Mantra (s) 4, 84, 106, 110, 239, 244, 323–47, 353n6, Mānavarman, King 15, 240, 350n3, 352–59 376; Gāruda 290n35, 383n14; armour 386; four Manchu state/rulers 152 vajra- 58; five-part mantra of Vairocana 57; of Maṇdala(s) 4, 5n13, 40, 42, 44n73, 57, 105–106, the great seal (mahāmudrā) 385; mantric deities 123, 132, 136, 201–203, 205, 208–209, 233, 41 237, 238n2, 240, 244, 248, 256, 277, 278n9, Mantramahodadhi 330–31, 336n56 280n21, 281, 316–17, 365, 366n26, 372n43; Mantramārga 3n9, 4, 332; Tantras 333n47; see also fourfold typology 57n164; Hevajra 252; in stone Paścimasrotas images 166n17, 180, 188–90, 197; in structures Mantra of Thousand-Armed Amtakuṇḍalin 370n38 (stūpa-maṇḍala) 191–93, 198–99, 201–202; Mantra school (Zhenyanzong) 86n49, 99; of the Japanese Matrix World 30; living 128; model Old Believers 74 of Indic polity/political authority 6, 18n59, Mantranaya 2, 3n8, 4, 8, 10n30, 11, 20n67, 71, 357; 124; Newar and -pa 317n65; of agni, vāri, and dhāraṇī practice 4; shift to Theravāda in Sri pthivī, and vāyu 385; of Candi Jago 278, 318; Lanka 350; Tang tradition 29 of secret rituals 245; of the Eight Bodhisattvas Mantrayāna 3, 5–6, 244, 257, 265–66, 353n7 227; of the Guhyasamājatantra 20n68, 248; of mantrin 5n13 the Vairocanābhisaṁbodhi 38; Perfected Body Manusmṛti 345 341; sculptural 234n29; see also Garbhadhātu- Māra 243 maṇḍala, Vajradhātu(mahā)maṇḍala māraṇa 329n28, 330, 332nn40–41, 333n45, 339n66, Maṇḍalāṣṭasūtra 238, 244 342n75 Manguin, P.–Y. 262 Māravijayottuṅgavarman, King 118, 244 Maṇicintana/*Maṇicinta 14 Mārīcī 172–73, 177, 182, 184n101, 186–87, 189–90, Maniyār Maṭha 197 184n100 Mañjughoṣa 18n59, 88, 252; among the Eight Great Mārīcīdharaṇīsūtra 370n39 Bodhisattvas 79; image of 252 Maritime Asia 1–2, 6–7, 13; Buddhism in 6; Esoter- mañjunātha 88, 88n60 ic Buddhist circles in 15

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marman 386n33 Muhammed, K.K. 195–96 Mataram, Kingdom 344n79 Mukhāgama 101 Matsunaga, Y. 88n60, 93n72, 373, 381n7, 382n7, Mukherjee, P. 217 388n45 Mukhopadhyay, S.P. 281n22 Maukhari, dynasty 14n46 Muktesvara, temple 213, 232 Māyājāla 4n11, 9n27, 14n44, 74 Mula Maluruṅ inscription 21n71 Māyāmata 272n8 Mūlasarvāstivāda 372n44 Mayer, R. 341–42, 342n76, 344 Mūlavarman, King 114 McBride, R.D. II. 91, 125n7 Mūrdhaṭaka 41, 45–47, 53, 56n162, 58–59 Meditationes sacrae 155 Murshidabad inscription 167, 167n21 Melaka Strait 241, 253, 255, 258–59, 261–63, 266, 271 Mus, P. 1n1, 98, 101 Memorials and Edicts (T 2120) 126, 128 Musi, River 253, 257–59, 261 Mendis, V.L.B. 143 Mendut, see Candi Mendut Nadaungmya 166 Meru, Mount 184n97 Nafuti (or Tinafuti), Kingdom see Tīrabhukti Methods of Having Requests Heard by Ākāśagarbha nāga(s) 43, 54n136, 225, 232, 244, 281n22, 282, 284, (T 1145) 135 289–95, 315n58, 319, 338, 342, 366n26, 370, 386; Mijiao 354, 369 -rāja 315n59; seven-hooded 229; three headed 229 Miji jingang lishi hui 91–93, 100 Nāgabodhi (a.k.a Nāgabuddhi) 10, 14–15, 17, 30, 71, Mikkyo daijiten (MDJ) 39n56, 46n83, 51n108, 73, 86, 92, 101, 358n15, 370n36, 389–91; see also 53n125 Nāgajñāna Mikkyo jiten (MJ) 39n56 Nāgajñāna/Nāgajñā 15n50, 240, 370n36 Miksic, J. 207 Nāgānanda 36n45 Mishra, U. 217 Nāgarakṛtāgama, see Deśavarṇana Mitra, D. 213–14, 219, 224, 229, 232, 234n29, 363n24 Nāgarī script 21, 88n61, 266–68, 270–71, 273, mithuna 231 318n68 Mizhunna 14n46, 15 Nāgārjuna 9, 14n50, 73, 76–77, 83–84, 98, 116, 370, Mkhyen brtse 120 390; Bodhisattva 84 Moens, J.L. 141, 141n2, 269 Nāgārjunakoṇḍa 9, 10n32, 201 mohana 330 Nakamura, H. 76, 81n36 Mohipur inscription 167–68, 167n21 Nākappaṭṭiṉam 9, 10n30, 11, 20, 117, 174, 204–205, Mon 244; iconography 244 240, 244, 266; Chinese-style in Mongolian Buddhism 144 15, 205; Mahāvihāra 207 Mongol-Manchu relations 152 Nakhon Si Thammarat 244 Monsoon Asia 1 Nakhon Pathom 13 Moriya 352n6 Nakhon Ratchasima 20n66 Moses, L.W. 144–45 nakṣatras 46 Mṛtyujit 332–33; see also Mṛtyuñjaya Nālandā 8, 10–11, 17–19, 21n69, 81, 83, 101, 119, Mṛtyuñjaya 332, 334; mantra 327, 329–30, 332–34; 170–71, 173, 176, 178, 183, 184, 193, 195, 205, see also Mṛtyujit 206n60, 215n10, 237, 239, 241, 253, 258, 260–61, Muara Jambi 83n41, 263, 266, 268–69, 272–73 265, 270, 317n66, 353, 356–357n12; archaeolog- 21, 88n61, 110n108, 268–70, 370n39; ical remains 194n11, 197; art and architecture stone inscription 337n60 of 196–97; copper-plate inscription 165, 167–68, Mucilinda 188–89 167n21, 207n67, 207n70, 213; influence on mudrā(s) 38, 54n132, 106, 110, 232, 239, 245; pan-Asian Esoteric Buddhism 17; Mahāvihāra abhaya- 232, 316; añjali- 281n22, 366n26; 170, 177, 194–97, 202–208; monastery 6, 74, 213; bhūmisparśa- 198, 229, 232, 234n29, 243; daṇḍa- University 113, 115 (staff seal) 387; dharmacakra- 232–33; dhyāna- Nālandā (locality in Sri Lanka) 18, 352n5 107, 232; mahā- (great seal) 386–87; varada- 219, Nāmasaṅgīti 185n105 221, 232–33, 252; vitarka- 107 Namo 153

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Nanda 84 oṃ maṇi padme huṁ, mantra 265 Nandadīrghika Udraṅga Mahāvihāra 169n28 Orlando, R. 86 Nandamanya, temple 20n67 Orzech, C.D. 3n8, 14n48, 86n51, 125n7, 238–39 Nandangaṛh 191–92, 195, 366n26; stūpa architec- Otochi 153 ture 196n20 Nandivarman II Pallavamalla, King 372n44, Padang Lawas 20, 166, 174, 178–79, 218, 259, 377n52 265–68, 270; Hindu images at 267 Narasiṁha(pota)varman II Rājasiṁha, King 15, 17, Padang Roco 268, 269, 273 204–205, 368n32 padhānaghara 352, 359, 363, 366–67, 369, 375; at Nārāyana 90, 323, 383–84 Ratu Boko 352, 374n47; at Anurādhapura 352; Nāropā (or Advayavajra) 71n12, 390; relics of 120 at Tiriyāy 355 Naṭarāja see Śiva, dancing padmakula 48n93, 53n129, 54n131, 54n141, 233 Naturalis Historia 212 Padmapāṇi 88, 219, 224–25, 229, 235, 243, 252 Naudou, J. 118 Padmapurāṇa 193 Navakampa 326n12, 340n70 14, 123n1 nāvātman (mantra) 329n26 Padoux, A. 331, 331n38, 338n62 Nāyanārs 372n44 Pag Sam Jon Zang 82n37, 201n39 Neelis, J. 6 Pahārpur, see Somapura Mahāvihāra Netang 116, 120, 262 Pahlavi, language 46 Netratantra 331–33n47, 346 Pak Hidayat 88n61 Newar, art 143n9; artesans, diaspora of in Central, Pal, P. 280, 317 East, and Southeast Asia 21, 317, 329n19, Pāla, dynasty 7, 167–68, 172, 191, 193–97, 199–201, 338n63; Buddhists 277; paubha 316 203–209, 237–38, 245, 260, 265, 273n9, 377n52; Newer Tang History 127n14, 131n29 art and architecture of 191, 193, 195–97, Nganjuk, bronze maṇḍala 19, 265 199–200, 204, 208; features in Southeast Asian Nham Biền stele 12n38 bronzes 239, 251; inscriptions 167, 167n21, Nihom, M. 14, 148–49, 141n3, 264–65 206n60; political and religious ideology 237; nikāya 350, 353 religious synthesis 71n12, 168; reviseed chro- Nikāyasaṅgraha 9, 355n9 nology 18n59 Nīlapaṭadarśana 9 Palembang 82–83, 113, 205, 240, 242, 256, 260 Niruttarayoga 93, 93n72 Buddhism(s) 7, 8n22, 19n63 Niruttarayogatantras 14, 214 Pallava, dynasty 10n30, 237, 357, 366n26, 368n32, nirvāṇa 106, 225, 277 372, 377n52; and competing religions 372n44; Niṣpannayogāvalī 88n61, 248 army 240, 352, 357; inscription 356; relations Niśvāsatattvasaṁhitā (Niśvāsa) 4n11, 44n73 with Tangs 15 Nivātakavaca 279n16, 296n41, 299, 305, 309n53 Paṁsukūlika(s) 352n5, 355, 359–61, 372, 375; Novum Organum 155n19 monks 349–50, 354 Panai 266 O’Brien, K. 151, 157–58 Panakawan 294, 296, 299, 302–203, 311–12, 316n64 Odisha 163, 165, 175, 178, 194–95, 197, 204–206, Panaṅkaran, King 118, 351n3, 377 212; conquest of 211; in Tibetan accounts 217; Panaraban, King (panarabvan, Panarabwan) maṇḍala states of 202n43; maritime connec- 323–24, 331–32, 343, 343n77, 345–47, 351, tions with Southeast Asia 9n25, 211–12; stylistic 368n31, 370, 375n49, 376, 378 connections with Java 213; temple building Pañcakāṇḍastava (pañcakāṇḍa) 325–33n46, within 213; see also Lalitagiri, Ratnagiri, 336n58, 337, 340, 342, 342n74, 346–47 Udayagiri, Pañcakrama 79, 82 Older Tang History 130, 131n30 Pañcarakṣā 180; goddesses 190 Old Javanese, 9th century stone inscription 323n3, pañca-ratha 229 324, 336; glosses to Sanskrit verses 326–30, 332, Pāñcarātra, Vaiṣṇava 332n41 334, 336 Pañcāla 287

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Pañcaviṁśatisāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā 170, 180 Plumpungan inscription 40n61 Pāñcika (or Jambhala) 211, 224–26, 229, 235 Polonnaruwa 354n9, 355n9 Pāṇḍaravāsinī 52, 88–89, 110 Porlak Dolok inscription 267 Pāṇḍava, clan 279n16 Porusāda 158 Pāṇḍya, dynasty 366n26, 368n32, 373–74; disaster Possession, and the use of child mediums in 360, 374; invasion of Anurādhapura 350n3, 360; 8th-century China 382; Śaiva Kaula practice, king 361 382; see also āveśa rites Panhāle Kājī, Maharashtra 167n17 Post-Gupta period 1n3 Parama-guhya 111–12 Post-Marxist historiography 142n5 Paramādya 9n27 Potala(ka), Mount 177, 181, 189, 366 paramasaugata 167–69 Poulara, port 212, 213n7 Paramaśiva 328; see also Paśupati, Rudra, Śaṅkara, Pradīpodyotana 45n79, 75 Śiva Prājña/Prajña (monk) 10, 13n41, 15, 17–18, 34n29, Pararaton 148–50, 155, 158, 278n13–14 48, 74, 86–87, 206–207, 229, 383n14; travel to Pāramitās (perfections), 77; four 77; six 77, 82; ten the Southern Seas 207 41 Prājñā, as companion of Hevajra 172, 178 Pāramitāyāna (Perfection Path) 4, 71, 242, 244, Prajñābala 382, 383n14 256–57, 265 Prajñāpāramitā ( and text) 11, 48n92, Paranavitana, S. 356 52–53, 168, 262–63, 278n15; Maha-Aryapra- Parṇaśabarī (Parṇaśavarī) 48n92, 50, 52, 186–87, jñaparamita 53; statue 269; see also Aṣṭasāhas- 340n72 rikā Prajñāpāramitā, Pañcaviṁśatisāhasrikā Pārthayajña 279n16, 284, 289, 290n32, 293–94, 296, Prajñāpāramitā 298–300n44, 302–305n50, 311, 315–16 *Prajñaparamita-kavaca 43n69 Pārvatī 182, 335n51, 340, 340n69, 366 Prajñāpāramitā Nayaśatapañcaśatikā 71n12, 203; pāśa, see amoghpāśa 278 commentary by Jñānamitra 203n45 Paścimasrotas, stream of Śaivism 332 Prajñopāyaviniścayasiddhi 76, 82 Pasir Panjang rock inscription 18n59 Prākāra 349 Paśupati 335n51, 385; weapon 279n16; see also Prakāśacandra, King 99n78 Rudra, Śiva Prambanan 12, 17, 120, 208, 279, 323, 345, 351n3, Pāṭaliputra 195n18, 213; council of 114 362–63 Paṭṭikerā 20, 169 Prāmodavarddhanī 110 pausṭika 384 Prapañca, Mpu 20n69, 149–50, 152n16, 155, 278n13 Perak 12 Prasad, B.N. 216 Pereng inscription 344n80 pratipatti 77 Perfected Body maṇḍala 341 Pratītyasamutpādagāthā (Pratītyasamutpādasūtra, Periplus of the Erythraean Sea 212 ye dharmā formula) 85, 217n16, 257, 266, 270 Petech, L. 147, 120 pratyālīḍha posture 334–35, 340n69, 366n26 ’Phags-pa 144–47, 145n10, 153, 155, 157, 317; ‘proto-Tantric’ Buddhist (and Śaiva) textual spiritual master of Khubilai Khan 145 corpora 4 Phimai 21, 248, 252, 340n72 Przyluski, J. 1n1 Pigeaud, Th.G. 68 Ptolemy 212 Pilgrims, Japanese travelling to China 35, 40 Pūjā Kṣatriya 330n32, 332n43, 333n46 Pikatan, King 18n59, 345, 346n86, 351n3, 353n8, Pulga Saui 15 362–63, 374n47, 378, 393–94; locality in Central puṇya 77 Java 377; monastery/vihāra 351n3, 373n45 Puṇyodaya 10, 12, 14, 244 Pinakin liṅga inscription 362n22 Purāṇa 363 Piṇḍīkrama 78–79, 93n74, 111 Puri 9 Piriya Krairiksh 241 Purnadih, stūpa 195 Plaosan (Lor), see Candi Plaosan Purohita 5, 14n46, 282–83, 300, 302 Pliny 212 puṣṭi 330, 330n34, 332n41, 333n45

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Qianlong 152 367–73, 375, 393; gold foil/artifact (artifact) Qing, dynasty 152 323–24, 327, 330–31, 339, 341, 343, 345, 347; Qinglong temple/monastery 32, 59, 100 mantra/yantra 323–24, 331–33, 340–41, Qionghua 127 343n77–47, 351, 368n31, 375–76, 378–79; Śaiva Quanya 34–35 structures at 349 Quaritch Wales, H.G. 241 Rāvaṇa 17n56, 332 Qubilai, see Khubilai Ray, H.P. 2n5 Ṛddhiprabhāva 279n20, 281, 315 Raffles, S. 193n5 Record of the Buddhist religion as practised in India Raghuvaṁśa 212 and the Malay Archipelago 228 Rāhu 46n83 Record of the 238n2 Raja Kĕliṅ (Cōḻa king) 212n6 Reichle, N. 268 rājaguru 5 Relic, Collarbone 354; Buddha hair 355–56 Rājarāja Cōḻa I, King 10n30, 117, 174 Renwangjing (T 246) 86n51 Rājaraṭṭha 350n3, 357, 364, 373; throne 352 Reting, monastery 120–21, 262 Rājasanagara, King 158 Riṭigala 359–60 Rājendra I, inscriptions 368n29 Ritual Manual for the into the Great Rājgīr/Rājagṛha 197, 203, 215n10 Maṇḍala of the Uṣṇīṣa-Cakravartin (T 959) Rājiṇāvihāra 18, 352n5, 353, 356–57; temple 357n14 (Manual) 29–31, 33–34, 36–38, 40–49 Rājinīdīpika 357n14 Robson, J. 382 Rāma 17n56 Rohaṇa, Kingdom 240 Rāmacaritam 195n18 van Ronkel, Ph.S. 82 Rāmapāla, King 172, 195n18; Rosenstock-Huessy, E. 153n17; theory of 141 Rāmāyaṇa kakavin 17n56, 345, 346n86, 375n49 Rossabi, M. 144–45 Ranakīrti 116 ṛṣi(s) 282–83, 298, 302–203, 319, 371n42 Raṇavaṅkamalla Harikāladeva, King 169 Ṛtasaṅgraha 50, 58n180 Ranawella, S. 357n13, 359n17, 361n19 Rudra 55n154, 328n23, 330, 332, 339n68, 344, 371, Raṅga Lave 151 386–87; with severed head 387; see also Maheś­ Rangda 3n10 vara, Paśupati, Śiva Raniwās 193 Ruizong, Emperor 203 Rasaratnasamuccaya 389–90 Rukmiṇī 279n16 Rāṣṭrakūṭa, dynasty 368n32 Rulai miyao jing 91 Ratna, family 106 ryōbu Tantras/Tantric system 31n7, 38, 43–44, 48; Ratnabodhi 17, 353n7, 358, 362n20 (‘twinned’) maṇḍala(s) 31, 33, 35n38–37, 41, 43, 48 Ratnagiri 8, 9n25, 178, 195n17, 197, 207; Ratnakūṭa Sūtra 9n29 Sab Bāk inscription 19n61, 20n66, 247, 358n16 Ratnamegha 73 Sabokingking inscription, see Telaga Batu inscrip- Ratnameghasūtra 73, 77–78, 101, 111–12; Dun- tion huang manuscript of 203n46 ṣadaṅgayoga 148 57, 88–89, 202, 264, 267 Sadāśiva 169 Ratneśvara 88 Saddharmapuṇdarīka-sūtra (Lotus Sūtra), Ratnatraya 90 sādhana 277, 278n9, 317–18 Ratih 316 Sādhanamālā 80, 118, 170, 335n50, 335n52, 338n61 Ratnagiri 37, 213, 218, 227–29, 234–35; Buddhist Saicho 47n89 rituals at 216; monastery/Mahāvihāra 211, Śailendra-Cūḍāmanivarmavihāra 10n30, 11 214–17, 219, 226–27 Śailendra, dynasty (era of Java) 7, 8n21, 9n25, 12, 15, Ratnasambhava 136, 219, 232–33, 280n21 17, 18n59, 69, 191, 195, 199, 201, 203, 205–209, Ratu Boko hillock/promontory (Ratu Boko 242, 323–24, 344, 345, 347, 349, 351, 353, 355, Buddhist site, Ratu Boko complex) 17, 24, 101, 358–59, 369, 377n52, 378n53, 393; art and 323–24, 343–345n80, 349–52, 355–56, 359–65, architecture of 191, 201, 207–209; court 350;

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diplomatic links with Tangs and Lambakaṇas Sanchi/Sañci 191, 201 10n30; foreign roots of 212; inscriptions 207, Sanderson, A.G.J.S. 4, 12n38, 330n36–33n47, 209, 349; kings 361; links with Pāla dynasty 191, 342n75, 346, 366, 381–82 193, 203, 207–209; origins 9n25, 207–208, 212 Sandhyākaranandin 195n18 Śailendrarājaguru 378 Sanfoqi 11, 240, 256, 260–61, 263 Śailodbhava, dynasty 9n25, 212 saṅgha 216–17, 227, 235 Śaiva 3, 5, 9n26, 12n38, 14n43, 21, 69, 362n21, Saṅghabhadra 83 364–68, 370–71, 372n44, 373, 375n49, 377; dy- Saṅ Hyaṅ Advayajñāna 91 nasties 10, 17; inscriptions 362, 367–68; Kings Saṅ Hyaṅ Kamahāyānikan (SHK) 12n38, 49, 67, 8n21; liṅgas 371n42; priests of Bali 325, 342n74; 68n3, 69, 71, 75–79, 81–82, 86, 90, 93, 98–103, (proto-)Tantric scriptures 4n11; recension of 106n99, 110–13, 278, 339n68; manuscripts 68; SHK 69; ṣi 371n42; scriptures from Bali 324–26, Śaiva version 68n7; three versions of 68 330n32, 346; Siddhānta 3n9; Tantras 39n61, 331, Saṅ Hyaṅ Kamahāyānan Advayasādhana (SHKAS) 331n36, 333n47, 345–46; teachings 69 69, 71, 76–77, 82, 88–91, 100 Śaivism (Śaiva religion) 5, 8n21, 10, 90n63, 150, Saṅ Hyaṅ Kamahāyānan Mantranaya (SHKM) 69, 350n3, 366, 374n46, 375, 377, 381; adoption of 71, 73–79, 91, 100–101, 105, 112 mainstream form in 374; Atimārga Saṅ Hyaṅ Pustaka Kamahāyānan 93 branch 10n30; boundaries between Buddhism Saṅ Hyaṅ 73 and Śaivism 4; incorporation of texts into Bud- Saṅ Hyaṅ Tantra Bajradhātu Subhūti, see Tantra dhism 382–83; influence of in The Āveśa Rites Bajradhātu 381; in Java 12, 39; Tantric 3n9, 4, 21n69 Sañjaya, line of kings 344, 351n3, 370n37, 377; Śakra 55, 182; see also Indra ancestor 323, 343 Sakya (Sa-skya) sect/monks 145–47; monasteries Śaṅkara (appellative of Śiva) 328n23 144 Ṣaṇmaṇdalavidhi 47n86 Śākyakīrti 19n62, 82, 83, 258 Sanskrit 67; texts, in the Indonesian Archipelago Śākyamitra 99n78, 341n73 67; -Khmer inscription of Bo Īkō 367n27; Śākyamuni (Buddha) 41, 46n83, 78, 90–91, 103– -Khmer inscription of Sdok Kak Thom 346 104, 133, 164–65, 184, 186–89, 221, 232–33, 235, Śāntākaragupta 279n18 239, 243–44, 260, 370; image of 219; as (Mahā) Śāntarakṣita 3n9, 74, 76–77, 390 Vairocana 37, 41–42, 57n169; see also Buddha śānti 116, 330, 330nn34–35, 332n41, 333n45, 336 Sakya-pa 146, 317 Śantideva 21n69, 73, 75, 78, 92, 98, 107 Sakya Paṇita 144–45, 145n10, 317 śāntika 384 Śākyaśrībhadra 21n73, 167n19, 173, 277, 317–18 Sap Bak, village 359n16 Saloṇapura Mahāvihāra 228n23 sapta-ratha 224–25 samādhi 51n103, 57, 100, 110, 134, 206, 240 Sarasvatī 329 Samajasadhanavyavastholi 389 Śariputra 372n44 17n54, 53n125, 79, 88, 107, 109–110, Sarkar, H.B. 212 201, 206, 281n22, 357, 358n15; among the Eight Sārnāth 187, 218, 228n21, 245 Great Bodhisattvas 79 Sarvabuddhasamāyoga 14n49 Samānta feudalism 123, 202; maṇḍala 265 Sarvadurgatipariśodhana(tantra) (SDP) 21n69, 73, Samantapasadika 391 106n100, 107, 334, 339n67 Samaratuṅga, King 323–24 Sarvajñāna 91 śamatha-vipaśyanā 77 Sarvanivaraṇaviṣkambhin 79–80; among the samaya(s) 51, 56n161, 90, 106 group of six Bodhisattvas 80; among the Eight sambhogakāya 134n45 Great Bodhisattvas 79 Saṁvara 13, 178, 180, 189n120, 240, 242, 248–49, Sarvāstivādin 270, 358n16 252n19, 339–40n72; cycle 9n25; see also Cakra­ Sarvatathāgatādhiṣṭhāna 357n13 saṁvara Sarvatathāgatatattvasaṅgraha (STTS, ‘The Com- Saṁvarodayā 9n25 pendium of Principles’) 9, 14n49, 29n2, 30, Mahāvihāra 201n39 31n10, 33, 44–45, 47n88, 48n93, 53n129–130,

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54n131, 58n179, 71, 133n40, 201, 203, 205, 207, 231, 265, 345, 372n43 208n72, 238–39, 240n6, 242, 248, 264, 323–24, Siddhamātṛkā, script 17, 18n59, 32n12, 35, 38, 45, 327n19, 334–39, 341–43, 353n7, 357n13, 365, 55n151, 112, 195, 207n65, 239, 290; inscriptions 382–83, 389–91; Sanskrit manuscript 201n40; 12, 17n55, 18, 357n13 -sūtra 86 Siddham texts 370n38, 371n41 Sarvavajrodaya (SV) 73, 99n78, 324, 334–36, Siddhāntatantras 326n12 339n67, 340n69 siddhayātra 13n38, 257 ṣaṭkarmāṇi (six rites of magic) 330–32nn44–45, Siddhayogeśvarīmata 332n45 331n46, 339n66, 345 47, 93, 106, 134n44, 136, 265, 333n45, 347, *Ṣaṭpāramitāsūtra 34n29 353n6 Satyadvayāvatāra 118 Sidha Karya 3n10 Satyavarman 358n16 Śikhin 79 Schnitger, F.M. 258, 267–68, 270 Śikṣāsamuccaya 75, 92, 97–98, 107 Schoemaker, W. 208 Śiksāsamuccayābhisamaya 117 Schopen, G. 216n13, 217, 227, 228n21 Śiksāsamuccayakārikā 117 Schoterman, J. 113n1, 318 Śilāmegha 356 Scripture for Humane Kings 128 (s) 2n4, 114; maritime 2, 7; southern 114 Sdok Kak Thom Sanskrit-Old Khmer inscription , dynasty 8 346 Sima Guang 123–25 Secret History (Mongyol-un niyuca tobčiyan) 153 sīmā, inscriptions 351n3 Seguntang Hill 258; see also Bukit Seguntang sīmābandha 372 inscription Simpang statue 141n3 Sejarah Melayu 212n6 Sinclair, I. 12 Sekoddeśaṭīkā 390 Siṇok, King (Śrī Īśāna Bhadrottuṅgadeva) 69, 93, Sen, T. 2n4, 10, 15n53, 17, 194n12 99 Sena, dynasty 169, 174 Singhal, S.D. 252, 325–26 Sena I, King 9n27, 353n8, 354n9, 355n9, 359–60, Siṅhasāri, kingdom/dynasty 21n69, 88, 141, 158, 373 268; inscription of ad 1351 278n14 Sena II, King 18, 350n3, 351, 359n17, 361, 365, Si Pamutung 267 369n33, 373–75 Śiśireśwara 223 Sewu, see Candi Sewu Siva 134n43, 167, 174, 181–82, 184, 187, 225, 239, Seyfort Ruegg, D. 5, 144 253, 255, 268, 282, 318, 326–32, 335, 338, Shanxing 83–84 340–44, 362n22, 366, 368n32–72n43, 376, Sharrock, P.D. 317n66 386n31; dancing 184, 187, 190n125; oneness Shāstri, H. 91–92 with Buddha 278, 318; temple 351; see also Shengshan-si, monastery 34, 50 Mahādeva, Paśupati, Rudra, Śaṅkara Shibahui zhigui 337n60, 338, 341n73 Siva-Buddha (Bhaṭṭāra) 150–51, 278; cult of 21, 241 Shibian, Dharmācārya 83–84 Śivadharma 44n73 Shihu (Dānapāla) 11, 206 Śivagṛha, funeral memorial inscription/stele 18n58, Shijuhō-kyō (Shizhoufa jing) 339n66 345, 351n3, 374n48, 375n49, 393–94 Shilifoshi 260; see also Śrīvijaya Śivaliṅgas 362n22, 367n27, 371; see also liṅgas Shingon 354, 370; order 31; school 99, 376n51 Skanda 184, 184n95, 352n6; see also Kārttikeya Shokai (alias Dokai) 40 Skilling, P. 10–11, 19, 168n27, 241, 262–63, 273n9 Shorai Mokuroku 39n58 Skorupski, T. 71 Shouzhang-lun 83n40 Ślączka, A. 267, 272–73 Shilun jing (or Daśacakrasūtra) 80–81 Slouber, M.J. 382, 383n14 Shuei 40 Slusser, M.S. 317n65 Si Thep 20n66 Smith, F.M. 382 Sichuan Basin 129 Snellgrove, D.L. 238n2, 334, 336, 342n75 siddha(s) 4, 9n26, 13n40, 47, 154, 166n17, 186n110, Soekmono, R. 272

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Sogdian, language 46 Bharhut 79; of parinirvāṇa 104–105; of Victor Sogdiana 131, 131n28 104–105; -prāsāda 101–103; votive 103 Somapura Mahāvihāra 8, 101, 165n10, 168, 170, stūpikās 102–103, 209, 257; see also stūpa 172, 174, 195, 196n20, 197, 199–201, 208–209, Stutterheim, W.F. 101 366n26; see also Paharpur Subāhu 41, 45–46, 53, 56n162, 58 Somnāth 115 Subahuparipṛccha 45 Song, dynasty 98, 124, 125n8, 132n33, 259, 264, Śubhākaradeva, King 9n25, 202 269; biography 241 Śubhākarasiṁha 14–15, 18, 30, 31, 33n19, 34, 38, Song Fazhi 204 45, 86, 101, 125, 135, 205–206, 329n24, 339n68, Song gaoseng Zhuan 383n14 365n25 115, 119 Subhūti (Tantra), see Tantra Bajradhātu Songwang 114 Subhūtipālita 99n78 South and Southeast Asia, relations and cultural and Manoharā tale, on Borobudur reliefs exchanges, 175, 177n77, 178–80, 183–84, 190–91, 206; on Candi Jago reliefs 275–319 193, 200–209; and Sanskrit 205 Sudhana(kumāra) 107, 171, 175–76 Spirit possession 382n10 Sudhanakumārāvadāna (avadāna) 279–81, 284, śramaṇa 34, 127, 383 287, 289–91, 293, 295–96, 298, 300–302, 304, Śrāvastī 187, 372n44; miracles of 85 306, 308–11, 314–16, 318; Nepalese 281n22; Śrī Canāśā 250 Newar version 280 Śrīcandra, King 169, 174 Sumeru, Mount 50, 336, 336n55, 343 Śrī Ghananātha 103, 111 Sum pa 116–17 Śrī Hariwarddhana, King 148 Sundberg, J.R. 12, 15, 17, 86, 102n86, 240–41, 252, Śrī Jñāneśvarabajra 278n14 323–24, 331, 332n39, 336, 336n55, 340n69, Śrī Jayawardhanī 148 341, 343–47, 350n3, 361n20, 362, 369, 370n36, Śrī Kahulunnan 375 373n45, 376, 389 Śrīparamādya 14n49 Sungai Tekarek inscription 85 Śrī Sambhara Sūryāvaraṇa 93 śūnyatā 257 Śrī Saṅgrāmadhanañjaya, King 18n59 Śūrapāla, King 167 Śrī Sūryavarmadeva, King 20 Surocolo, bronze maṇḍala 19, 252, 265 Śrīśailam 9, 14n50, 212 Surowono 317n65 Śrīśailendracūdāmanivarman Vihāra 118, 244; Sūrya/Āditya 174, 187, 190n125, 337n60 Śailendra-Śrīvijayan monastery 11 Susiddhikarasādhanasaṅgraha 47n86 Śrīśīla 240, 356n11 Susiddhikara(sūtra or -[mahā]tantra) 3n9, 14n49, Śrīvijaya, Buddhist kingdom of 7, 8n21, 11–12, 18, 33n19, 45n80, 50n100, 53n126, 337n60, 346 19n62, 82–85, 113, 115–16, 118–21, 123, 205–206, Sutasoma, character 338–40n71 238, 240–41, 243–44, 253, 255–56, 258, 260–63, Sutasoma kakavin 20n69, 143n7, 157–58, 278, 265, 269, 358n16, 374n48; bronzes 238; centres 280n21, 338–40n71, 342 of learning 19n62; influence on Tibetan Suvarnabhūmi, see Suvarnadvīpa Buddhism 115; inscriptions 244n12; -pura 113, Suvarnadvīpa 11, 19, 20n68, 87n53, 113–19, 166, 115–17, 174n57; renowned seat of Buddhism 116; 174, 241, 256, 260–263, 265, 339n66 see also Sanfoqi Suvarṇabhāsottamasūtra 269 Śrī Jñānamitra 116 Suzong, Emperor 39, 124–26, 128–29, 131, 131n31, stambhana 330, 336 133, 136, 203, 369, 373n45 Stein Callenfels, P.V. van 275 Svastika (Bodhisattva) 38 Stele Inscription, see Amoghavajra Svastika (śramaṇa) 50, 59 Strickmann, M. 382, 384n21 Śyāmatārā 277; see also, Tārā Stūpa(s) 41, 44, 103–105, 191, 209, 218, 253, 257–58, Szántó, P.D. 99 265, 267, 269–70, 354–56, 362n21, 371; archi- tecture 104–105, 191, 197–98; at Abhayagiri Tabo, monastery 11, 201n39, 262 357n13; cakravartin 193; donative 213; of Taishō, Canon 381, 383; Tripiṭaka 361n20, 365n25

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Taizong, Emperor 5n15, 133n37, 135n49 Tathāgataguhya (or -guhyaka, -guhyakasūtra) Taizo Zuzo 38n51 91–92, 94, 98; Taji Gunung inscription 351n3 Tathāgatācintyaguhyanirdeśa 91; see also Tathāga- Takakusu 81n36 taguhya Ṭakkirāja 327n19, 334–37nn59–60, 342n75, Tathāgatoṣṇīṣa see uṣṇīṣa 376n51 Tattvasaṅgraha 12n37; tantra 99n78; sūtra 14; see Talang Tuwo inscription 82–83, 85, 242, 256 also Sarvatathāgatatattvasaṅgraha (STTS) Tāmralipti 13n42, 83 3n9, 29n2, 74–75 Tandihet gold plaque (Tandihet I, Tandihet II Taxila 201 inscriptions) 266, 267 Telaga Batu inscription (Sabokingking inscription) Tang, dynasty 7, 85n43, 90n63, 123–27, 123n2, 256, 258, 265, 345 125n8, 126, 133n37, 136–37, 145, 194, 203–205, order 31, 35n38 238, 259–61, 382; biography 239–40; bureau- The (Garuḍa) Āveśa Rite (Suji liyan Moxishouluo cracy 127–31; capital 133n39; court 5n15, 15, shuo [jialouluo] aweishe fa) 381–84, 388 381; diplomatic links with Śailendras and The Blue Annals 74 Lambakaṇṇas 10n30; emperors 239, 358; lines The Great record of the Western of communication with Java 48; masters 29; Regions 193n4 military 129, 131; period 10; relations with The Scripture for Humane Kings (En wang hu guo Pallavas 15; society 133; ban ruo bo luo mi duo jing) 86n51 Tanjung Medan 270 Theravāda 8n22, 77, 239n4, 240, 361, 375; conflict Tanjur Canon 19n63 with Esoteric Buddhism 166; monks 190; shift Tantra Bajradhātu (or Tantra Subhūti/Bajradhātu in Sri Lanka 350, 374 Subhūti) 93, 98–100, 150 Tholing 201n39 Tantrayāna, introduction to China 217 Three Jewels 106 Tantric magic 134n44, 136, 146, 324, 330, 332, 341, Thūpārāma 353–56, 359–60; stūpa 353 345–47, 388; ses also ṣaṭkarmāṇi, siddhis, war Tian Liangqiu 132, 132n36 magic , Mount 35, 39 Tāntrikas 231, 375n49 Tibet, military conquest by Khubilai 141 Tantular, Mpu 157–58 74, 115, 144, 145; influence on Tārā 8, 9n29, 13, 20, 52, 54n141, 87–89, 110, 118–20, Śrīvijaya 115; influence by Śrīvijaya 115 166n11, 171–73, 175–78, 181–82, 186, 189, Tibetan Canon 117 207, 217, 232, 234, 238, 265; Aṣṭamahābhaya Tibetan, invaders of China 131, 131n30 186, 189–90, 234; cult of in Tibet and Indo- Tibetan 146n11, 147 nesia 87, 119–120; cult of, maritime aspect Tibetan literature, and information on Śrīvijaya 11; Mahācīna(krama)- 10n32; mantra of 119; 113, 261–62, 264–65 temple at Somapura 207; temple in Central Tibetan monks 175 Java 8, 87, 120, 377; temple in Sri Lanka 240; Tigawangi 317n65 Vajratārā 189n120, 264; see also Śyāmatārā 175 Tāraka 337n60, 342n75 Tīrabhukti, Kingdom 194n14 Tārāmūlakalpa 87 Tiriyāy 353–56, 357n12, 359–60 Tāranātha 11n34, 18n57, 21n72, 81, 82n37, 111, 113, tīrthyas 372n44 166n11, 167n18, 175, 217; History of Buddhism To-ji 35, 40 in India 113 Tomabechi, T. 389 Tathāgata(s) 51n103, 76, 82, 88, 90, 92, 102n87, 103, Tortoise-shell inscriptions 168n22 104n95, 106, 110, 134, 329, 335n51; Five (Pañca­ Trailokyavijaya 52, 239, 252n19, 335, 336n55, tathāgatas) 88, 177, 186, 189, 232–33, 264, 331; 340n69, 340n72; myth/cycle of 323–24, 336, in the STTS 201; worship of in Java 101; see also 338–43, 347, 370; see also Vajrapāṇi Buddha(s), Jina-Buddhas Trailokyavijayamahākalparāja 337n59 Tathāgata-bhasmeśvara-nirghoṣa 239 Trailokyavijayamahāmaṇḍala 264, 334, 338 tathāgathakula 233 Trayastrīṁśa 104, 105n97

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Trepiṭaka 383; from 382, 383n14 Mahāvairocanābhisaṁbodhitantra (MVT) Tri Tepusan inscription 101 Vaiśālī 187, 193 tridhātu 101 Vaiṣṇava religion (Vaiṣṇavism) 3, 372n44, 374n46; Trimūrti 90–91 fogure from Abhayagiri 366; state temple Triple Hall (sandian) 123, 123n2 (Angkor ) 371n42; texts 272 Tripura 368–69 Vaiśravaṇa (yakṣa king and form of Kubera) Tripurāntaka 362n22, 368n32, 369n32 55n152, 283, 315n58–59; Tripurāsura 368n30, 369n33 Vaital Deul 223 (Buddha, Dharma, and Saṅgha) 50n101; Vājiriyavāda 9, 355n9 90–91; see also Ratnatraya Vajra(s) 3n8, 7, 42, 45, 59, 106, 171, 186, 220, 239, Trisamaya 376 245, 247, 252, 253, 259–60, 266–68, 270, 270n7, Trisamayarāja 75, 75n23 273, 323, 331, 335nn51–52, 338n64, 339, 339n67, Tryambaka inscription 368n30 344–46, 355, 359n18, 368n31, 370, 374–76; Tucci, G. 103n92, 104n96, 105n97 family 106; finials at Thūpārāma 359;kāya - Tuoluoni ji jing 38–39 82; mantras 41, 58; -mastaka (kīrtimukha) 223; Turfan 83 -śarīra 82, 242, 257; single-pronged 52n110, Turk 131 53n128; viśva- 88n61, 270n7, 273 Tutur Ādhyātmika 326nn13–14 Vajrabodhi (a.k.a. Vajrabuddhi) 10n30, 12, 14–15, Tutur Bhuvanasaṅkṣepa 326n12 17–18, 30–32, 73, 86, 92, 100–101, 125, 135–36, Tutur Kamokṣan 326nn12–14, 329n29 237–42, 205–207, 244–45, 252, 352–53, 355–56, Tutur literature, Old Javanese and Balinese 39n61 358, 361n20, 362n20, 365n25, 370, 376n51, 382, uccāṭana 330, 332n41 389–91; biographies of 86, 136n51, 239–40, 351, 353n7, 382; journeys 13n41; meeting with Ucchuṣma 48n92, 54 Amoghavajra in Java 86n47, 205n58, 358 Udaya II, King 9n25, 365 Vajrabodhisattvas 264 Udayagiri 8, 195n17, 197, 207, 213, 218 vajrācārya 4, 13n40, 18n57, 32 Uddaṇḍapura (Otantapurī Mahāvihāra) 8, 195, Vajradeva, 168, 169n28 201n39 270, 336n55; see also Vajrasāttva Uḍra (present-day Odisha) 206; see also Odisha Vajradharma 106 Ujeed, H. 158–59 Vajradhātu(mahā)maṇḍala (‘[Great] Diamond Umā 366 Realm/World Maṇḍala’) 30, 33, 35n38, 39, 41, Üpa losel 19n63 43, 45, 47n88, 52n110, 55, 99, 134–35, 200–201, Upadeśa 85 202n40, 203, 208, 239, 240, 264–65, 280n21, 335, uṣṇīṣa 107; buddhoṣṇīṣa/tathāgatoṣṇīṣa 36–37, 39, 370 41, 43; deities 42 Vajradhātumahāmaṇḍalopāyikāsarvavajrodaya Usṇīsacakravartin, 37; Ekākṣara- 36, 38n53, 39n56, 99n78 41, 43, 46, 47n86, 51n103; -tantra, 36n46, 37 Vajradhātvīśvarī 89 Uṣṇīṣakalpas 29, 36–39, 41, 44–45, 48n92 vajradhṛk 90–91; see also Vajradhara Vajragarbha-Trailokyavijaya 371n41 Vāgbhaṭa 386n33, 389–90 Vajragarbharāja 370 Vāgīśvarakīrti 20n66 Vajrahūṁkāra (Huṅkāravajra) 334–36n55, 339n67, Vairocana 42, 45n79, 57, 88–91, 99, 164, 187, 340n69; -mudrā 339n67 201–202, 206, 208n72, 232–33, 238–39, 244, 252, Vajrakarma 106 264, 335n51, 336, 338–39nn66–67, 278, 280n21, vajrakula 233 294, 296, 298, 309, 315, 363; five-part mantra Vajrakuṇḍali 370 57; heaven 302; Khmer 244; see also Mahāvai- Vajramuṣṭi Bodhisattva 339n67 rocana Vajrapāni 13, 53, 88, 90–92, 107, 124, 134, 154, 201, Vairocanābhisaṁbodhi(tantra) (VAT ) 3n9, 29n2, 219–22, 227, 229–30, 235, 239, 242–43, 252n19, 30, 32–35n39, 38, 43–44, 46; 52n109, 55n151, 257, 323–24, 335–44, 346–47, 383; among 57n168; maṇḍala of 38, 43, 53n127; see also the Eight Great Bodhisattvas 79; among the

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group of six Bodhisattvas 80; as the Supreme vaṭadāge 354, 355–57, 359 Lord of All Tathāgatas 88; images of 211; see Verardi, G. 21 also Vajradhara, Vajrasattva, Vajrahūṁkāra, Vespasianus 114 Trailokyavijaya, Caṇḍavajrapāṇi Vessagiri 355n9 Vajraparvata 9; -dwelling monks 9n27; see also Vetāla-rituals 4n11 Śrīśailam 85, 270 Vajrarāja 335 vidyās 4, 106 Vajraratna 106 Vidyā(dhara) Piṭaka (Mingzhou) 4n11, 84 Vajrasattva 9, 13, 19, 88, 90–91, 106, 124, 134, 175, vidyādharas 17, 223–24 232, 240, 242, 245–52, 336n55, 339, 339nn67–68, Vidyāmantra 83 354n9, 359n18, 370n36; as Ādi–Buddha/Sixth Vidyottamātantra 346 Buddha 242 278n15; as overlord of the Vajra­ Vighnāntaka 340n72; see also krodha-vighnāntaka dhātu pentad (śrīpañcasugata) 248; icons deities 246–47; Khmerized bronzes. 248–49; Khorat vihāra 12n38, 18, 214–16, 218–19, 221–22, 228, 231, 252; Lovea Em icon 245–46, 252; Mahā- 88; 233, 235, 373, 374n47, 377–78; architecture 199, school 102; see also Mahāvairocana 201; Kūkai’s at Kongōbuji 371; of Jingesi 360 Vajrasattvaniṣpādana 337n59 Vijayabāhu 352n6 Vajraśekharatantra (VT, Vajraśekharasūtra, *Va- Vikramapura 116 jraśikhara, Vajrosṇīsa) 30, 33n19, 86, 132, 264, Vikramaśīla Mahāvihāra/monastery 8, 10, 18n57, 335, 335nn50–51, 337n59, 338, 341n73, 353n7, 21, 71, 101, 116, , 165, 168, 173, 195, 196n20, 197, 370; cycle 135 199–201, 207–209, 317n66; see also Antichak Vajrasūksmadharmamaṇala 45 Vikrampur/Vikramapura 167n19, 169–71, 174, Vajratārā, see Tārā 177–79, 180, 185n105, 187; inscription 168n22, Vajratikṣa 390–91 169; see also Maināmatī Vajravāda 360 Vimalaprabhā 170–71 Vajravarāhī 178 Vimalamitra 14 Vajrayāna 3–4, 6n17, 8n22, 9n27, 10n30, 11, 12n37, Vimalosṇīsadhāraṇī 216n12 13n40, 14, 20n66, 21n69, 98, 218, 234, 237, 241, Vīṇāśikhatantra 326n12, 346 280n21, 353, 355; Buddhism 4, 8, 11, 19, 217; Vinatā 385n29 South Indian innovators 353 vinaya 134n49, 169n27, 216–17, 227, 352n5, 372; Vajrayoginī 174; (Vikrampur) inscriptions 168n22 Pali 391 Vajrosṇīsa, see Vajraśekharatantra Vināyaka/vināyakas 37, 46, 135, 182, 333, 337–42, Valabhī Mahāvihāra 194, 202, 208 344, 344n80, 347, 365, 370n39, 371; rituals Valaiṅ 212 339n66; series of eight 47, 56n162, 59n185, 370; Vālavatī, Mount 12, 115 vajra- 47n88; see also Gaṇapati Vāmasrotas, Śaiva stream 346 Vipulaśrīmitra 165 Vaṁsatthappakāsinī 361n19 Vīrabhadra 333 Vanaratna 175 Vīrāṅkurārāma 355n9 Vanua Tṅah 351n3, 373n45, 377–78; crown 351n3; Virūpa 145 see also Wanua Tengah III inscription Viśakhapatnam 9 Vāpilladatta 99 Viṣu 90–91, 167, 168n22, 169, 174, 177n77, 187, Varak, King 353n8, 358n16, 363, 373n45, 376–78 190n125, 195n16, 255, 271, 366, 368n32, 371n42, Vārāṇasī 18 383n17 Varman, dynasty 169, 174 Viṣuvardhana, King 158–59, 275, 278n13 Varuṇa 55, 282, 363n24 Viśuddhimargasanne 391 vaśīkaraṇa, 329n25–332n39, 335n50, 336, Viśvapāṇi 88 336nn56–57, 339n66, 342–43, 345–47, 384 Viśveśvara 87–88 92 vyāghramāṁsa 388n45 Vasudeva 282 Vyākhyāyukti 92 Vasudhārā 234n29 Waddell, L.A. 120

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Wang Xuance 194, 204 Yamarāja 55 Wang Xuanguo 84 Yamunā, River and Goddess 211, 225 Wanua Tengah III inscription 18n59, 323, 377–78, Zhenqing 130 War magic 5n15 yantra 244, 273, 327n19, 330–32, 341, 343, 345; see Wat Hua Wiang, inscription 243 also Ratu Boko mantra/yantra Wat Keow 243 Yapahuwa 359–60 Wat Phra Maen 13 Yarlung, dynasty 7, 131 Wat Sithor inscription 246, 250 ye dharmā formula 257, 266, 270; see also Pratītya­ Weinberger, S.N. 239 samutpādagāthā 128–31 Yeshe Ö 375n49 Wayman, A. 79 10, 13n42, 14, 19, 82–85, 93n74, 103, 113, Wedemeyer, C. 75, 98 202n43, 205, 216, 226–28, 234, 250, 258, 261, Weerasinghe, S.G.M. 86n50 353n7, 372n44; in Śrīvijaya 10, 19n62, 82–83, Wendan 358n16 205n55 Wenshushili pusa ji zhuxian suoshuo jixiong shiri Ying Chua 145 shan’e suyao jing 384n21 Yixing 34, 46 Wenxian 129 Yoga 14, 41, 57, 74, 76, 84, 93, 98–100, 106, 110–11, 130 125–26, 239, 343, 353n7; deity 239; four yogas of Western Ghats, rock cut architecture 215–16 the SHKAS 76; White, D.G. 5, 9n26, 13, 332–33 Yogabhāvanāmārga 76–77, 111 Wijesuriya, G. 355 Yogācāra 77, 81–83, 101–102, 262 Williams, J. 201 Yogācāryābhāvanātātparyārthanirdeśa 76 Williams, P. 93n73 Yogaratnamālā 115, 261 Wolters, O.W. 256, 260, 266 Yogasūtras of Patañjali 77 Wonogiri 243 Yogatantras 12n37, 71, 240n6, 264, 323, 346, 351, Woodward, H.W. Jr. 6, 11, 12n35, 231, 239, 244, 248, 353n7, 357; syncretic maṇḍalas 264 252, 257, 264–66, 273 Yogāvatāra 76, 81–82, 87, 111 Wuatan Tija inscription 370n 37 Yogāvatāropadeśa 76, 111 Wulff, K. 69 Yoginīs 21, 151n14; circle of 143, 178 Wutai, Mount 10n32, 127, 145, 203–204, 360, 391 Yoginītantras 4, 11, 231, 240, 242, 244, 265, 375 Wuwei 132n32 Yogīśvara 110 Wuwei Sanzang Chanyao (T 917) 45 Youyang zazu 261 Xiuyue 127 Yuan, dynasty 147, 178, 242, 275; court 143, 317; , Empress 203 emperor 144 Wuzong, Emperor 18, 240, 242, 373 Yuan shi 143, 149 Xian 86n48 128, 130–31, 132n32 Xinping, Commandant of 130 Yuanzhao 12, 15, 132, 132n32, 381, 382n7 Yudhiṣṭhira 284, 289n29 Xin Tangshu (XTS, ‘New History of the Tang Yueh-chih 114 Dynasty’) 127–29, 131, 132n32, 137n52, 194n12 Yunnan 1, 21 Xiping, see Geshu Han Yunqi 85 Xuanchao 33n19 5n15, 113, 119, 135n49, 191, 193–94, 261, Zanning 14n46, 128n16, 237, 241, 358 366 Zhang 126 Xuanzong, Emperor 8, 39n6, 126, 128n17, 129–30, Zhao Qian 358 244 Zhen Jin (as Bodhisattva Imperial Prince) 147 Zhenla 249 Yab-yum 278n11 Zhenyuan Catalogue 131n27, 132 384, 386–87 Zhenyuan xinding shijiao mulu 12 Yamāntaka 180, 335 Zhi’an Jñānapārin 83–84

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Zhidu fushi 129n18 Zhou dynasty 124 Zhongnan, Mount 203n47 Zhou Zhiguang 137 Zhongzong, Emperor 203 130

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