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Concise Ancient History of Indonesia.Pdf
CONCISE ANCIENT HISTORY OF INDONESIA CONCISE ANCIENT HISTORY O F INDONESIA BY SATYAWATI SULEIMAN THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL FOUNDATION JAKARTA Copyright by The Archaeological Foundation ]or The National Archaeological Institute 1974 Sponsored by The Ford Foundation Printed by Djambatan — Jakarta Percetakan Endang CONTENTS Preface • • VI I. The Prehistory of Indonesia 1 Early man ; The Foodgathering Stage or Palaeolithic ; The Developed Stage of Foodgathering or Epi-Palaeo- lithic ; The Foodproducing Stage or Neolithic ; The Stage of Craftsmanship or The Early Metal Stage. II. The first contacts with Hinduism and Buddhism 10 III. The first inscriptions 14 IV. Sumatra — The rise of Srivijaya 16 V. Sanjayas and Shailendras 19 VI. Shailendras in Sumatra • •.. 23 VII. Java from 860 A.D. to the 12th century • • 27 VIII. Singhasari • • 30 IX. Majapahit 33 X. The Nusantara : The other islands 38 West Java ; Bali ; Sumatra ; Kalimantan. Bibliography 52 V PREFACE This book is intended to serve as a framework for the ancient history of Indonesia in a concise form. Published for the first time more than a decade ago as a booklet in a modest cyclostyled shape by the Cultural Department of the Indonesian Embassy in India, it has been revised several times in Jakarta in the same form to keep up to date with new discoveries and current theories. Since it seemed to have filled a need felt by foreigners as well as Indonesians to obtain an elementary knowledge of Indonesia's past, it has been thought wise to publish it now in a printed form with the aim to reach a larger public than before. -
Donor Assistance to Indonesian Forestry Sector: 1985-2004 A-21 Annex C: Key Elements of Dept
Strategic Options for Forest Assistance in Indonesia 39245 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Sustaining Public Disclosure Authorized Economic Growth, Rural Livelihoods, and Environmental Benefits: Public Disclosure Authorized Strategic Options for Forest Assistance in Indonesia i Strategic Options for Forest Assistance in Indonesia The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development THE WORLD BANK 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A. December 2006, Jakarta Indonesia The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly. For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA; Telephone: 978- 750-8400; fax: 978-7504470; Internet: www.copyright.com. All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2422; email: [email protected]. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed here are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Board of Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this volume do not imply on the part of the World Bank Group any judgment on the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. -
Challenges in Conserving Bahal Temples of Sri-Wijaya Kingdom, In
International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT) ISSN: 2249 – 8958, Volume-9, Issue-1, October 2019 Challenges in Conserving Bahal Temples of Sriwijaya Kingdom, in North Sumatra Ari Siswanto, Farida, Ardiansyah, Kristantina Indriastuti Although it has been restored, not all of the temples re- Abstract: The archaeological sites of the Sriwijaya temple in turned to a complete building form because when temples Sumatra is an important part of a long histories of Indonesian were found many were in a state of severe damage. civilization.This article examines the conservation of the Bahal The three brick temple complexes have been enjoyed by temples as cultural heritage buildings that still maintains the authenticity of the form as a sacred building and can be used as a tourists who visit and even tourists can reach the room in the tourism object. The temples are made of bricks which are very body of the temple. The condition of brick temples that are vulnerable to the weather, open environment and visitors so that open in nature raises a number of problems including bricks they can be a threat to the architecture and structure of the tem- becoming worn out quickly, damaged and overgrown with ples. Intervention is still possible if it is related to the structure mold (A. Siswanto, Farida, Ardiansyah, 2017; Mulyati, and material conditions of the temples which have been alarming 2012). The construction of the temple's head or roof appears and predicted to cause damage and durability of the temple. This study used a case study method covering Bahal I, II and III tem- to have cracked the structure because the brick structure ples, all of which are located in North Padang Lawas Regency, does not function as a supporting structure as much as pos- North Sumatra Province through observation, measurement, sible. -
Murals in Buddhist Buildings: Content and Role in the Daily Lives of Isan People
Asian Culture and History; Vol. 6, No. 2; 2014 ISSN 1916-9655 E-ISSN 1916-9663 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education Murals in Buddhist Buildings: Content and Role in the Daily Lives of Isan People Thawat Trachoo1, Sastra Laoakka1 & Sisikka Wannajun1 1 The Faculty of Cultural Science, Mahasarakham University, Khamriang Sub-District, Kantarawichai District, Maha Sarakham Province, Thailand Correspondence: Thawat Trachoo, The Faculty of Cultural Science, Mahasarakham University, Khamriang Sub-District, Kantarawichai District, Maha Sarakham Province 44150, Thailand. E-mail: [email protected] Received: May 14, 2014 Accepted: June 6, 2014 Online Published: June 12, 2014 doi:10.5539/ach.v6n2p184 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ach.v6n2p184 Abstract This is a qualitative research aimed at assessing the current state of Buddhist murals in Northeastern Thailand, the elements of society they reflect and their role in everyday life. The research area for this investigation is Northeastern Thailand, colloquially known as Isan. Three ethnic communities were purposively selected to comprise the research populations. These were the Tai Korat of Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Tai Khmer of Buriram Province and Tai Lao of Ubon Ratchatani Province. Data collection tools were basic survey, participant and non-participant observation, structured and non-structured interview, focus group discussion and workshop. Results show that there are two major groups of Buddhist temple murals in Isan: those depicting ancient culture and customs painted prior to 1957 and contemporary murals painted after 1957. For the most part, murals are found on the walls of the ubosot and the instruction halls of the temples. The objectives of mural paintings were to worship the lord Buddha, decorate the temples, provide education to community members and maintain historical records. -
Book Reviews - Matthew Amster, Jérôme Rousseau, Kayan Religion; Ritual Life and Religious Reform in Central Borneo
Book Reviews - Matthew Amster, Jérôme Rousseau, Kayan religion; Ritual life and religious reform in Central Borneo. Leiden: KITLV Press, 1998, 352 pp. [VKI 180.] - Atsushi Ota, Johan Talens, Een feodale samenleving in koloniaal vaarwater; Staatsvorming, koloniale expansie en economische onderontwikkeling in Banten, West-Java, 1600-1750. Hilversum: Verloren, 1999, 253 pp. - Wanda Avé, Johannes Salilah, Traditional medicine among the Ngaju Dayak in Central Kalimantan; The 1935 writings of a former Ngaju Dayak Priest, edited and translated by A.H. Klokke. Phillips, Maine: Borneo Research Council, 1998, xxi + 314 pp. [Borneo Research Council Monograph 3.] - Peter Boomgaard, Sandra Pannell, Old world places, new world problems; Exploring issues of resource management in eastern Indonesia. Canberra: Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies, Australian National University, 1998, xiv + 387 pp., Franz von Benda-Beckmann (eds.) - H.J.M. Claessen, Geoffrey M. White, Chiefs today; Traditional Pacific leadership and the postcolonial state. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1997, xiv + 343 pp., Lamont Lindstrom (eds.) - H.J.M. Claessen, Judith Huntsman, Tokelau; A historical ethnography. Auckland: Auckland University Press, 1996, xii + 355 pp., Antony Hooper (eds.) - Hans Gooszen, Gavin W. Jones, Indonesia assessment; Population and human resources. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University, 1997, 73 pp., Terence Hull (eds.) - Rens Heringa, John Guy, Woven cargoes; Indian textiles in the East. London: Thames and Hudson, 1998, 192 pp., with 241 illustrations (145 in colour). - Rens Heringa, Ruth Barnes, Indian block-printed textiles in Egypt; The Newberry collection in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997. Volume 1 (text): xiv + 138 pp., with 32 b/w illustrations and 43 colour plates; Volume 2 (catalogue): 379 pp., with 1226 b/w illustrations. -
Tourist Decision in Mount Merbabu National Park, Indonesia
RJOAS, 3(75), March 2018 DOI https://doi.org/10.18551/rjoas.2018-03.03 TOURIST DECISION IN MOUNT MERBABU NATIONAL PARK, INDONESIA Putri Indah Riadi*, Faida Lies Rahayu Wijayanti, Fandeli Chafid, Purwanto Ris Hadi Faculty of Forestry, University of Gadjah Mada, Indonesia *E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT This study aims to determine decision-making regarding tourist visit, preferences and average time of visit. The study was conducted using quantitative approach. The results exhibit travelers' characteristics are dominated by males within 15-30 age range. The average income is generally less than IDR 2,000,000 with monthly travel budget up to IDR 500,000 due to visiting motivation, that is, quiet and natural environment. Most tourists were originally from Central Java region, so transportation used in general is a private motorcycle and travel cars. Tourists’ visitation is for recreation purposes with friends which generally last for two days with about 2 to 5 times annualy. Lastly, travel activity most favored by tourists is camping. KEY WORDS Visitation decision, tourist, national park, mount Merbabu, ecotourism. Forest in national park area possesses natural resources capable to provide various benefits for human life in the surrounding and areas beyond. These populations are affected directly and indirectly. National park tourism is one of such benefits. Along with the increase in population and economic needs, it increases the need for forest resources. There is another supporting aspect in the form of customs, culture, cool weather, and the beauty of natural panorama. The increasing population rises density, routine work and activities which create a sense of saturation. -
Study on the Vegetation Planning for Borobudur Area
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Repositori Institusi Kemendikbud Kajian Penataan Tanaman Kawasan Borobudur Study on the Vegetation Planning for Borobudur Area Hari Setyawan dan Bambang Kasatriyanto Balai Konservasi Borobudur [email protected] ABSTRAK Relief cerita pada Candi Borobudur dan Candi Mendut merupakan gambaran lingkungan Jawa Kuna abad VIII–X M. Komponen lingkungan yang digambarkan pada panel relief dan menarik untuk dikaji, salah satunya adalah penggambaran tanaman pada relief. Tanaman merupakan salah satu elemen penting untuk menunjang kehidupan manusia pada masa lalu khususnya pada masa perkembangan Hindhu/ Buddha periode Jawa Tengah. Indentifikasi tanaman dapat dilakukan dengan pengamatan langsung. Setelah tanaman dapat diidentifikasi jenisnya maka konteks pengambaran tanaman berperan penting dalam menentukan kondisi lingkungan dimana tanaman tersebut tumbuh. Apabila ditarik pada masa kini, maka indentifikasi tanaman dan klasifikasi konteks penggambaran tanaman dapat bermanfaat dalam pelestarian lanskap budaya Kawasan Strategis Nasional Borobudur. Kata Kunci: relief tanaman; jawa kuno; candi borobudur; candi mendut; tanaman; kawasan borobudur. ABSTRACT The relief story of Borobudur Temple and Mendut Temple is a depiction of the Old Javanese environment of the 8th-10th century CE. The environmental components depicted in the relief panels are interesting to study, one of which is the depiction of plants in relief. Plants are one of the important elements to support human life in the past, especially during the Hindu-Buddhist period of Central Java. Plants identification can be done by direct observation. After the plants can be identified, the context of plant propagation plays an important role in determining the environmental conditions in which the plants grow. -
Catazacke 20200425 Bd.Pdf
Provenances Museum Deaccessions The National Museum of the Philippines The Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art, Cornell University New York, USA The Monterey Museum of Art, USA The Abrons Arts Center, New York, USA Private Estate and Collection Provenances Justus Blank, Dutch East India Company Georg Weifert (1850-1937), Federal Bank of the Kingdom of Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia Sir William Roy Hodgson (1892-1958), Lieutenant Colonel, CMG, OBE Jerrold Schecter, The Wall Street Journal Anne Marie Wood (1931-2019), Warwickshire, United Kingdom Brian Lister (19262014), Widdington, United Kingdom Léonce Filatriau (*1875), France S. X. Constantinidi, London, United Kingdom James Henry Taylor, Royal Navy Sub-Lieutenant, HM Naval Base Tamar, Hong Kong Alexandre Iolas (19071987), Greece Anthony du Boulay, Honorary Adviser on Ceramics to the National Trust, United Kingdom, Chairman of the French Porcelain Society Robert Bob Mayer and Beatrice Buddy Cummings Mayer, The Museum of Contemporary Art (MCA), Chicago Leslie Gifford Kilborn (18951972), The University of Hong Kong Traudi and Peter Plesch, United Kingdom Reinhold Hofstätter, Vienna, Austria Sir Thomas Jackson (1841-1915), 1st Baronet, United Kingdom Richard Nathanson (d. 2018), United Kingdom Dr. W. D. Franz (1915-2005), North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany Josette and Théo Schulmann, Paris, France Neil Cole, Toronto, Canada Gustav Heinrich Ralph von Koenigswald (19021982) Arthur Huc (1854-1932), La Dépêche du Midi, Toulouse, France Dame Eva Turner (18921990), DBE Sir Jeremy Lever KCMG, University -
A Lesson from Borobudur
5 Changing perspectives on the relationship between heritage, landscape and local communities: A lesson from Borobudur Daud A. Tanudirjo, Jurusan Arkeologi, Fakultas Ilmu Budaya, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta Figure 1. The grandeur of the Borobudur World Heritage site has attracted visitors for its massive stone structure adorned with fabulous reliefs and stupas laid out in the configuration of a Buddhist Mandala. Source: Daud Tanudirjo. The grandeur of Borobudur has fascinated almost every visitor who views it. Situated in the heart of the island of Java in Indonesia, this remarkable stone structure is considered to be the most significant Buddhist monument in the Southern Hemisphere (Figure 1). In 1991, Borobudur 66 Transcending the Culture–Nature Divide in Cultural Heritage was inscribed on the World Heritage List, together with two other smaller stone temples, Pawon and Mendut. These three stone temples are located over a straight line of about three kilometres on an east-west orientation, and are regarded as belonging to a single temple complex (Figure 2). Known as the Borobudur Temple Compound, this World Heritage Site meets at least three criteria of the Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention: (i) to represent a masterpiece of human creative genius, (ii) to exhibit an important interchange of human values over a span of time or within cultural area of the world, on developments in architecture or technology, monumental arts, town planning or landscape design, and (iii) to be directly or tangibly associated with events or living traditions, with ideas, or with beliefs, with artistic and literacy works of outstanding universal value (see also Matsuura 2005). -
Preliminary Damageandloss Assessment
The 15th Meeting of The Consultative Group on Indonesia Jakarta, June 14, 2006 Preliminary Damage and Loss Assessment Yogyakarta and Central Java Natural Disaster A joint report of BAPPENAS, the Provincial and Local Governments of D.I. Yogyakarta, the Provincial and Local Governments of Central Java, and international partners, June 2006 MAGELANG (KOTA) BOYOLALI MAGELANG PURWOREJO SLEMAN KLATEN SUKOHARJO YOGYAKARTA (KOTA) KULON PROGO BANTUL WONOGIRI GUNUNG KIDUL The 15th Meeting of The Consultative Group on Indonesia Jakarta, June 14, 2006 Preliminary Damage and Loss Assessment Yogyakarta and Central Java Natural Disaster A Joint Report from BAPPENAS, the Provincial and Local Governments of D.I.Yogyakarta, the Provincial and Local Governments of Central Java, and international partners, June 2006 i FOREWORD The May 27, 2006 earthquake struck Yogyakarta and Central Java. Yogyakarta is a center for Javanese traditional arts and culture, the ancient temples of Borobudur and Prambanan, and is home to a royal family whose lineage goes back to the Mataram era in the 16th century. It is also a center of Indonesian higher education. Striking in the early morning hours, the earthquake took over 5,700 lives, injured between 40,000 and 60,000 more, and robbed hundreds of thousands of their homes and livelihoods. As if the devastation of the earthquake were not enough, the disaster may not be over. The increase in Mount Merapi’s volcanic activity, which began in March 2006, is producing lava flows, toxic gases, and clouds of ash, prompting the evacuation of tens of thousands of people. This report presents a preliminary assessment of the damage and losses caused by the earthquake. -
E:\Jurnal Bumi Lestari\EDISI FE
Niken Wirasanti : The Sugnificance Of Sacred Places From “The Triad” Of Mendut Temple - ..... THE SIGNIFICANCE OF SACRED PLACES FROM “THE TRIAD” OF MENDUT TEMPLE – PAWON TEMPLE – BOROBUDUR TEMPLE : PERSPECTIVE OF ENVIRONMENTAL SEMIOTIC Niken Wirasanti*), Timbul Haryono*), Sutikno**) *) Faculty of Cultural Sciences, Gadjah Mada University **) Faculty of Geography, Gadjah Mada University [email protected] Abstrak Letak Candi Mendut - Candi Pawon -Candi Borobudur berada dalam satu garis (imajiner) yang dikenal dengan tiga serangkai. Rangkaian tersebut merupakan sistem tanda yang oleh masyarakat Mataram Kuna abad IX Masehi diberi makna sesuai dengan konvensi yang berlaku pada waktu itu. Membuktikan ketiga candi yang merupakan sistem tanda dengan sebuah makna dapat dijelaskan dengan pendekatan semiotika struktural (Ferdinan de Saussure) yang mendasarkan pada elemen- elemen semiotika yaitu tanda (penanda-petanda), dan poros tanda (sintagmatik dan paradigmatik). Elemen tanda dari lingkungan yang dapat dirunut yaitu penanda ruang, elevasi, jenis tanah, dan sumber air, sedangkan elemen tanda dari candi yaitu arsitektur, arca, dan relief cerita. Tanda tersebut tidak dapat dilihat secara terpisah-pisah tetapi dilihat dalam relasi dengan tanda yang lain dalam poros sintagmatik dan paradigmatik. Untuk itu urutan tanda dimulai dari Candi Mendut-Candi Pawon- Candi Borobudur yang tersusun dalam susunan tertentu (jukstaposisi) dengan masing- masing makna simbolisnya. Tanda-tanda pada Candi Mendut – Candi Pawon – Candi Borobudur yaitu lokasi, tanah- batuan, sumber air, elevasi, arca, dan relief cerita, tersusun dalam rangkaian yang memperlihatkan sebuah struktur yang bermakna. Susunan tersebut bersifat linier yakni mengikuti aturan tertentu. Apabila aturan penataan tersebut berubah maka maknanyapun akan berbeda. Hal inilah yang membuktikan bahwa ketiga candi tersebut membentuk kesatuan rangkaian perlambang yang mengacu pada makna simbolis berdasarkan konsep ajaran agama Buddha pada masa Mataram Kuna abad IX Masehi. -
Forms and Types of Borobudur's Stupas
Cultural Dynamics in a Globalized World – Budianta et al. (Eds) © 2018 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-62664-5 Forms and types of Borobudur’s stupas A. Revianur Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Humanities, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia ABSTRACT: Candi Borobudur (Borobudur Temple) is the world’s largest Mahayana- Vajrayana Buddhist temple, which is located in Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia. It was built by the Sailendra dynasty between the 8th and 9th centuries A.D. The temple was built with 10-step pyramid terraces, which are decorated with 2,672 relief panels, 504 Buddha stat- ues, and 1,537 stupas. In this study, we aim to examine the forms and types of the stupas of Borobudur, which are composed of 1,536 secondary stupas and 1 primary stupa compared to those of other stupas found in Java and Bali islands. The stupas at Borobudur located from the second to ninth terraces are called the secondary stupas, whereas the one located on the tenth terrace is called the primary stupa. They are symbolic stupas, which consist of a base (Prasadha), a bell-shaped body (anda), a top support (harmika), and a top (yashti). The stupas are divided into four types, namely plain stupas, hollow space-square stupas, hollow space-diamond stupas containing the Dhyani Buddha Vairocana that represents the turn- ing wheel of the dharma and the single main stupa that becomes the centre of Borobudur Temple reflecting Sailedra art-style. Here, we use a qualitative method, which is based on field observation and historical sources. The objective of this study is to provide a comprehensive description of the stupas in Borobudur from the perspective of historical archaeology.