Appendix One CORE VOCABULARIES1 Balkan Slavic Languages2

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Appendix One CORE VOCABULARIES1 Balkan Slavic Languages2 Appendix One CORE VOCABULARIES1 Balkan Slavic Languages2 English Serbo-Croatian Bulgarian Macedonian Serbian Croatian No Cyrilic script Latin script Cyrilic script Latin transcription Cyrilic script Latin transcription 001 all ɫɜɢ svi ɜɫɢɱɤɢ vsiþki site site 002 and ɢ i ɢ i ɢ i 003 animal ɠɢɜɨɬɢʃɚ životinja ɠɢɜɨɬɧo životno ɠɢɜɨɬɧo životno 004 arm ɪɭɤɚ ruka ɪɴɤa răka ɪaɤa raka 005 ashes ɩɟɩɟɨ pepeo ɩɟɩɟɥ pepel ɩɟɩɟɥ pepel 006 at ɤɨɞ kod ɩɪɢ pri ɤaj kaj 007 back ɥeɻa leÿa ɝɪɴɛ grăb ɝɪɛ grb 008 bad ɥɨɲ loš ɥɨɲ loš ɥɨɲ loš 009 bark ɤɨɪɚ kora ɤɨɪɚ kora ɤɨɪɚ kora 010 because ɡɚɬɨ ɲɬɨ zato što ɡɚɲɬɨɬɨ zaštoto ɡɚɬɨa ɲɬɨ zatoa što 011 belly ɬɪɛɭɯ trbuh ɤɨɪɟɦ korem ɦɟɜ mev 012 berry ɡɪɧo zrno ɡɪɧo zrno ɡɪɧo zrno 013 big ɜɟɥɢɤɢ veliki ɝɨɥɹɦ goljam ɝɨɥeɦ golem 014 bird ɩɬɢɰɚ ptica ɩɬɢɰɚ ptica ɩɬɢɰɚ ptica 015 bite ɭʁɟɫɬɢ ujesti ɭɯaɩɜɚɦ uxapvam aɩe ape 016 black ɰɪɧ crn ɱeɪeɧþeren ɰɪɧ crn 017 blood ɤɪɜ krv ɤɪɴɜ krăv ɤɪɜ krv 018 blow ɞɭɜɚɬɢ duvati ɞɭxɚɦ duxam duva duva 019 bone ɤɨɫɬ kost ɤɨɫɬ kost ɤɨɫɤa koska 020 breast ɝɪɭɞɢ grudi ɝɪɴɞɢ grădi ɝɪaɞɢ gradi 021 breathe ɞɢɫɚɬɢ disati ɞɢɲɚ diša ɞɢɲɟ diše 1 The Balkan Slavic, Romanian and Modern Greek vocabularies were compiled by Pepijn Hendriks (Serbo- Croatian, Bulgarian and Macedonian), Jeroen Bakker (Romanian) and Bart de Vries (Modern Greek) – student interns at the University of Leiden, working in the framework of the Spinoza Project. The Tosk Albanian, Gheg Albanian, Aromanian, Megleno-Romanian and Balkan Romani vocabularies were elicited from native speakers of those languages: Agim Poloska (Tosk Albanian), Avzi Mustafa (Gheg Albanian), Kocea and Verula Nicea (Aromanian), Dionisie PapaĠafa (Megleno-Romanian), Bajrami Severdžan (Arli); all of them living in Macedonia. Pepijn Hendriks, Jaroen Bakker and Bart de Vries have provided phonological and morphological analyses of the Slavic, Romance and Modern Greek vocabularies. These analyses have been entered into the Spinosa Project areal typological data base. (cf. http://www.let.leidenuniv.nl/spls). The citation form for verbs is the infinitive for Serbo-Croatian and Megleno-Romanian, the short (suffix- less) infinitive Romanian, the 1st person singular present indicative form for Bulgarian, Aromanian, Tosk and Geg Albanian and Modern Greek, the 3rd person singular imperfective present indicative form for Macedonian and the 3rd person singular active present indicative for Arli Balkan Romani. 2 As pointed out in the introductory chapter (Chapter One), the term “Serbo-Croatian” refers to a language which has officially been dissolved and replaced by “Serbian”, “Croatian” or “Bosnian”. Since the relevant formal aspects of the latter languages are the same, the all-embracing label “Serbo-Croatian” has been used throughout the book, the terms “Serbian” and “Croatian” being used whenever reference to distinct uses are being made. In this table the Serbian usage has been represented in the Cyrilic script; the Croatian usage in the Latin script. Note, however, that in Serbia both the Cyrilic and the Latin alphabets are officially accepted and interchangeably used. 657 658 AppendixO ne English Serbo-Croatian Bulgarian Macedonian Serbian Croatian No Cyrilic script Latin script Cyrilic script Latin transcription Cyrilic script Latin transcription 022 brother ɛɪɚɬ brat ɛɪɚɬ brat ɛɪɚɬ brat 023 burn ɝɨɪɟɬɢ gorjeti ɝɨɪɹ gorja ɝɨɪɢ gori 024 child ɞɟɬɟ djete ɞɟɬɟ dete ɞɟɬɟ dete 025 claw ɤɚɧʇɚ kandža ɧɨɤɴɬ nokăt ɤɚɧʇɚ kandža 026 clothing oɞeʄa odjeüa ɞɪeɯɢ drexi aɥɢɲɬa ališta 027 cloud oɛɥɚɤ oblak oɛɥɚɤ oblak oɛɥɚɤ oblak 028 cold ɯɥɚɞɚɧ hladan ɫɬɭɞɟɧ studen ɫɬɭɞɟɧ studen 029 come ɞoʄɢ doüi ɢɞɜaɦ idvam ɞoaɼa doaƧa 030 cook ɤɭɜɚɬɢ kuhati ɝɨɬɜɚ gotva ɝɨɬɜɢ gotvi 031 count ɛɪojaɬɢ brojati ɛɪoɹ broja ɛɪoɢ broi 032 cry ɩɥɚɤɚɬɢ plakati ɩɥaɱɚ plaþa ɩɥaɱe plaþe 033 cut seʄɢ sjeüi ɪɟɠɚ reža seɱɟ seþe 034 dance ɢɝɪɚɬɢ plesati ɬɚɧɰɭɜɚ tancuvam ɬɚɧɰɭɜɚ tancuva 035 dark ɬɚɦaɧ taman ɬɴɦeɧ tămen ɬeɦeɧ temen 036 day ɞɚɧ dan den ɞeɧɞeɧ den 037 die ɭɦɪɟɬɢ umrjeti ɭɦɢɪaɦ umiram ɭɦɢɪa umira 038 dig ɤɨɩaɬɢ kopati ɤɨɩaɹ kopaja ɤɨɩa kopa 039 dirty ɩɪʂɚɜ prljav ɦɪɴɫɟɧ mrăsen ɧɚɫɟɧ gnasen 040 dog ɩɚɫ pas ɤɭɱɟ kuþe ɤɭɱɟ kuþe 041 down ɞoɥe dolje ɞoɥɭ dolu ɞoɥɭ dolu 042 drink ɩɢɬɢ piti ɩɢɹ pija ɩɢe pie 043 dry ɫɭɜ suh ɫɭx sux ɫɭɜ suv 044 dull ɬɭɩ tup ɬɴɩ tăp ɬaɩ tap 045 dust ɩɪɚɲɢɧa prašina ɩɪɚx prax ɩɪɚɜ prav 046 ear ɭɜo uvo ɭxo uxo ɭɜo uvo 047 earth ɡeɦʂɚ zemlja ɡeɦɹ zemja ɡeɦja zemja 048 eat jeɫɬɢ jesti jaɞa jada jaɞe jade 049 egg jaje jaje ɹɣɰe jajce jajɰe jajce 050 eight oɫaɦ osam oɫeɦ osem oɫɭɦ osum 051 eye oɤo oko oɤo oko oɤo oko 052 fall ɩaɫɬɢ pasti ɩɚɞɚɦ padam ɩɚɼɚ paƧa 053 far ɞɚɥɟɤ dalek ɞɚɥɟɱɟɧ daleþen ɞɚɥɟɱɟɧ daleþen 054 fat ɦɚɫɬ mast ɦɚɡɧɢɧɚ maznina ɦɚɫɬ mast 055 father oɬaɰ otac ɛaɳa bašta ɬɚɬɤo tatko 056 fear ɩɥɚɲɢɬɢ ɫe plašiti se cɬɪaxɭɜɚɦ ce straxuvam se ce ɩɥɚɲɢ se plaši 057 feather ɩɟɪɨ pero ɩɟɪɨ pero ɩɟɪɨ pero 058 few ɦaɥɨ malo ɦaɥɤo malko ɦaɥɤɭ malku 059 fight ɛɨɪɢɬɢ ce boriti se ɛopɹ ce borja se ce ɛoprɢ ce bori 060 fire ɜɚɬɪa vatra oɝɴɧ ogăn oɝoɧ ogon 061 fish pɢɛa riba pɢɛa riba pɢɛa riba 062 five ɩeɬ pet ɩeɬ pet ɩeɬ pet 063 float ɩɥoɜɢɬɢ ploviti ɩɥaɜaɦ plavam ɩɥɢɜa pliva 064 flow ɬeʄɢ teüi ɬɟɤa teka ɬɟɱɟ teþe 065 flower ɰɜeɬ cvjet ɰɜeɬe cvete ɰɜeʅe cveʅe 066 fly ɥeɬeɬɢ letjeti ɥeɬa leta ɥeɬa leta 067 fog ɦɚɝɥɚ magla ɦɴɝɥɚ măgla ɦɚɝɥɚ magla 068 foot ɧoɝa noga ɤraɤ krak ɧoɝa noga 069 four ɱeɬpɢþetri ɱeɬɢpɢþetipi ɱeɬpɢþetri 070 freeze ɫɦɪɡɧɭɬɢ smrznuti ɡaɦɪɴɡɜaɦ zamrăzvam ɡaɦɪɡɧɭɜɚ zamrznuva 071 full ɩɭɧ pun ɩɴɥeɧ pălen ɩoɥɧ poln 072 give ɞaɬɢ dati ɞɚɜɚɦ davam ɞɚɜɚ dava 073 good ɞoɛap doɛar ɞoɛɴp dobăr ɞoɛap dobar 074 grass ɬpaɜa trava ɬpeɜa treva ɬpeɜa treva Core Vocabularies 659 English Serbo-Croatian Bulgarian Macedonian Serbian Croatian No Cyrilic script Latin script Cyrilic script Latin transcription Cyrilic script Latin transcription 075 green ɡeɥeɧ zelen ɡeɥeɧ zelen ɡeɥeɧ zelen 076 guts ɰpeɜa creva ɱepɜa þerva ɰpeɜa creva 077 hair ɤoca kosa ɤoca kosa ɤoca kosa 078 hand pɭɤa ruka pɴɤa răka paɤa raka 079 he oɧ on ɬoɣ toj ɬoj toj 080 head ɝɥaɜa glava ɝɥaɜa glava ɝɥaɜa glava 081 hear ɱɭɬɢ þuti ɱɭɜaɦþuvam cɥɭɲa sluša 082 heart cpɰe srce cɴpɰe sărce cpɰe srce 083 heavy teɠɚɤ težak ɬeɠɴɤ težăk teɠoɤ težok 084 here oɜɞe ovdje ɬɭɤ tuk oɜɞe ovde 085 hit ɭɞɚpaɬɢ udariti ɭɞpɹɦ udrjam ɭɞɢpa udira 086 hold ɞpɠɚɬɢ držati ɞɴpɠɚ dărža ɞpɠɢ drži 087 horn poɝ rog poɝ rog poɝ rog 088 house ɤɭʄa kuüa ɤɴɳa kăšta ɤɭʅa kuʅa 089 how ɤaɤo kako ɤaɤ kak ɤaɤo kako 090 hundred cɬo sto cɬo sto cɬo sto 091 hunt ɥoɜɢɬɢ loviti ɥoɜa lova ɥoɜɢ lovi 092 husband ɦɭɠ muž ɦɴɠ măž ɦaɠ maž 093 I ja ja aɡ az jac jas 094 ice ɥɟɞ led ɥɟɞ led ɦpaɡ mraz 095 if aɤo ako aɤo ako aɤo ako 096 in ɭ u ɜ v ɜo vo 097 kill ɭɛɢɬɢ ubiti ɭɛɢɜaɦ ubivam ɭɛɢɜa ubiva 098 knee ɤoɥɟɧo koljeno ɤoɥɹɧo koljano ɤoɥɟɧo koleno 099 know ɡɧɚɬɢ znati ɡɧɚɹ znaja ɡɧɚe znae 100 lake jeɡɟpo jezero eɡɟpo ezero eɡɟpo ezero 101 laugh cɦɟjaɬɢ ce smijati se cɦɟɹ ce smeja se ce cɦɟe se smee 102 leaf ɥɢɫɬ list ɥɢɫɬ list ɥɢɫɬ list 103 left (side) ɥeɜɢ levi ɥɹɜ ljav ɥeɜ lev 104 leg ɧɨɝa noga ɤraɤ krak ɧɨɝa noga 105 lie ɥɟɠɚɬɢ ležati ɥɟɠɚ leža ɥɟɠɢ leži 106 lip ɭcɧa usna ɭcɬɧa ustna ɭcɧa usna 107 live ɠɢɜɟɬɢ živjeti ɠɢɜɟɹ živeja ɠɢɜɟe živee 108 liver jeɬpa jetra ɱɟɪɟɧ ɞpoɛ þeren drob ɰpɧɞpoɛ crn drob 109 long ɞɭɝ dug ɞɴɥɴɝ dălăg ɞoɥɝ dolg 110 louse ɜaɲ vaš ɜɴɲɤa văška ɜoɲɤa voška 111 man ɦɭɲɤapaɰ muškarac ɦɴɠ măž ɦaɠ maž 112 many ɦɧɨɝo mnogo ɦɧɨɝo mnogo ɦɧɨɝɭ mnogu 113 meat ɦɟɫo meso ɦɟɫo meso ɦɟɫo meso 114 milk ɦɥɟɤo mljeko ɦɥɹɤo mljako ɦɥɟɤo mleko 115 moon ɦɟɫɟɰ mjesec ɥɭɧa luna ɦɟɫɟɱɢɧa meseþina 116 mother ɦajɤa majka ɦaɣɤa majka ɦajɤa majka 117 mountain ɩɥɚɧɢɧa planina ɩɥɚɧɢɧa planina ɩɥɚɧɢɧa planina 118 mouth ɭɫɬa usta ɭɫɬa usta ɭɫɬa usta 119 name ɢɦe ime ɢɦe ime ɢɦe ime 120 narrow ɭɡɚɤ uzak ɬɟɫɟɧ tesen ɬɟɫɟɧ tesen 121 navel ɩɭɩɚɤ pupak ɩɴɩ păp ɩaɩoɤ papok 122 near ɛɥɢɡɚɤ blizak ɛɥɢɡɴɤ blizăk ɛɥɢɡoɤ blizok 123 neck ɜpaɬ vrat ɜpaɬ vrat ɜpaɬ vrat 124 new ɧɨɜ nov ɧɨɜ nov ɧɨɜ nov 125 night ɧoʄ noüɧoɳ nošt ɧoʅ noʅ 126 nine ɞɟɜɟɬ devet ɞɟɜɟɬ devet ɞɟɜɟɬ devet 127 nose ɧɨɫ nos ɧɨɫ nos ɧɨɫ nos 660 AppendixO ne English Serbo-Croatian Bulgarian Macedonian Serbian Croatian No Cyrilic script Latin script Cyrilic script Latin transcription Cyrilic script Latin transcription 128 not ɧe ne ɧe ne ɧe ne 129 old ɫɬɚɪ star ɫɬɚɪ star ɫɬɚɪ star 130 one jeɞaɧ jedan eɞɧo edno eɞeɧ eden 131 other ɞɪɭɝɢ drugi ɞɪɭɝ drug ɞɪɭɝ drug 132 person ɱoɜɟɤ þovjek ɱoɜɟɤ þovek ɱoɜɟɤ þovek 133 play ɢɝɪɚɬɢ igrati ɢɝɪɚɹ igraja ɢɝɪɚ igra 134 pull ɜɭʄɢ vuüi ɞɴpɩaɦ dărpam ɜɥeɱɟ vleþe 135 push ɝɭpaɬɢ gurati ɛɭɬɚɦ butam ɛɭɬɤɚ butka 136 rain ɤɢɲa kiša ɞɴɠɞ dăžd ɞoɠɞ dožd 137 red ɰɪɜɟɧ crven ɱeɪɜɟɧ þerven ɰɪɜɟɧ crven 138 right ɩɪɚɜɢ pravi ɩɪɚɜ prav ɩɪɚɜ prav 139 right(side) ɞɟɫɧɢ djesni ɞɹɫeɧ djasen ɞɟɫeɧ desen 140 ripe ɡpeo zreo ɡpɹɥ zrjal ɡpeɥ zrel 141 river peɤa rjeka peɤa reka peɤa reka 142 road ɩɭɬ put ɩɴɬ păt ɩaɬ pat 143 root ɤopeɧ korjen ɤopeɧ koren ɤopeɧ koren 144 rope ɭɠɟ uže ɜɴɠe văže jaɠe jaže 145 rotten ɬɪɭo truo ɝɧɢɥ gnil ɝɧɢɥ gnil 146 round ɨɤɪɭɝao okrugao ɤɪɴɝɴɥ krăgăl ɬɪɤaɥeɡeɧ trkalezen 147 rub ɬɪʂaɬɢ trljati ɬɪɢɹ trija ɬɪɢe trie 148 salt co so coɥ sol coɥ sol 149 sand ɩecaɤ pjesak ɩɹcɴɤ pjasăk ɩecoɤ pesok 150 say reʄɢ reüi ɤaɡɜaɦ kazvam ɜeɥɢ veli 151 scratch ɝɪeɛaɬɢ grebati ɞɪaɩaɦ drapam ɝɪeɛe grebe 152 sea ɦoɪe more ɦoɪe more ɦoɪe more 153 see ɜɢɞɟɬɢ vidjeti ɜɢɠɞaɦ viždam ɝɥɟɞɚ gleda 154 seed ceɦe sjeme ceɦe seme ceɦe seme 155 seven ceɞaɦ sedam ceɞaɦ sedam ceɞyɦ sedum 156 sew ɲɢɬɢ šiti ɲɢɹ šija ɲɢe šie 157 sharp oɲɬap oštar ocɬɴp ostăr ocɬep oster 158 shoot ɩɭɰaɬɢ pucati cɬpeɥɹɦ streljam ɩɭɤa puka 159 short ɤpaɬaɤ kratak ɤɴc kăs ɤɭc kus 160 sing ɩeɜaɬɢ pjevati
Recommended publications
  • The Politics of Revolutionary Anti-Imperialism
    FIRE THE POLITICS OF REVOLUTIONARY ANTI-IMPERIALISM ---- - ... POLITICAL STATEMENT OF THE UND£ $1.50 Prairie Fire Distributing Lo,rnrrntte:e This edition ofPrairie Fire is published and copyrighted by Communications Co. in response to a written request from the authors of the contents. 'rVe have attempted to produce a readable pocket size book at a re'ls(m,tbl.e cost. Weare printing as many as fast as limited resources allow. We hope that people interested in Revolutionary ideas and events will morc and better editions possible in the future. (And that this edition at least some extent the request made by its authors.) PO Box 411 Communications Co. Times Plaza Sta. PO Box 40614, Sta. C Brooklyn, New York San FrancisQ:O, Ca. 11217 94110 Quantity rates upon request to Peoples' Bookstores and Community organiza- tlOBS. PRAIRIE FIRE THE POLITICS OF REVOLUTIONARY ANTI-IMPERIALISM POLITICAL STATEMENT , OF THE WEATHER Copyright © 1974 by Communications Co. UNDERGROUND All rights reserved The pUblisher's copyright is not intended to discourage the use ofmaterial from this book for political debate and study. It is intended to prevent false and distorted reproduction and profiteering. Aside from those limits, people are free to utilize the material. This edition is a copy of the original which was Printed Underground In the US For The People Published by Communications Co. 1974 +h(~ of OlJr(1)mYl\Q~S tJ,o ~Q.Ve., ~·Ir tllJ€~ it) #i s\-~~\~ 'Yt)l1(ch ~, \~ 10 ~~\ d~~~ee.' l1~rJ 1I'bw~· reU'w) ~it· e\rrp- f'0nit'l)o yralt· ~YZlpmu>I')' ca~-\e.v"C2lmp· ~~ ~[\.ll10' ~li~ ~n.
    [Show full text]
  • ROMANI in the BALKAN LINGUISTIC LEAGUE Victor A
    Romani in the Balkan Linguistic League 1 ROMANI IN THE BALKAN LINGUISTIC LEAGUE Valkanike @Glossologia:@ Sygkhronia kai Diakhronia/Balkanlinguistik: Synchronie und Diachronie, ed. by Chr. Tzitzilis and Kh. Symeonidełs. Thessaloniki: University of Thessaloniki. 2000. 95-105. Victor A. Friedman University of Chicago 1. INTRODUCTION The Romani language raises serious and interesting theoretical questions for the concept of the linguistic league in general and for the concept of Balkan linguistic league in particular. In this paper I wish to examine some aspects of Romani as a Balkan language and the question of Balkanisms in general. The Balkanization of Romani must be understood on several levels. From a strictly structural point of view, we can distinguish three levels of Balkanization in Romani: 1) the earliest pre-European diaspora which resulted from contact with Greek (but also with Slavic), 2) the continued contact shared by all those dialects that remained in the Balkans, whether on Austro-Hungarian or Ottoman territory, 3) the intensive contact of sedentarized dialects. Moreover, a striking feature of Balkanization in Romani is that while it has obvious effects on certain aspects at all levels from phonology through syntax, there are other areas that in the canonical Balkan languages (i.e. Albanian, Greek, Balkan Romance, and Balkan Slavic) show the effects of Balkanization but in Romani do not. I would argue that this might not be for structural reasons but rather for sociolinguistic ones. Owing to the specific social position of Romani, resistance and boundary maintenance play a special communicative role that results in the differential adoption of Balkan features.
    [Show full text]
  • KATALOG Lado 2018 ENG Crveni.Cdr
    LADO Celebrating the Richness and Diversity of Croatian Dance and Music LADO National Folk Dance Ensemble of Croatia LADO, an archaic Slavic word, is a synonym for good, kind and nice, and is frequently used as a refrain in ancient ritual songs of north-western Croatia. LADO, the National Folk Dance Ensemble of Croatia, was founded in 1949 in Zagreb as a professional national ensemble, with the aim of researching, artistically interpreting and presenting on stage the most beautiful examples of the rich traditions of Croatian music and dance. The ensemble's brilliant dancers, who are also excellent singers, can easily transform this folk dance ensemble into an impressive folk choir, while its 14 superb musicians play some fifty different traditional and classical instruments. In its repertoire, which consists of more than a hundred different choreographies and several hundred vocal, instrumental and vocal-instrumental numbers, LADO represents the rich and diverse regional musical and choreographic traditions of Croatia, which is geographically situated at a crossroad of Europe in which the Mediterranean, Balkan, Pannonian and Alpine influences are found in the dances, music and costumes. LADO is often called a "Dancing Museum" because of the priceless and beautiful authentic national costumes (more than 1,200 costumes) it has in its collection , some of which are 100 years old. The ensemble also presents new, contemporary musical and choreographic works based on traditional motifs and elements. LADO When My Wedding Party Awakens You -
    [Show full text]
  • Albanian Language Identification in Text
    5 BSHN(UT)23/2017 ALBANIAN LANGUAGE IDENTIFICATION IN TEXT DOCUMENTS *KLESTI HOXHA.1, ARTUR BAXHAKU.2 1University of Tirana, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Informatics 2University of Tirana, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Mathematics email: [email protected] Abstract In this work we investigate the accuracy of standard and state-of-the-art language identification methods in identifying Albanian in written text documents. A dataset consisting of news articles written in Albanian has been constructed for this purpose. We noticed a considerable decrease of accuracy when using test documents that miss the Albanian alphabet letters “Ë” and “Ç” and created a custom training corpus that solved this problem by achieving an accuracy of more than 99%. Based on our experiments, the most performing language identification methods for Albanian use a naïve Bayes classifier and n-gram based classification features. Keywords: Language identification, text classification, natural language processing, Albanian language. Përmbledhje Në këtë punim shqyrtohet saktësia e disa metodave standarde dhe bashkëkohore në identifikimin e gjuhës shqipe në dokumente tekstuale. Për këtë qëllim është ndërtuar një bashkësi të dhënash testuese e cila përmban artikuj lajmesh të shkruara në shqip. Për tekstet shqipe që nuk përmbajnë gërmat “Ë” dhe “Ç” u vu re një zbritje e konsiderueshme e saktësisë së identifikimit të gjuhës. Për këtë arsye u krijua një korpus trajnues i posaçëm që e zgjidhi këtë problem duke arritur një saktësi prej më shumë se 99%. Bazuar në eksperimentet e kryera, metodat më të sakta për identifikimin e gjuhës shqipe përdorin një klasifikues “naive Bayes” dhe veçori klasifikuese të bazuara në n-grame.
    [Show full text]
  • 109. Formation of the Standard Language: Macedonian
    1470 XVIII. Slavische Standardsprachen 109. Formation of the Standard Language: Macedonian 1. The Beginnings of Local Schreibsprachen 2. Attempts at Codifying a Literary Language on a Dialectal Basis 3. Formation of a Macedonian Standard Language as Part of “Nation-Building” 4. Recent Developments since Independence in 1991 5. Codification and Use of Macedonian in the Diaspora 6. Literature (selected) Abstract In the 19 th century a number of churchmen in Macedonia wrote sermons and primers in a form of Slavonic that was close to vernacular speech. These can be seen as the first texts of written Macedonian, although their authors did not intend to create a new literary language. The first document of explicit Macedonian linguistic and political separatism is Rečnik od tri jezika (1875). In his book Za makedonckite raboti Krste P. Misirkov (1874Ϫ1926) advocated a literary language based on the Prilep-Bitola dialect, but the book was never distributed. After the partition of Macedonia (1913) Macedonian literary activity was tolerated in Bulgaria and Yugoslavia as “dialect literature”. There were thriv- ing theatre groups in Skopje and Sofia and Kočo Racin from Veles wrote poetry that has retained its literary value. The communist partisans used the local dialects in their pamphlets in Vardar Macedonia during the Axis occupation and in 1944 they declared that Macedonian would be the official language of the new Macedonian republic. The decisive codificational steps were Koneski’s grammar (1952Ϫ1954) and the ‘academy dictionary’ (1961Ϫ1966). Independence has terminated the Serbian/Macedonian diglos- sia that was characteristic of Vardar Macedonia in the 20 th century. There have been various attempts to codify Macedonian in the diaspora.
    [Show full text]
  • Romani Syntactic Typology Evangelia Adamou, Yaron Matras
    Romani Syntactic Typology Evangelia Adamou, Yaron Matras To cite this version: Evangelia Adamou, Yaron Matras. Romani Syntactic Typology. Yaron Matras; Anton Tenser. The Palgrave Handbook of Romani Language and Linguistics, Springer, pp.187-227, 2020, 978-3-030-28104- 5. 10.1007/978-3-030-28105-2_7. halshs-02965238 HAL Id: halshs-02965238 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-02965238 Submitted on 13 Oct 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Romani syntactic typology Evangelia Adamou and Yaron Matras 1. State of the art This chapter presents an overview of the principal syntactic-typological features of Romani dialects. It draws on the discussion in Matras (2002, chapter 7) while taking into consideration more recent studies. In particular, we draw on the wealth of morpho- syntactic data that have since become available via the Romani Morpho-Syntax (RMS) database.1 The RMS data are based on responses to the Romani Morpho-Syntax questionnaire recorded from Romani speaking communities across Europe and beyond. We try to take into account a representative sample. We also take into consideration data from free-speech recordings available in the RMS database and the Pangloss Collection.
    [Show full text]
  • Mawrth Vallis, Mars: a Fascinating Place for Future in Situ Exploration
    Mawrth Vallis, Mars: a fascinating place for future in situ exploration François Poulet1, Christoph Gross2, Briony Horgan3, Damien Loizeau1, Janice L. Bishop4, John Carter1, Csilla Orgel2 1Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS/Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France 2Institute of Geological Sciences, Planetary Sciences and Remote Sensing Group, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany 3Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA. 4SETI Institute/NASA-ARC, Mountain View, CA, USA Corresponding author: François Poulet, IAS, Bâtiment 121, CNRS/Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France; email: [email protected] Running title: Mawrth: a fascinating place for exploration 1 Abstract After the successful landing of the Mars Science Laboratory rover, both NASA and ESA initiated a selection process for potential landing sites for the Mars2020 and ExoMars missions, respectively. Two ellipses located in the Mawrth Vallis region were proposed and evaluated during a series of meetings (3 for Mars2020 mission and 5 for ExoMars). We describe here the regional context of the two proposed ellipses as well as the framework of the objectives of these two missions. Key science targets of the ellipses and their astrobiological interests are reported. This work confirms the proposed ellipses contain multiple past Martian wet environments of subaerial, subsurface and/or subaqueous character, in which to probe the past climate of Mars, build a broad picture of possible past habitable environments, evaluate their exobiological potentials and search for biosignatures in well-preserved rocks. A mission scenario covering several key investigations during the nominal mission of each rover is also presented, as well as descriptions of how the site fulfills the science requirements and expectations of in situ martian exploration.
    [Show full text]
  • The Impact of the Illyrian Movement on the Croatian Lexicon
    Slavistische Beiträge ∙ Band 223 (eBook - Digi20-Retro) George Thomas The Impact of the Illyrian Movement on the Croatian Lexicon Verlag Otto Sagner München ∙ Berlin ∙ Washington D.C. Digitalisiert im Rahmen der Kooperation mit dem DFG-Projekt „Digi20“ der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek, München. OCR-Bearbeitung und Erstellung des eBooks durch den Verlag Otto Sagner: http://verlag.kubon-sagner.de © bei Verlag Otto Sagner. Eine Verwertung oder Weitergabe der Texte und Abbildungen, insbesondere durch Vervielfältigung, ist ohne vorherige schriftliche Genehmigung des Verlages unzulässig. «Verlag Otto Sagner» ist ein Imprint der Kubon & Sagner GmbH. George Thomas - 9783954792177 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 04:08:27AM via free access 00050383 S lavistische B e it r ä g e BEGRÜNDET VON ALOIS SCHMAUS HERAUSGEGEBEN VON HEINRICH KUNSTMANN PETER REHDER • JOSEF SCHRENK REDAKTION PETER REHDER Band 223 VERLAG OTTO SAGNER MÜNCHEN George Thomas - 9783954792177 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 04:08:27AM via free access 00050383 GEORGE THOMAS THE IMPACT OF THEJLLYRIAN MOVEMENT ON THE CROATIAN LEXICON VERLAG OTTO SAGNER • MÜNCHEN 1988 George Thomas - 9783954792177 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 04:08:27AM via free access ( B*y«ftecne I Staatsbibliothek l Mönchen ISBN 3-87690-392-0 © Verlag Otto Sagner, München 1988 Abteilung der Firma Kubon & Sagner, GeorgeMünchen Thomas - 9783954792177 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 04:08:27AM via free access 00050383 FOR MARGARET George Thomas - 9783954792177 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 04:08:27AM via free access .11 ж ־ י* rs*!! № ri. ur George Thomas - 9783954792177 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 04:08:27AM via free access 00050383 Preface My original intention was to write a book on caiques in Serbo-Croatian.
    [Show full text]
  • Martian Crater Morphology
    ANALYSIS OF THE DEPTH-DIAMETER RELATIONSHIP OF MARTIAN CRATERS A Capstone Experience Thesis Presented by Jared Howenstine Completion Date: May 2006 Approved By: Professor M. Darby Dyar, Astronomy Professor Christopher Condit, Geology Professor Judith Young, Astronomy Abstract Title: Analysis of the Depth-Diameter Relationship of Martian Craters Author: Jared Howenstine, Astronomy Approved By: Judith Young, Astronomy Approved By: M. Darby Dyar, Astronomy Approved By: Christopher Condit, Geology CE Type: Departmental Honors Project Using a gridded version of maritan topography with the computer program Gridview, this project studied the depth-diameter relationship of martian impact craters. The work encompasses 361 profiles of impacts with diameters larger than 15 kilometers and is a continuation of work that was started at the Lunar and Planetary Institute in Houston, Texas under the guidance of Dr. Walter S. Keifer. Using the most ‘pristine,’ or deepest craters in the data a depth-diameter relationship was determined: d = 0.610D 0.327 , where d is the depth of the crater and D is the diameter of the crater, both in kilometers. This relationship can then be used to estimate the theoretical depth of any impact radius, and therefore can be used to estimate the pristine shape of the crater. With a depth-diameter ratio for a particular crater, the measured depth can then be compared to this theoretical value and an estimate of the amount of material within the crater, or fill, can then be calculated. The data includes 140 named impact craters, 3 basins, and 218 other impacts. The named data encompasses all named impact structures of greater than 100 kilometers in diameter.
    [Show full text]
  • Columbus Crater HLS2 Hangout: Exploration Zone Briefing
    Columbus Crater HLS2 Hangout: Exploration Zone Briefing Kennda Lynch1,2, Angela Dapremont2, Lauren Kimbrough2, Alex Sessa2, and James Wray2 1Lunar and Planetary Institute/Universities Space Research Association 2Georgia Institute of Technology Columbus Crater: An Overview • Groundwater-fed paleolake located in northwest region of Terra Sirenum • ~110 km in diameter • Diversity of Noachian & Hesperian aged deposits and outcrops • High diversity of aqueous mineral deposits • Estimated 1.5 km depth of sedimentary and/or volcanic infill • High Habitability and Biosignature Preservation Potential LZ & Field Station Latitude: 194.0194 E Longitude: 29.2058 S Altitude: +910 m SROI #1 RROI #1 LZ/HZ SROI #4 SROI #2 SROI #5 22 KM HiRISE Digital Terrain Model (DTM) • HiRISE DTMs are made from two images of the same area on the ground, taken from different look angles (known as a stereo-pair) • DTM’s are powerful research tools that allow researchers to take terrain measurements and model geological processes • For our traversability analysis of Columbus: • The HiRISE DTM was processed and completed by the University of Arizona HiRISE Operations Center. • DTM data were imported into ArcMap 10.5 software and traverses were acquired and analyzed using the 3D analyst tool. • A slope map was created in ArcMap to assess slope values along traverses as a supplement to topography observations. Slope should be ≤30°to meet human mission requirements. Conclusions Traversability • 9 out of the 17 traverses analyzed met the slope criteria for human missions. • This region of Columbus Crater is traversable and allows access to regions of astrobiological interest. It is also a possible access point to other regions of Terra Sirenum.
    [Show full text]
  • QUALM; *Quoion Answeringsystems
    DOCUMENT RESUME'. ED 150 955 IR 005 492 AUTHOR Lehnert, Wendy TITLE The Process'of Question Answering. Research Report No. 88. ..t. SPONS AGENCY Advanced Research Projects Agency (DOD), Washington, D.C. _ PUB DATE May 77 CONTRACT ,N00014-75-C-1111 . ° NOTE, 293p.;- Ph.D. Dissertation, Yale University 'ERRS' PRICE NF -$0.83 1C- $15.39 Plus Post'age. DESCRIPTORS .*Computer Programs; Computers; *'conceptual Schemes; *Information Processing; *Language Classification; *Models; Prpgrai Descriptions IDENTIFIERS *QUALM; *QuOion AnsweringSystems . \ ABSTRACT / The cOmputationAl model of question answering proposed by a.lamputer program,,QUALM, is a theory of conceptual information processing based 'bon models of, human memory organization. It has been developed from the perspective of' natural language processing in conjunction with story understanding systems. The p,ocesses in QUALM are divided into four phases:(1) conceptual categorization; (2) inferential analysis;(3) content specification; and (4) 'retrieval heuristict. QUALM providea concrete criterion for judging the strengths and weaknesses'of store representations.As a theoretical model, QUALM is intended to describ general question answerinlg, where question antiering is viewed as aerbal communicb.tion. device betieen people.(Author/KP) A. 1 *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied'by EDRS are the best that can be made' * from. the original document. ********f******************************************,******************* 1, This work-was
    [Show full text]
  • Knjižica Sažetaka
    Knjižica sažetaka Slavofraz 2018. “Frazeologija, učenje i poučavanje” 19. – 21. travnja Filozofski fakultet Sveučilišta u Rijeci 0 Slavofraz 2018. Organizacijski odbor Željka Macan (Rijeka), predsjednica ([email protected]) Sandra Jukić (Rijeka) Mihaela Matešić (Rijeka) Kristian Novak (Rijeka) Marija Turk (Rijeka) Sanja Zubčić (Rijeka) Programski odbor: Marija Turk (Rijeka), predsjednica ([email protected]) Branka Barčot (Zagreb) Dejan Durić (Rijeka) Željka Fink (Zagreb) Mateja Jemec Tomazin (Ljubljana) Vida Jesenšek (Maribor) Erika Kržišnik (Ljubljana) Željka Macan (Rijeka) Valerij Mokienko (Sankt-Peterburg) Heinrich Pfandl (Graz) Katerina Veljanovska (Skoplje) Ivana Vidović Bolt (Zagreb) Karol Visinko (Rijeka) Irena Vodopija Krstanović (Rijeka) Sanja Zubčić (Rijeka) Tajnica Skupa: Sandra Jukić ([email protected]) Idejno i grafičko rješenje: Luka Medak Konferenciju su podržali: Filozofski fakultet u Rijeci, Odsjek za kroatistiku, Riječka kroatistička škola, Turistička zajednica grada Rijeke, „Šta da?“ Kazalo Melita Aleksa Varga, Hrisztalina Hrisztova-Gotthardt Towards a Croatian Paremiological Minimum / Optimum: A Work in Progress 1 Marinela Aleksovski Kako se pretvoriti u uho? 2 Branka Barčot, Tanja Milčić Arijadnina nit u ovladavanju frazemima na nastavi jezika 3 Agnieszka Będkowska-Kopczyk Phraseological units containing the lexical false friend frajer in Slavic languages: a lexico-semantic analysis with a pedagogical application 4 Jasminka Delova-Siljanova Фраземите во наставата: македонско-чешки паралели 5 Wolfgang Eismann Construction
    [Show full text]