How to Business with Russia, Hints and Advice to Business Men Dealing with Russia C. E. W. Petersson of Petrograd and Rica

H O W T O BUSI N E SS WITH I R U S S A ,

HINTS AND ADVICE TO BUSINESS MEN DEA LI N G WI T H R US S I A

PET ER . S O N E . W C . S (OF PETROGRAD AND RI CA)

WITH NOTES AND ADDITIONAL CHAPTERS

B NE STEVENI W. AR S A F T HE USS I A N A MY F M WI H I N ( U TH R O R R R T , O ” O “ A A S AN D pRE S E NT N S S N P TR GR D P T , THI G I N E O ” EE

SS A . E T RU I , ET c , C . )

AND A F OREWORD BY LE E MU G V CHAR S . S RA E SEC RET A RY TO T H E LO N D ON CH AM BER O F CO M MERCE

LONDO N SO L D 1 E CO E C E . SIR I S A PI T . A C TMAN NS , , AM N RN R , B NEW YO K ME BO E ATH , R AND L URN

DED ICATE D TO MY BROTHER OSCAR STEVENI

FI RST GU ILD MERCHANT O F PETROGRAD AND CRONSTADT

AND M Y OLD FRI END

E W. E E C . . P T RSSON

9 8 5 0 5

FO REWO RD

AMONGST the many outlets for increased British

trade after the war, the popular imagination has been more impressed with the prospects in Russia

than in any other part of the world . Without suggesting for a moment that there is not some ground for the belief that the Opportunities pre sented (if rightly exploited) will be as profitable I as they are limitless , welcome the present work because it does not seek to minimise the difii culties confronting those who propose to open up N business with Russia for the first time . either

Steveni n Mr . nor Mr . Petersso , whose joint and separate minds have been brought to bear upon

- the subject matter of the book , have adopted the second- hand generalities of theoretical writers or

- T friendli the one sided style of a prospectus . heir ness towards Russia and its people is beyond ques n tion , but they i sist upon the need for under

standing the local trade conditions , the national characteristics of the people in different parts of a E f a v st mpire , and the essential di ferences between

ur Russian business methods and o own . Some thing might also be said for a better understanding of British methods by Russians} Its very frank

ness , in my opinion , constitutes the chief value of

Th e this book . interests of both countries demand that well - meant efforts to bring them closer vi FOREWOR D together commercially shall not fail from want of knowledge of the initial difﬁculties to be faced T and overcome . here is no royal road to success e d in business without the exercis of knowle ge , fore sight , and correct information regarding essentials .

I Russi a i s to rove an Eldorado or Briti sh trade f p f , i t will onl be so on the basi s o reci rocal advanta es y f p g . a After all , there is no par llel between the Spanish Main of days gone by and the Russia of to - day : business must be done on its merits , and not by the simple , if drastic , methods of the buccaneers . My experience since the formation of the Russian Section of the London Chamber of Commerce nine th e E years ago , which His Majesty mperor of Russia commended in 1909 as an instrument in developing commercial relations between Russia E O and ngland , shows that the main bject to be worked for is to bring buyers and sellers together . T hat is what is being done every day . English men are constantly going to Russia and Russians

co ml n i n are constantly g here and , bringing them I together , have had the advantage of constant correspondence with the Russo-British Chamber of Commerce , and its branches in Petrograd ,

Moscow, and Odessa . On the one hand , imports from Russia were being brought into the United

Kingdom in increasing quantities ; and , on the other , exports of British goods to Russia were also extending for some time prior to the war , which was naturally a severe blow for the time being to D the development of ordinary business . espite FOREWORD vii

- this set back , the transactions which have taken place in the supply of munitions and other neces sities during the war have been enormous ; and it is only fair t o assume that with the re - opening of the Old trade routes and the use of the new ones n created duri g the war , ordinary business will be resumed and extended still further by those who T have hitherto conducted it . his will be the stage e at which new business will also b come possible ,

and , therefore , in preparation for that happy time we cannot kn o w too much about the markets and

. L the resources of our Ally et us , however , not forget that Russia ’ s future economic necessities will require something more than a mere develop ment of the normal interchange of commodities

between the two countries , the nature of which is l Steveni so we l described by Mr . and Mr . Petersson . British goods will undoubtedly be required in large e quantities , but they will have to comp te with

those of Scandinavia , the United States , France ,

and even Canada , leaving Germany out of serious

account . Russia aspires to be a still greater pro ducing country ; she needs capital for developing

her own resources and industries , so as to be less T dependent upon outside supplies . here will come

the great opportunity for British enterprise , which should reap its reward in an adequate return for

capital invested , while British machinery and manufactured goods Of a special kind will be largely paid for by the raw materials and food - stuffs needed

. l e in this country It may a so be hop d , as FO REWORD

- . Steveni re Mr suggests , that a arrangement of the Russian tariff will assist in bringing about interchange of commodities , and that the British and Russian Governments will unite in a strong endeavour to remove the many Obstacles which have so far prevented the full play of thoseeconomic forces so necessary for the mutual advantage of the G British and Russian people . iven these condi I tions , venture to think that British enterprise , which ul timately will again have the whole world as a ﬁeld for its manifold activities , will not neglect O f such pportunities as Russia a fords .

LE E M E U G V . CHAR S . S RA

O DO H A M BE O F O M M L N N C R C ERCE , F ebruar 1 9 1 7 y , . PREFACE

TH I S volume contains a summary of the experience f Mr E s O . . . P W. and busines methods C etersson , a merchant of Petrograd and Riga , who for many years successfully carried on a large trade in machin ery and kindred goods with various Russian towns .

His knowledge , much of it dearly bought , the result Of ff years of battling with di iculties , should be of great assistance to all who wish to open up com mercial E relations with an mpire which , owing to its immense natural resources and its status in the present war , bids fair to become one of the most P E and inﬂuential owers of urope , an unrivalled

ﬁeld of industry . Condi tions and methods in Russia are very f W E di ferent from those of estern urope . Russia

- is , in many respects , still a semi Oriental or Asiatic P State . etrograd , Helsingfors , Riga , Reval , and the coast towns are more or less European in their ideals and intercourse , but the farther one travels n U into the i terior , towards the rals and Siberia , the more evident it becomes that the major portion of the country is Asiatic in characteristics rather E than uropean , and , therefore , that business can only be done satisfactorily according to Eastern custom . Some guidance is absolutely necessary to English and American ﬁrms that contemplate an opening in this vast Empire ; for want of advice L or timely hints , many keen business men of ondon and New York have come to grief when handling X PREFACE

f Russian a fairs , losing thousands of pounds and years of time simply because they were unfamiliar Of with the ways a strange land . In no European country is it so difficult for the Britisher to Open up his trade as in Central and Eastern Russia ; but it must be remembered that a rich harvest awaits those who will take the trouble Th e to investigate these districts . enterprising merchant who takes Russia and Siberia as the field of his labours will be amply rewarded for his initial A outlay . fair acquaintance with the language , which is not so baffling for Englishmen as is generally

supposed , is necessary unless agents are employed . Th e wants of prospective customers must also be

carefully studied . A Russian writer remarks It is no t an unknown thing fo r Russian traders to receive from England invoices and trade details written n in En h G n is o s and e tirely glis . erma y far m re a tute , th e headway sh e h as made in Russian trade is largely due to h er energy as a linguist and to th e clo se study ’ sh e s o f a n G n s s h er h make Russi s eeds . erma y end yout s abroad to study th e language and business meth ods of h er o o o f h er o s and B n cust mers , als competit r ; if ritai is to extend h er trade in Russia sh e will h ave to revise h er o wn h s n th e s o n h G n s met od , lear le s t at erma y place o h er and n h er n s n men h bef re , trai comi g bu i ess so t at in n n o n h b e o n Of i ter ati al trade t ey may , terms equality w h h n ns it ot er atio .

Since the following pages were written , the i l n R Revolut on ussia has taken place , and it may be that the new regime in that country will modify considerably some of the questions dealt with in

this work ; but whatever changes do take place , t e they will be mostly for h best . R ussia , after many centuries of oppression and PREFACE xi

i b e l repression , w ll opened out to the capita , enter W prise , and energy of the nations of the est . Her Of gateways commerce , industry , mining , and l O agricu ture will at last be thrown pen , and , owing ll to her great resources , she wi recover quicker than any oth er nation from t h e cruel wounds this war has brought on her people . En lightened manufacturers and business men , U educated in her niversities and High Schools , in W E touch with estern uropean methods , will now h ave a voice in all those departments affecting the

- commercial , industrial , and ﬁnancial well being of Th e th e country . numbing and deadening power of the Tch eno vnik s (Bureaucracy) and of the Old corrupt police , who levied blackmail on the mer l u chants and manufacturers , wi l now be c rtailed , i and in many instances entirely done away w th . But whatever reforms are carried out among the h i t ousands nhabiting the great cities , they will but little affect the business methods and customs of K o o tzee the p and the vast masses of the peasantry , wh o e , in Russia , are exc edingly conservative . Th e towns will change quickly owing to the inﬂux W real of estern ideas and capital , but the Russia , l which is mainly agricultural and pastoral , wi l alter

but slowly . i For these reasons , the h nts of information contained in this little volume will always be Of value to those who desire to do business with

Russia , no matter whether her form of government

be autocracy , monarchical , or republican . P I am much indebted to Mr . etersson for allowing

me to translate his work , and to make such additions and alterations as may cause the bo ok to be of more xii PREFACE

value to British and American readers . I Wish also Dr P . N . to thank the late Kinnard and Miss eacock , Russi an ear- B ook j oint authors and editors of the Y , E for many valuable items ; Mr . C . . Musgrave , L Secretary of the ondon Chamber of Commerce , for valuable hints and advice ; the circle of Russian Oo ro o so ff . V . teachers (under the leadership of Mr V . ) who have enabled me to Obtain special information regarding the industrial resources of the Empire ; and other friends whose help has aided me to h O e produce a handy book of some assistance , I p , to business men .

Although certain names have been quoted , in - R view of anti German legislation in ussia , and the extinction of many German and Russo - German firms it is advisable to make careful inquiries in b ankl n g , shipping , and other circles as to all the houses mentioned in this work . Many changes have also been made in British f T Consuls and British o ficials . here have also been alterations made in the Russian postal regulations , many of which will be found duly notified in the ‘ London Post Ofiice Directory and the Russi an e r- B ook Of Y a the present year .

I trust , in conclusion , that this book will rouse the interest not only of business men , but of the general public , assisting them to form some idea of the inexhaustible wealth and possibilities of the S O country , vast yet so comparatively unknown , with which we as a nation have lately been brought into such close contact . B NE STEVENI W. AR S H OLD E R T H O R FE OT T A C GE , B I LI T ON R D NG ,

A ri l 1 9 1 7 . p , CO N T EN T S

FOREWORD PRE F ACE

PART I

CR AP . I R I FI ELD FOR BRI I H . USS A AS A T S ENTERPR I SE ARCHANGEL AND VO LO GDA THE M U R M AN RAI LWAY

HOW T O I NCREASE B R ITI SH E XPORTS T O RU SSI A T H E TARI FF A HAND I CAP BRI TI SH GOODS T O O DEAR WITH PRESENT TARI FF SPURI O US ENGLI SH GO O DS CO M MERCI AL RELATI O NS SH O ULD B E ENCO URAGED I S T HE PRESENT SYSTEM FAI R "

RUSS I A ’ S ELD OR AD O

’ SI BERI A S CLA I M T o ATTENTI O N O THER I M PO RTANT REGI O NS T H E URALS A GREAT FUTURE F O R BRITI SH ENTERPRI SE CAPACI TY F O R GROWI NG CEREALS

O S S O O M E T C . F RE T , G LD , PETR LEU , xiv CONTENTS

F I NLAND AND T HE LAK E R EGI ON RESO URCES OF FI NLAND I M PO RTANCE O F N O RTHERN RUSS I A I B RI T S A VAST F ELD F O R . I H CAPI TAL O LO N E T Z N O VGO RO D AND PS K OF F

THE B AL I C PR OVI NCE CEN R L T S , T A RU I AN D T HE VOL SS A , GA REGI ON PRO DUCTS OF THE WESTERN REGI O N THE CENTRAL I NDUSTRI AL REGI ON TRADE OF S ARAT O F F ASTRACHAN THE VO LGA REGI O N I NDUSTR I ES O F M O SC O W AND THE CENTRAL PR O VI NCES VI LLAGE I NDUSTRI ES OF THE VO LGA TVER YARO S LAF F N I SHN I N OVGO RO D OTHER FAI RS VLAD I M I R RJAZAN K ALO OG A

THE UKRAI NE (TH E B LACK EARTH REGI ON) LITTLE RUSSI A THE BLESSED O FFI CI AL H OLI DAYS TO BACCO CULTI VATI O N I N RUSSI A WI NE CATTLE REARI NG

CO AL , E T C . M I NERAL WEALTH O F RUSSI A

V I I THE EPPE AND T HE CO CK . ST S , SSA COUNTRY

PRO DUCTS O F THE STEPPES . CO NTENTS XV

PART I I

PAGE H I NTS AND AD VI CE T O B USI NESS I N I I MEN D E AL G W TH R USS A .

PO STAGE AND TELEGRAPHS o STAM PS AND DUTY EX PENSES

THE I NTRO DUCTI O N O F BUSI NESS . FO RWARD I NG AGENT NECESSARY SAM PLES I NQUI RI ES re FI NANCI AL STAND I NG EXH I B ITI O N O F CATALO GUES BAN K I NG FACI LI TI ES ADVERTI SE MENTS

I VELLER AND EN X . TRA S AG TS LI CENCES F O R TRAVELLERS M I AGREE ENTS W TH AGENTS .

COND I I ON OF CRED I CE T S T , SSA I ON OF P Y EN BAN K T A M T ,

PT I ET C . RU C ES , LAW REGARD I NG DEBTS REM ED I ES AGAI NST DEBTO RS APPO I NTI NG AN AD M I N I STRATI O N BAN K RUPTCY PRO CEDURE

I I N E X . B LLS OF EXCH A G FO RM S O F RUSSI AN B I LLS BI LLS DRAWN ABROAD D I SHO N O URED B I LLS O F O M I O O RENEWAL PR SS RY N TES .

XI I T HE B L I C PROVI NCE AND . A T S POLAN D PO LAND I SPEC AL STUDY NECESSARY . xvi CONTENTS

CHAP . I I I P X . ETROGRAD AND MO SCOW PETRO GRAD M O SCO W

OD ESSA AND R I GA O DESSA RI GA

V . REV L LI B U K I EFF ETC X A , A , , . REVAL LI BAU K I EFF CH AR K OF F

R O S T OF F - O N - D O N

XV I B K U AND T . A HE CAUCASU S BAK U E CAUCASUS T H E WI NE TRADE I N RUSSI A

VI I T H E I ON X . UR AL REG FO REST WEALTH

VI I I T H E I N I N I ND I E OF T HE / X . M G USTR S

UR ALS . URAL C OAL PRO DUCTI ON URAL CO PPER SM ELTERS URAL I RO N -W O RK S RUSSI AN CAST- I RO N AND STEEL PRO DUCTI O N CO LLI ERI ES RUSSI AN CO PPER O UTPUT

I TH E R AI N R DE AND I LLIN , X x . G T A M G I N D USTRY I N T HE UR AL RE GI ON 1 30 xvﬁi CO NTENTS

RUSSI AN RAI LWAYS

F ARE s UNPUNCTUAL TRAI NS STEAM B OAT TRAVE LLI NG AI A S A I O S I K O I S R LW Y T T N , T C ET FF CE ,

O S E T C . H TEL , SSI A W I S M AS S A RU N E GHT , E URE , ND CURRENCY

V I I ENER L I N FOR I ON FOR XX I . G A MAT TR AVELLERS

O I M O A S OF I F RE GN NEY , ND LETTER CRED T USEFUL WE I GHTS AND M EASURES LUGGAGE CUSTO M S REGULATI O NS CLI M ATE

A PPEND I X

C ONSULAR I NF O RM ATI O N AND P O STAL REGULATI O NS HO W T O D O

BUSIN ESS WIT H RUSSIA

PART I

BY W B NE STEVENI ( . AR S )

CHAPTER I

RUSSIA AS A FIELD FOR BRI TISH ENTERPRI SE

THE present war , which is devastating a considerable Eur portion of ope and exhausting the remainder , will for a time probably have the effect of closing Of the markets Germany, Austria , and perhaps T si h urkey in A a , to our own commerce , and s utting o ff other territories which hitherto have been Open u to British enterprise and capital . It th s becomes more and more needful for our merchants to be well up in a knowledge of the inexhaustible resources R E of the ussian mpire , and to judge for themselves wh at an immense ﬁeld is offered by Russia and

Siberia to energy and money rightly applied . Th e extent is so vast , the lands are so rich in h material and industrial possibilities , that more t an SHOW TO D O BUSI NESS WITH RUSSIA

: EgléﬁCe . IS mrpoSsib le in so small a volume as this but doubtless enough will be said to Open the eyes of many who have imagined that they are well acquainted with the economic position Of this great E mpire . Owing to the war , certain information has necessarily been omitted ; this , it is hoped , will be inserted in a later and more complete edition .

It would be of no use , for example , to give a list of E the principal nglish ﬁrms in the country , for many English merchants left Russia at the outbreak of hostilities , their places having been taken by native or neutral houses ; this information , however, can be Obtained through our Consuls or by inquiry of some of the chief shippers trading with Russia . ai f Ag n , the customs tari f has been omitted , as it will be entirely altered as soon as a more stable f state of a fairs occurs . Leaving out , therefore , nl details which would o y be misleading , I shall simply present as it were a picture o f what Russia really contains . T E his enormous mpire , which ranges from the Of Baltic to the Paciﬁc , occupies an area about

square miles , only a small portion of E which is properly c ultivated or exploited . uropean R ma ussia , which I shall treat more fully , y be f 25 40 . O divided roughly into per cent forest , per

15 . cent . agricultural land , per cent meadow land , 20 and per cent . barren soil or steppes , much of which could be cultivated . Th e Northern G overnments will be dealt with

ﬁrst . A FI ELD FO R BRITI SH ENTE RPRI SE 3

Ar ch an g el an d Vo l o g da

s The e provinces are exceedingly rich in forests , — which abound with animal life bears , foxes , elk ,

- lynx , squirrels , hares , and other fur bearing fauna . Th e densely wooded land covers three -quarters of N the orth , pine , ﬁr , and birch or larch forming the main portion of their valuable timber ; but owing to the absence of labour and means of transport this wealth has hardly been touched . I have myself seen millions of roubles ’ worth of timber lie rotting , or destroyed by ﬁres . Chemical and

- S other products methylated pirit , potash tar , — celluloid pulp worth untold wealth , are wasted

r a thus . The e are very few mills commerci l enter in P prise is slack the North , for since etrograd became the capital , Archangel and Vologda , with an area equal to Germany and France , have been neglected to such an extent that it is safe to say that our Elizabethan forefathers knew more about the interior of these provinces than we do tod ay . All N these orthern Governments , which were known

x Of even in Sa on days , and , through the enterprise N W the ovgorod and isby merchants , sent their goods to London , are full of latent possibilities ; game , timber , fish , minerals , oats , rye , flax , tallow , etc . , Will be exported from them in immense quan tities as soon as they have been opened out . Petro leum is also found in paying amounts in these f O Petch o ra. districts , especially at the source the Th e northern parts of these two provinces contain millions of acres of flat tundras , or marshy land 4 Ho w To D O BUSI NESS WITH RUSSIA

unﬁt for cultivation , which for three months in the winter season is illumined only by the weird and mysterious light of the Aurora Borealis ; but the summer sun covers these vast stretches (which probably extend several thousand miles into Siberia) with a carpet of beautiful wild ﬂowers , and with

- wild berry bearing bushes . Cranberries , bilberries , O d ul and ther small fruit ﬁt for human foo , co d be exported from here to England in thousands of tons .

Of Below the tundras , the expanse wooded land begins , some of the forests being as large as the En l d s al whole of g an . The e regions are most deserted , and probably have not more than three

Th e or four persons to the square mile . climate is exceedingly healthy, and the people are strong , hardy, Vigorous , inured to every kind of danger . Th e Old independent Spirit still survives in these N distant dwellers of the far orth , for they are No v o ro dians descendants of the g , who never came T w under the artar yoke , nor ere made serfs , as were the rest of the Russian people . In their blood ﬂows the free spirit of their Norsemen fore fathers , and this brings them near in feeling and thought to our own people , who , like them , inherit similar qualities from Viking forbears .

Vologda , like Archangel , still slumbers , and is

Tw o - only beginning to awaken to life . thirds of r this rich Government is forest . The e are a few

Th e linen and other mills . woods abound with game Of all kinds there are also great numbers of A FI ELD FO R BRITI SH ENTERPRISE 5

i z - i partridges , ptarmigan , caperca l ies , wood fowl , w ld E l d goose , duck , and snipe ; these reach ng an in vi a moderate quantities Archangel .

T h e M urm an R ail w ay

- W Murman a ith the opening of the Railw y , which P is connected with etrograd and the sea , these Ivan provinces , almost forgotten since the days of T the errible , who destroyed the liberties and trade N of ovgorod the Great , to which they belonged , i w ll come to a new lease of life . Had it not been a for the present war , which emph sised the need of

’ R s a a northern outlet for us ia s trade , this import nt line might never have been completed and as in Russia it is considered a feat of engineering second

only to the Siberian Railway, the following par ticul ars , published originally in a Norwegian paper , will be found of practical interest It may be said to commence at Petrograd , and l —Zw anka is divided into ﬁve sections ( ) Petrograd , 1 14 76 s Old 2 Zwanka versts ( mile ) , railway ; ( ) P 256 170 etrozavodsk , versts ( miles) , new railway

3 z - 408 completed ( ) Petro avodsk Kern , versts 27 1 4 — ( miles) , new and completed ; ( ) Kern Kan dalaksch a 322 215 , versts ( miles) , new, in course of

5 a - Murman P construction and ( ) Kandal kscha ort , 265 177 versts ( miles) , new railway completed ; 9 10 i total , versts ( m les) . Section 1 is a part Of the State northern railway 2 U . system to the rals Section is the new private , S O- Olo netska a called j Railway , built with a View ‘ 6 Ho w TO D o BUSI NE SS WITH RUSSIA

T Murman . to the trafﬁc his is entirely ﬁnished , 3 5 a 3 as are Sections and , lthough Section , some

‘

80 . versts south of Kern , is not quite ready Section 4 is the only portion not completed , but there is every reason to believe that it will be ready about the end Of the present year when the whole

f . line should , consequently , be open to traf ic Murman 1 0 Port , the terminus at Kola , lies versts north of the small town of Kola , and thanks

. S O to the Gulf Stream is never closed by ice far , wo oden quays have been constructed for three 25 large steamers , and a crane of tons capacity has T been installed . h e inner port is spacious and well protected more than forty good- Sized boats have been anchored there at the same time . Besides , l Kola Bay itse f makes an excellent harbour, from

to yards wide , with a depth of water Of 0 Th “ f 7 feet . e greatest di ference between high 13 and low water is feet , and there is comparatively little current . At low tide the depth at the quay is 30 feet . It is difﬁcult to over- estimate the importance

O Of ll of the pening this line , which wi occur at the beginning of 19 17 . No land in the world with such possibilities as Russia is so unfavourably S ituated as regards outlets to the sea . Archangel and the other northern ports are ice - bound for a considerable part of the year ; the same applies ’ l T . h e to Russia s ports on the Baltic , more or ess

’ D n o t ardanelles are under Russia s control , and Vladivostock has th us been the only ice - free harbour

8 Ho w T O D O BUSI NESS WITH RUSSIA

R N According to the ussian press , the orwegians , notwithstanding their heavy losses , are preparing to exploit on a large scale the trade of Northern R ussia , opened out by the Merchant Adventurers W of London in the sixteenth century . ith their

“ - enter rl se N well known energy and p , the orwegian steamboat companies have ordered in Canada over S tons of hipping , which order must be completed in two years . Besides this order , o En land t ns have been ordered in g , and D N . tons in orway , Sweden , and enmark In con Of N sequence these orders , the orwegian mercantile marine , despite its heavy losses , will soon be larger than before the war . This enormous activity on the part of the N orwegians is explained by the fact that , after the war , they not only intend developing the fﬁ N R maritime tra c of orthern ussia and Siberia , but al so the economic resources of the Russian

N . Exchan e Gazette 16 orth g , Petrograd , th D 19 16 . ecember, CHAPTER II

HOW T O I NCREASE BRITISH EXPORTS TO RUSSIA

SO ME years before the establishment of the entente cordi ale Sch erb at o ff with Russia , Prince visited u London , H ll , and other important centres with the Object of strengthening the commercial bond

E O between the two mpires . Many of the bserva tions I made on that occasion in one Of the leading papers of the North Of England On his project and d ’ mission hold good to ay, though the Prince s labours have perhaps been forgotten . Having always taken a lively interest in the promotion of E l d commercial relations between ng an and Russia , I feel that a summary of these views will not be out of place now that there is an evident and mutual intention to bring about permanent good feeling .

T h e T ari ff a H an di c ap

R - As a resident in ussia for twenty seven years , ’ I fully agreed with many of the Prince s ideas ; he did excellent work for his country and for humanity . On some points , however , I did not completely hold with him . In the ﬁrst place , I formed the opinion that he was unduly optimistic and somewhat misleading when he afﬁ rmed that British manufacturers could supply larger quantities

9 10 Ho w TO D O BUSI NESS WITH RUSSIA

Of agricultural implements and of all kinds of Th clothing . e expression a larger quantity is indeﬁnite in the extreme ; the question is , how much larger " I do not think this increase could be great , in the face of American and German competition , which , until the war, was annually growing . If we examine the almost prohibitive tariff drawn up by the Russian Government against

Of cotton , cloth , hardware , and other goods British make , our exporters may well feel dubious about

Of the larger quantity spoken by the Prince . Even though English manufacturers and merchants were to wake at the eleventh hour and adapt their methods to Russian needs , it would be very difﬁcult with the present tariffs to furnish ﬁrst - class English goods at a price low enough to squeeze through the barriers Russia (and other Continental nations) has raised against the excellent productions of the much abused British workman .

B r iti sh G o o d s to o cl e ar w i th pr e s ent T ari ﬁ

Prince Sch erb ato ff was right in stating that our merchants and manufacturers do not study sufﬁ

‘ ciently the requirements Of the Russian people ; but I have no doubt that they would do this more if only the Russian Government made it worth B f their while . ritish goods , with the present tari fs , are too dear for the ordinary Russian customer .

Th e Russian middle and lower classes are , com

arativel S - p y peaking , too poor to buy high class E nglish wares , and have had to content themselves BRITI SH EXPORTS TO RUSSIA 1 1

G with inferior erman productions , not having learned that cheap American and German articles O are ften the worst in the end or , if they do realise n this eleme tary fact , their economic position is such that they cannot yet make use of their knowledge .

' If th e st at us o f th e moujiks and landowners could be improved by wise legislation and by the enco ur a ement g of agriculture , instead of being lowered by the neglect of this natural and vital industry of the Russian Empire (as contrasted with manufactures Of R alien to the soil and mostly foreign origin) , ussia would undoubtedly become the best market in Eur if e ope for our goods , especially if the tar fs wer T e E u d reduced . h peasantry of that mpire wo l ﬁ ul bene t by this ﬁscal reform , for they wo d imme diately be enabled to purchase not only cheaper but far better articles for their money . They l r would then buy more agricu tural machine y, and with its aid increase the agricultural exports Of their country .

S pur i o u s Eng li sh G o o ds

’ Th e Of E Prince s idea establishing nglish agents , R knowing the ussian language , in the rural districts , was an admirable one , but it is a question whether the English Government or English manufacturers could afford to adopt this plan so long as the present ff tari s are in force . It is undeniable that British — goods machinery, hardware , cloth , leather goods , and many other sorts— are in great request in R ussia , but as the Russian trader cannot supply 12 Ho w T O D O BUSI NESS WI TH RUSSI A

the real article owing to the evil referred to , he is compe lled to let his customers have worthl ess imitations made on the spot or on the Continent , a practice which causes very heavy loss to our W R home ﬁrms . hen a ussian merchant wishes to I mpress his clients with the ﬁne quality o f his An lisk wares he frequently calls them g y , or labels them as such , though sad to relate the goods thus designated have often not seen England and E W are a libel on sound nglish orkmanship . British merchants can convince themselves of this fact if they will take the trouble to send agents to the shops in Petrograd and Moscow they will be able to see quite an imposing collection Of spurious E nglish goods , which deceive only those who have never had an opportunity of purchasing the Th e genuine thing . principal lines thus shown are hats , leather and woollen goods , linen goods , broad cloth , hosiery, cutlery , perfumery , and pickles but the list could be largely extended .

Co mm er ci al R e l ati o ns s h o ul d h e Enco ur ag ed

It was a great mistake , and a loss to British E E th e houses , that the nglish xhibition which Russian nobility and other inﬂuential persons in Petrograd intended holding in the beautiful Tauride

Palace , before it became converted to the uses of D l Ev r the uma , never took p ace . e y attempt to the encouragement of commercial relations between the two immense Empires should be welcomed . i E Had th s great xhibition been held , the merchants BRITI SH EXPORTS T O RUSS IA 13 and people of the capital would h ave seen for themselves how excell ent and cheap are English a goods . (I say cheap deliberately, bec use , although dearer than German articles , they are far more durable and in better taste , and durability Th e u in the end means economy . ) people wo ld have b een able to handle and inspect the genuine E l ng ish goods instead of imitations . And some endeavour might have been made in Ministerial circles to reduce the duties on items such as hard i ware and machinery , th ngs much needed by the industrial and agricultural classes to increase their output .

I s th e P r e s ent S ys te m Fai r E Sooner or later, the nglish Government and people will be obliged by the force Of circumstances to protect themselves against the loss which has already overtak en their agriculture and several important industries through the mistaken policy of allowing Russia and other nations to ﬂood our markets with their goods , while they take every precaution to keep our exports out Of their own T u markets . hat this system sho ld be permitted to continue is highly unfair and unjust to our industrial l T o and agricultura classes . term this Free T — a rade is nothing but a lie and a sham lie , because it is not free trade as Cobden intended it a sham , because it deceives unthinking people by t B a false and en irely inapplicable name . y all means let us have free trade if Continental nations 1 4 Ho w To DO BUSINESS WITH RUSSI A will adopt it but if they insist on raising barriers against our goods , let us pay them out in their

. S own coin If we favour any one , we hould give our Colonies the preference . After them may come the European nations which may be inclined to

- - adopt a give and take policy . On the last occasion

Ko aleffsk Of w . v hen I met M y , then Minister the T O Board of rade , I expressed these pinions , and hinted that we might some day be forced to retaliate Ko l f . . va effsk if Russia did not lower her tari fs M y , on hearing this , seemed very perturbed . Prince Sch erb ato ff said that there was a growing tendency in his country to do away with the imposts on many imported articles , and that it would soon be found that there were practically no protective duties on manufactured goods imported into Russia . It would be interesting to know precisely what the Prince meant by the word soon If this word ” is analogous to the Russian term seychas , which ” “ m d can be translated this hour, i me iately,

” “ “ soon , some time , or never , we may be pardoned for feeling sceptical about the imminent al f arriv O the good time he promised . His

' Excellency doubtless meant well ; but even he could do nothing without the then all - powerful W . M. M de Witte . I once interviewed de itte on

t e this very subject . On that occasion h remarkable man , who did so much towards making Russia a great industrial Power but so little for her ag ricul h tural development , informed me t at he wished “ to cultivate friendly relations with England on

HOW TO DO BUSINESS WITH RUSSIA

and part , must be equally sensible and patriotic , before making any further arrangements whereby Russian agricultural imports may be encouraged should stipulate that Russian tariffs on our machin ery, agricultural implements , and manufactured goods shall be diminished whenever existing treaties P with other owers will permit . If this cannot be done , we must give our Colonies the preference with regard to their raw produce , and only take R from ussia , and from other countries that follow f her system of prohibitive duties and high tari fs , what we absolutely require and cannot do without . T his is plain speaking , but in the end it is for the best . There is little doubt that we can do a much great er E business with Russia . nglishmen and Russians can work together with far less friction than either nation has with the Germans . In the simplicity ,

al - hospit ity, large mindedness , and generosity of the genuine Russian people there is something congenial l to the British character , and it wi l be well for both nations if the ridiculous prej udi ces that for so long have kept them estranged can be ﬁnally dissipated by the results of the present alliance in the greatest conﬂict of history . CHAPTER I I I

’ l RUSSIA S E LD ORAD O

HAVI NG had many opportunities of becoming th oroughly acquainted with the country in aspects n s n other tha social , I may , with ome reaso , hope

th e to add to knowledge of the reader .

’ S ib eri a s Cl ai m to Attenti o n

For twenty years I have systematically dr awn attention in the Press to the extensive undeveloped

Of E Of E resources the mpire our astern Ally, and t have also lectured on the subject , in the faith tha the British public will awaken to the importance

‘ Of t ravel and of Russia and Siberia as a sphere , that by means of commerce and social intercourse the two greatest colonising nations of the world will be brough t into such close contact that all idea of

w i Of war bet een them w ll be out the question . Our E W lizabethan forefathers , under illoughby 1553 1556 W and Burroughs , in and visited the hite and Polar Seas and circumnavigated Waig at Island

Yu o r T by means of the Kara and g Straits . hese brave men were followed by Chancell or and some

’ of London s Merchant Adventurers , who , in return

for their enterprise , received valuable concessions T I v . from an the errible In our own times , Captain W igg ins , whose acquaintance I made while acting

1 By Eldo rado th e w rite r m eans a co unt ry e no rmo usly rich i n m ine r l s ciall in o l a es e . , p y g d 1 7 18 Ho w To D O BUSI NESS WITH RUSS IA

as correspondent in Petrograd for a London paper, also made use of the Kara Sea route in his endeavours to open out the Siberian rivers to our commerce ; but he was compelled to give up owing to the hostility Of the Moscow merchants and heavy losses h incurred by the Pop ams , his supporters , in navi Th e E gating strange Siberian waters . mperor Alexander III so warmly appreciated his work that he gave the Captain a ﬁne set of drinking ll vessels . His name wi live with that of Chancellor , W illoughby , and other great Polar navigators , for he was a man of large ideas , and accomplished much . i Our Ambassador at that time , Sir Robert Mor er , ' i s believed strongly in Captain Wggin s project . Th e English and Russian nations owe a lasting debt Of gratitude to Sir Robert it is well known at the Foreign Office that it was through his personal E inﬂuence over the mperor, a straight and plain i speak ng man like himself , that the two countries were twice saved from war with each other . Shortly R e before Sir ob rt Morier left for Schlangen Bad , whence he was never to return , he admitted me to an interview . It was about the last he ever gave , and he showed me this favour because he was exceedi ngly anxious that the British people should learn through the medium of the Press the possibilities of these Eastern lands . Th e gallant Captain and Sir Robert are now no more , but the interest they awakened still continues . ’ RUSS IA S ELDO RADO 19

Oth er Im po rt ant R e g i o ns

o rtiOn Of Siberia , however, is not the only p the Russian Empire which should claim our attention there are others n earer at hand full of interest .

Th e W vast regions bordering the hite Sea , drained

Petch o ra D by the rivers , Mezen , and wina , with enormous forests abounding in game , lakes and rivers teeming with ﬁsh , are practically unknown for lack Of capital and enterprise . N E l ARCHA G L , with a popu ation less than that of n Liverpool or Ma chester, is nearly as large as En France and gland together . VO O T Of L GDA , which Ivan the errible thought E making the capital of his mpire , is the centre of a butter industry growing in importance every year . E n P RM , the ext Government east of Archangel , mentioned in the Chronicles Of Alfred the Great B arm aland 19 12 as j , had in dairies numbering and its mineral and forest wealth are emphasised in this book . OLO NET Z N , like all these orthern Governments ,

O is rich in accessible resources , and I am of the pinion In that these districts , which normal times are comparatively easy to reach from this country , should receive the special attention Of British capital .

T h e Ur al s d After they have been exploited , our mo ern Merchant Adventurers could consider the claims Of U of the regions east the rals , with rivers two or 20 Ho w TO D O BUS I NESS WITH RUSS IA

n l three thousand miles lo g , precious metals stil

C untouched , opper , iron , and coal in abundance , and millions of acres of pasture - land capable Of T growing the ﬁnest cereal crops . here are districts in Siberia which have n ever been trodden by the foot of any European ; so vast and so rich that the l Russian people , alone and unaided , wi l never be able to take them in hand . It has been estimated that between the Baltic and the Beh ring Straits there are , under the Russian sceptre , square miles of territory to a great extent practically T inh ab Virgin . his area contains about itants , but there is ample scope for six times that P u . a n mber utting it in nother way, there are two or three persons to the square mile in Siberia ,

- ﬁve E a B twenty in urope n Russia , and in elgium , 2 50 . normally ,

A G r e at F u tur e f o r B r iti s h Ente r pri s e

Ob vio uSl y, Russia must have outside help if she is to develop her resources adequately , and there B is a great future for ritish enterprise , and for

enco ur that of other Continental nations , if she will T age it on a more liberal scale . his is the only way to make her a prosperous nation , and to better the indescribably wretched economic condition Of millions of her peasantry ; they will then be able to buy at home many Of their requirements which t now , owing to their grinding poverty , hey have h to dispense wit completely , conﬁning their small u t f p rchases to h e simplest necessities O life . ’ RUSSIA S ELDO RADO 21

Capacity fo r G r o w i n g Cer e al s

n S In n h r Ca ada , imilar climate and , ma y ot e ul respects , has a pop ation of about and an area about one - third that Of Russia approx imately acres of land are c ultivated

- one eighth of the arable land in Russia . In Russia , the main food of the people is rye ; but although

Sh e she raises the largest crop of rye in the world , 19 16 grew , in , about quarters of wheat to Canada ’ s and from the U nited States . Considering the backward state of agricul ture in Russia and the comparatively small

Of proportion the land under cultivation , this yield is marvellous , and shows what could be produced were the peasants in a position to buy the machinery and implements that are to be found on almost P every farm in America and Canada . roperly educated , and assisted with capital , they could grow not only sufﬁ cient cereals for their own use O (which now too ften they cannot do) , but enough for the world— the great belt of black soil stretching from the Altai Mountains to the Carpathians would ufﬁ more than s ce for that great Object . As a matter

Of I s hard fact , Russia from time to time scourged f by terrible famines , a fecting millions of her people , carrying Off by starvation hundreds Of thousands who might now be living in comfort had they had E the advantages of the nglish , French , and German peasants .

F o r e st s d P e tr o l e um tc . , G o l , , e Of E every three trees in urope , it is calculated 22 Ho w To D O BUSI NESS WITH RUSSIA that Russia and Siberia have two ; the forests occupy a thousand million acres ; the inland seas ” which we term lakes , and the rivers are stores Of wealth in ﬁsh and game the frozen tundras contain probably more gold than was ever mined

- lds in the known gold ﬁe of the world . Russia and E R Siberia are the true ldorado , and had aleigh known what we do tod ay he would have sail ed to P Muscovy, and not to the aciﬁc , in search of fortune . Th e petroleum wells of the Caspian , the Caucasus ,

Central Asia , and Northern Russia , still await 12 . 0 development More than companies , with an authorised capital Of have been formed E in ngland to exploit Russian industries , and three

Of Oil- l s fourths this money has gone to the ﬁ e d . How much has been wasted owing to ignorance Of Russian ways and usages on the part Of the investors how much , too , has been lost owing to want of

’ principle among the promoters Of Oil companies " Had they been really aware of Russia ’ s resources they would never for a moment have thrown away

' time and mo ney b elo nging to the shareholders by

initiating ventures of dubious solidity .

Of Ignorance of her resources , and the peculiar

O a methods bt ining in the land of Muscovy, have

’ had much to do with the lack Of interest in Russia s S n affairs how in this country . It is hoped that this little book will be Of some assistance in putting

British investors on the right track at last , and that it will Show them that there is no need to waste their capital and time over questionable enterprises

CHAPTER IV

FI NLAN D AND THE LAKE RE GIO N

THE Of N mineral wealth the orthern Governments ,

Of and their timber industries , naturally are spoken first but we must not forget that soon th e enormous fisheries of the White an d Polar Seas will be avail able they have already been visited by our enter o i E prising fishermen Grimsby , Hull , and other ast T Anglian ports . hese seas abound with whales ,

polar bears , seals , and the walrus ; also with cod ,

turbot , soles , herrings , and many other varieties

which would ﬁnd a welcome in our markets .

R e s o ur ce s o f Fi nl an d West of Archangel and Vologda is the semi

s Of autonomou province Finland , which is about T as large as Great Britain and Belgium . his , with a population Of about is supposed to be

a poor country , but the writer , who has visited it

many times , can testify that this idea is mistaken .

- It not only has rich forests , covering two thirds of

its area , but granite , marble , iron , and copper are

- and plentiful ; water power exists everywhere , its

- thousands of lakes teem with ﬁsh and wild fowl . At Imatra and Kajana there is unlimited water

- power , and the salmon trout ﬁshing round these E places is probably the ﬁnest in urope . In time , FI NLAND AND THE LAKE REGIO N 25

Finland should beco me o ne of the ﬁnest wood - pulp

- and paper producing countries known .

Im po rt an ce o f N o rth e r n R us si a For these industries there is also a great ﬁeld in N e s eciallv orthern Russia , p in the lake region , where there are many forests , waterfalls , and rapids . Th is romantic and lovely district , which contains O the largest lakes of the Continent (Ladoga , nega ,

Of and Ilmen) , comprises the Governments Petro Olo net z Psko ff . grad , , Novgorod , and In some

th e respects it is most interesting , historically , in h the whole of Russia , for it was ere , among the d lakes and woo s , that the free Varangian Roos ,

- from Roos lagen in Sweden , founded their ﬁrst

n h th e colo ies , whic subsequently became nucleus

n Th e OOS of the great Russia State Land of R ,

as it was called . Here they established the free

G D Of N T Republics and rand uchies ovgorod , ver ,

Psko ff Yaro slaff i , , Vlad mir , and Suzdal , which did a large business with London through Wisby on

n Of Go thland n . the isla d , eve before the Conquest Th e merchants of Wisby had th eir Own Guildhall B B h at lackfriars ridge , and t ere is reason to believe n En that not o ly the glish sea code and coinage , but the w hole form Of civic government was intro

d uce d n Go thland wh o ﬁ by these mercha ts of , rst imported to this country the products of the land

of ROOS long before it was known as Muscovy . It is estimated th at th ree - ﬁfth s Of th is lake region i is forest . Th e nhabit ants are chieﬂy Great Russians 26 Ho w TO D o BUSI NESS WITH RUSSIA

(descendants of the Novgorod Slavs and the Norse T Of men) . his branch the Slav races is without question the most powerful , gifted , hardy , handsome , and enterprising Of all the races of the Empire — now known to us as Russian a name Often mis

S O - R T leading ; for many called ussians are artars ,

Finns , Germans , etc . Th e nearness of this region to the capital and to the Gulf of Finland , the numbers of waterways and canals which are connected with the interior vi a V S c of Russia the olga and other pa ious rivers , all tend to make it of supreme importance to the TO P trade of the country . the fact that etrograd was built on the banks of the Neva (which is the outlet Of this system of waterways) is owing

’ the capital s enormous importance commercially . 500 Petrograd has over factories and mills , and an Output valued at more than a year . T ll E hese mi s employ many nglish engineers , fore S men , and killed workmen , and their numerous requirements are an ever- increasing source Of trade t and proﬁt to Bri ish exporters and merchants , who Oil supply them with machinery, , coal , and other necessaries .

A V ast Fi e l d fo r B r i ti sh Capi tal

Th e Governments adjoining Petrograd are also very rich in timber , which is exported in large quantities both from the port itself and from d Cronstadt , which harbour is crow ed with British FI NLAND AND THE LAKE REGION 27

shipping in the summer months . Many of the factories and mills are wholly or partly owned b y E nglishmen , who , as a rule , make large proﬁts from their investments in Russian industrial enter f prises , mainly owing to the protective tari fs ,

which , even on British goods , are exceedingly high . Investments in Russian mills are generally both safe and proﬁtable when carried out with caution T and knowledge . wenty, thirty, and even forty per

cent . profit on the capital invested is not uncommon , f owing to the tari f, and to the fact that the investor has a market with about people through E at out the mpire his very doors , without taking Of into consideration those Persia , Central Asia , l R ’ Manchuria , and Mongo ia , where ussia s wares T find many purchasers . here is a vast field for

r British capital in farming , forest y, the timber Of trade , from foundries and mining , and hundreds d other departments awaiting evelopment , besides

the manufacturing pure and simple . I have met , during my twenty- seven years of residence in E i Russia , many ngl shmen who came there with l u hard y a cent , but who are now prospero s and wealthy owing to the scope this wonderful Empire f i W o fered to the r energy and knowledge . ith the

increasing purchasing power of the people , which has probably doubled since the abolition of the

spirit monopoly , there will be a growing demand il for the erection of more factories , m ls , and other

or the reater th e w ealth o the eo le the works , f g f p p reater th e r bu i n ow er g i y g p . 28 Ho w T o D O BUSI NESS WITH RUSS IA

Ol o n etz

North - east Of Petrograd lies the Government of Olo ne tz n , agai rich in lakes and rivers , plenteous l ﬁsh and fow , and extensive forests which supply

Of i Th e huge quantities t mber to the capital . lakes

‘ of Olo netz are famous ; for curiously enough they

Of are very rich in iron ore the ﬁnest quality , O e T btained by dr dging . his ore was prized in the days Of Queen Elizabeth ; so much so th at Ivan the Terrible granted a special charter to the Merchant Adventurers of London permitting them to dredge

the river Vw ich egd and th e lakes of the north .

Th e Petrazavo dsk principal town of the province is , and founded by Peter the Great , known , through

- i . his enterprise , for its cannon , gun , and ron works Near this town are quarries which yield beautiful Of marble , much used in the construction churches

and palaces .

N o vg o r o d an d P 8 11f P South of etrograd lies the fertile , wooded N th e Government of ovgorod , once most prosper E ous part of the mpire for it contained the oldest , N most important city of ancient Roos , ovgorod ul Of the Great , with a thriving pop ation about and a trade Which extended to England

and France in the west , Genoa and Venice in the

south , and Central Asia , Persia , and Siberia in the

Th e Of east . territories this mighty trading repub

lic of merchants , navigators , pioneers , and soldiers , W and reached to the Baltic and the hite Sea , FI NLAND AN D T HE LAKE REGIO N 29

ﬁ . o no w thence to the con nes of Siberia Novgor d ,

Psko ff : like its sister city , is a small , sleepy , pro vincial town , with hardly a vestige of its former F t h e T glory . rom its destruction by, Ivan errible and the massacre o f its citizens and merchant d princes it never recovere , and probably never will , for its place has been taken by Petrograd , al Moscow , Rev , Riga , and other cities , which some day may be of as little signiﬁcance as Novgorod

Th e Psko ff th now is . sister republic , , lies sou of

N the ul ovgorod , adjoining shores of the beautif L S O ake Ilmen , rich in historic and archaeological Psko ff l interest . , once a powerfu city which defied the armies Of Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden and B P n ‘ John atori , King of ola d , is now as sleepy as Novgorod its few thousand inhabitants are chiefly engaged in growing hemp and flax . Apples , cherries , and other fruits are plentiful in th is Government but as regards trade on a large scale , its fame has a departed , and of its wealth and power scarcely trace remains . CHAPTER V

THE I P O I N E EN I BALT C R V C S , C TRAL RUSS A , AND THE VOLGA REGI ON

WEST and south of the Government of Psko ff lie Esthland L these three provinces , , ithuania , and

Courland , now partially occupied by Germany ; they are engaged principally in agriculture and L Lith u manufactures , and are populated by etts , anians Esth s E , ( sthonians) , and Germans . Much

fruit is grown , especially pears , apples , cherries , and plums sooner or later this will ﬁnd a market

abroad . Agriculture is on a very high level , many of the farms and estates being as up to date in their methods as those of England or Germany Off f the coasts ﬁsh is plentiful , but hardly in su ﬁcient

quantities to warrant exportation .

P r o du cts o f th e We ste rn R e g i o n Th e western region (Zapadny Krai) consists Of V Mo eleff the Governments of itebsk , Minsk , g , V e ilna , and Grodno ; thes are well timbered with oak , pine , birch , poplar, beech , and many other trees E Th e O familiar to us in ngland . country is ften marshy, and in such places the rainy season renders fﬁ Th e al tra c almost impossible . forests ong the course of the Dnieper shelter many wil d animals and all kinds of game ; buffaloes are met with in the west , as the German invaders found to their

32 Ho w T o D O BUSI NESS WITH RUSSIA

i these h lls , in some places feet high , are rich z C in minerals iron , inc , lead , opper , chalk , marble , plaster of Paris , limestone , are all found in proﬁtable

o m quantities either in mines or in quarries . At D Gorna a Berdensk brova j , in the district , there are ﬁfteen coal seams supplying about tons — annually an output which could be increased . T his is used in the country , but the zinc is exported .

- Sugar beet thrives in these southern districts , and Th e Of fruit is plentiful . south Russia has a climate

- that induces fruit bearing , and the dried and

Th e preserved fruit of Kieff is celebrated . whole al of the south contains v uable coal beds ; but , owing to the cost of transport to the Baltic and

Black Sea ports , it is more proﬁtable to bring coal E from ngland by sea to Riga , Petrograd , and O dessa .

T h e Centr al In du str i al R e g i o n This includes almost all the central Governments drained by the upper reaches of the mighty Volga , Th e the largest river of Russia . principal manu facturin T Yaro slaff g Governments are Moscow , ver , ,

‘ V R azan To ola Kalo o a Kostroma , ladimir , j , , g , and T c an Smolensk . hese practically onstituted the t cient State of Muscovy , just as the nor hern Lake Provinces formed the nucleus of the old kingdom

S T E of Russ or ROO . here are few nglish or American houses in this region , and there is no doubt that time and money spent in studying the possibilities e V of the Volga basin will not be wasted . Th olga THE I O I N E ET C . 33 BALT C PR V C S ,

Of is one the largest rivers in the world , its total n s S o length bei g about mile , from its urce in the Val dai Hill s to the delta at Astrachan . It o ula drains fourteen Governments , containing a p p n ll i tion of about twe ty mi ions , and has m les

Of . waterways , being navigable Many thou sand miles o f these tributaries are available for

Of s steamers light draught , which could ea ily be E built in Sweden or ngland . As railways are too expensive to construct on the vast scale needed by s al this country , the be t way to develop its we th is to open out these trading routes of ancient days

Of by means light steamers , tugs , and barges these could be conveyed on wheels (as was done by the

o rs m T N e en) when a watershed intervened . his river trafﬁ c could be managed to greatest effect E N by the nglish , Swedes , and orwegians working together ; it is too expensive a project for any

one nation to undertake al one .

T r ade o f S ar ato ﬁ

Sarato ff is the largest town on the Volga ; its trade is chieﬂy in agricultural machinery and

implements , electrical machinery , articles of domes P as tic utility , textile goods , etc . roducts such

l - inen , hemp , horsehair, feathers , mats , camel hair , s bristle , eggs , ﬁsh products , fruit , and petroleum

products , also ﬁnd a ready market .

Of S arat o ff In the Governments and Samara , German and Swiss colonies have existed from the

1 B . Pe e r so n d W e S C. t s an n y W . Bar s te v e ni . 34 Ho w To D O BUS INESS WITH RUSSI A

al time of Catherine II , who invited the origin colonists to Russia . Most of these people , who L still keep to their utheran religion , and their n native customs , and speak their own la guage , are well o ff ; they are engaged principally on the land , reliable , steady, industrious folk , so honest that contracts or written agreements are unnecessary when doing business with them— their word is their bond . Although the majority are farmers , a not unimportant section consists of merchants and

manufacturers . For the use of strangers there is an excellent

Address Bureau in the town , Where addresses may

T e adve r be Obtained . h two best papers from the

’ tiser s point of View are the S aratoﬂskyi Li stok and

s ui Th e V e t k. the i Zemstvo , a large agricultural

union , publishes an industrial j ournal , and is a

ﬂourishing organisation run on sound business lines . Information as regards credit must be obtained vi a Of Moscow, but some the chief banks of Petrograd

and Moscow have branches . A knowledge of a R Russian , and f miliarity with ussian ways , are

essential here , and the German consulate mentions the necessity of h av mg a strong character and good health —two conditions for the business man

r t desirous of success in Sa a o ff . R ssi a N Ts h . o N . N . c e otary Public j Hotels j , E s Of uro a ka a . p j j , etc Several places east the Volga should be covered while working this district the whole region is worth close attention as a market d for almost all the goods exporte from America , P VIN E ETC 3 THE I O . 5 BALT C R C S ,

E Of ngland , and Sweden to the rest the Russian E mpire . Th e remarks that have been made about Sarato ff

m . apply also to Si birsk , Kazan , and Samara From Samara th ere is direct railway communication with m rikansk u . A e a a . Orenb rg Hotels in Samara j , etc i N : N Sch ad . otary Public icholai G . p

As tr ach an

Here is situated the principal centre Of the immense ﬁshing industry of the Southern Volga — and the Caspian Sea ﬁsh eries which bring in about Th e annually to those engaged . petro

leum workings , both in their character of reﬁneries

Of th e and export , also employ a section population , and many steamers own ed by weal thy Persian and Armenian merchants trafﬁ c to and from this h t riving port .

Caviare , sturgeon , sterlet , are obtained in great quantities and prepared for consumption at home i and d stribution abroad . Caviare is sent to London ,

P - Sa o sh aris , and Berlin by the well known ﬁrm of p iko ff n . All kinds of ﬁshing tackle and appliances which can be used in exploiting the piscatorial ’ wealth of the inland sea , not forgetting the steamers

Sh ul needs for commerce , o d ﬁnd a good market

here . In the Caspian , millions of herrings are

caught , and ships , nets , tackle , etc . , used in this connection are more and more required as the

trade increases . There are also near Astrachan

- many Vineyards ; and Vine growing , if encouraged , 36 Ho w To DO BUSINESS WITH RUSSIA

ought to lead to a large export trade in the lo cal wines .

T h e Vo lg a R e g i o n V For the most part the olga region is well wooded ,

and these forests , as the writer can aver , are exceed

in l Th e O g y badly exploited . fertile soil is ften not cultivated at all , or else without knowledge of its

P - possibilities . art of the country is marsh land , but pine , ﬁr , birch , and lime trees occupy about

al Yaro slaff h f the Governments of Kostroma and , T and a third of ver and Smolensk . In the north u the soil is freq ently poor , but along the banks V of the Oka (a tributary of the olga) , where the

black earth is also found , it is very fertile . Soil which in England and Germany would b e thought

rich , is in Russia often abandoned as barren , owing to the ignorance Of the people Of the very elements

of agriculture , and their inability to purchase phos h at es R p and other fertilisers these , in ussia , have

Th e a great future . Great Russians form the chief population Of these Central Governments ; they a T are described by a native uthor , omasek (to

d f o r whom I am indebte much information) , as “ l l reli i live y , resourcefu , industrious , hospitable , g

' f u tr T O co n . ous , remarkable for their love y hey

prefer to settle in communities , thus their hamlets and villages extend over a large area their cottages

are beautifully situated , and charm the eye with T their carved or thatched roofs . heir men make

a g ood impression , being of medium stature , THE I P O IN ES ETC. 37 BALT C R V C ,

- - e broad shouldered , with expressive , good natur d th e t u . Th e co ntenances purer stock , the fairer hey

Ro o s h are ; in fact , the word y has from t is

circumstance come to mean a person who is fair , and n with blue eyes , fresh complexion , golde , G auburn , or red hair . If these reat Russians h ad h alf th e educational advantages and the more favourable environment possessed by oth er European h peoples , t ey would produce even more notable men

h . than t ey do , in every branch of activity Th e comparative poverty of the soil has compelled a large part Of the population to devote its energies

to commerce and industry ; this section has ,

th e Of therefore , become manufacturing centre the

country .

I n d us tri e s o f M o s c o w an d th e Ce ntr al Pr o vi nce s

Th e extent of the industrial energy of the Central P E rovinces is hardly ever realised in ngland . Cotton - spinning and linen - weaving factories are numerous . Moscow is the principal manufacturing centre ; the value of the goods produced by the 20 000 000 Moscow mills is said to be far in excess of J5 , , ,

’ while th e turnover Of the city s trade amounts to In 19 1 1 there were spindles for spinning cotton and for twisting cotton in the Central Moscow district alone the total amount spun in the whole Empire in the same year h exceeded poods weig t , half of which

m RussI an T . was ho e grown , mainly in urkestan 38 Ho w To D O BUSINESS WITH RUSSIA

d Moscow , with its hundreds of mills and thousan s

of looms , supplies the home markets , and has l Of T mil ions customers in Asia . here are also large ul manufactories of agric tural implements , but the home production here cannot meet the requirements

of the agricultural population . In consequence of this extensive trade within and E without the conﬁnes of the mpire , many of the

Moscow merchants are wealthy . It is a city of millionaires , but the millions are usually reckoned D in roubles , not in pounds . uring my residence in

Moscow, I met many of these men , of peasant origin , who had built up their enormous fortunes more by thrift and economy than by speculation . It is said that a goodly proportion of these self made men are even now unable to write their own names they carry their huge business transactions in their heads , since , naturally, they cannot keep books . Such a statement applies to the rich peasant

' merchants ( kOOptzee rather than to the million aires , many of whom are well educated , and travelled; m U . o with , in fact , a niversity training A ng the

- n Chl o o doffs great mill ow ers we may mention the ,

Pro ch o roffs Rab o o ch ensk Mament offs Arb ik o seffs , y , , , Mo ro seff Th e Grives , and . last magnate employs T about men in his mills at Kostroma , ver , Of E and Moscow . Formerly a large number nglish R workmen and foremen came to ussia , but the people are so adept at spinning and weaving , so n emtzee quick at learning , that few j , or foreigners as they are termed , remain in genuinely Russian

40 Ho w To D o BUSINESS WI TH RUSS I A

fur dressing , shoemaking , brushmaking , tanning ,

the painting of ikons , or sacred images , toy

- making , stone polishing , and the making of crude

agricultural machines and implements . Many of these goods have found their way to London and E other nglish markets , and have given great satis

faction , owing to their cheapness , solidity , and ul originality of design . It wo d need volumes to describe these marvellous Village industries in

detail . Some of them could easily be established E in ngland . An idea of their magnitude may be gained from the following statistics from a few Of the Volga Governments alone Astrachan Simbirsk Kazan 2 400 000 Samara J5 , , Sarato ff 4 000 000 J£ , , Near Kazan there are villages where the Tartar women alone make embroidered slippers

' annuall w o rth . y , roubles

T ver For centuries Tver was famed for its trade and

Of the enterprise and intelligence its people , and is still

an important centre , with many large cotton and n E T ll spinni g mills . ast of ver is the vi age of

Kimry , which , with its neighbours , employs men who every year make boots to the value of I n this Government there are also many

- Th glass works . e inhabitants are said to be the

best educated in all the Russian provinces . E B I O I E E TH N T C . ALT C PR V C S ,

This is the capital of the Government of that n Ko s name , and is noted for its li en mills ; and

T ROMA th e th e , next Government farther down

Volga , partly covered with forest , must not be n omitted it has many cotton , linen , spi ning , and Th e weaving mills , also iron foundries . forest wealth of this region should soon attract attention now n th at a railway is bei g built through it by the State .

N i sh ni N o vg o r o d An idea of the immense trade Russia doe s with Eastern and Central Asia can be formed by Visiting an F the great nual air of Nishni , held on the low lying ground where the Oka empties its waters V Th e E n into the olga . uropean conti gent , of

al Kh ir ise course , is noticeable ; but K mucks , g , F T inns , artars , Persians , and even Japanese , with n n ma y other Asiatic races , are represe ted in their

thousands . In . spite of the vicissitudes it has f suf ered , this is still the largest fair in the world ; it lasts only about six weeks (from 15th July to

’ September) , but about roubles worth

M th e of goods are sold in that period . ost of wares are exposed in booths spread over many N acres of ground . ear Nishni are some very large

- iron works , said to be owned by an American ﬁrm , the Sormovo Company, which constructs steamers T and marine engines , etc . here are also several n mechanical engi eering , and other works in the M city . anufactured goods , groceries , furs , wool , 42 HOW TO DO BUSINESS WITH RUSSIA

C cotton , iron , loth , precious stones , velvets and — silks al most every imaginable kind Of article is

Th e bought and sold at this fair . peasant merchant is much in evidence , dressed , though perhaps a Of rich man , in the same costume as the peasants , Of slightly better material . His favourite method trakter doing business is to adjourn to a , or

- tea shop , and there swill tea and lemon until the

contract or bargain is completed . Sometimes whole days are spent in the process ; in Russia time is al not money , and slow and sure , or its equiv ent

saying , is the national motto . Should you attempt to W rush him and do business in a hurry , in the estern E ai Off l uropean manner , then the aff r is he wi l not

- sacriﬁce any excuse for tea drinking , or do anything Th speedily . e idea of business morality is somewhat similar to that obtaining among the Japanese traders but the younger generation of Moscow mer

chants , who are more highly educated , frequently pride themselves on following the modern European methods instead of the Muscovite ways— which are

e al . practically Ori ntal , in re ity if not in name

Oth er F ai r s There are a great many fairs in Russia which shoul d be visited by English traders and merchants O ﬁ rst wishing to btain a foothold , to buy goods

hand , and to make themselves at home with the

Of Th e peculiar notions the people . following are important ﬁxtures of this nature : Marg arinskaj a

(Archangel) , for ﬁsh , grocery, and corn produce ; T HE I O I N E ET C . 4 BALT C PR V C S , 3

Tro itska a Do n the j Fair , in the region , for cattle Pokro ffska a and horses , etc the j , for corn and Le sna a agricultural produce ; the j (Kazan) , for

Karavana a z - timber ; the j (Ka an) , for cast iron Co ntractava a f i goods ; the j (Kie f) , for carpets , s lk , a Meno o muska a cloth , m chinery , groceries the j

(Orenburg) , for wool , leather , cotton , etc . and Of the great fair Irbit , in the Government of Perm , where furs and manufactured goods are sold every year to the value of roubles . It woul d take many more pages to tell Of all the fairs that are held in this strange land where East

W k e and est , li e two contrary streams , b come so blended that one can hardly be distinguished from

Th e the other . Kieff Contract Fair , already alluded n to , is k own as one of the most important annual in gatherings of business men the country . A good working knowledge of Russian should be gained as before visiting these fairs if business is desired , the maj ority Of the peasant merchants speak onl y their own tongue , and frequently have a great n n — e objection to a foreig la guage specially German . T here are many ﬂax markets , the principal being

Of Ko nstantino ffka V those , ladimir , and the Slav

- rovo , where business and tea drinking are the order Of the day .

al At one time , this town was the capit of Old

Russia, and is now famed for cotton mills , calico T printing , and the painting of ikons . his latter 44 HOW T o D O BUS I NESS WITH RUSS IA

work is Often carried out with ﬁne taste and much

devotional feeling . Wh ole Villages in this Govern

~ ment are engaged in the dressing o i calico . It is noted for its pedlars— men who wander all through a the l nd selling their wares , and who sometimes

- - end their labours by becoming well to do merchants . Th e T peasant has the true artar instinct for trade ,

and is never so happy as when haggling , buying ,

and selling . He is exceedingly shrewd , and were

his kind but more temperate and thrifty, the Jews , who are much maligned owing to their commercial ul characteristics and competence , wo d have great difﬁculty in competing with simple Ivan Ivano ” V it T ch . h e Jews are generally content with a

small profit and a quick turnover , whereas the Moscow peasant does not care to move unless he 25 can see his way clear to a big profit , perhaps or 1 — a 00 per cent . Roup na roup rouble for a rouble— is his favourite notion of a moderate profit ; but he does not always succeed in living

up to this lofty ideal .

Riazan Th e Government of Rj azan is engaged chieﬂy

in grow ing grain and raising cattle . Th e ﬂourishing town Of TOOLA and its Govern

Of ment , lying to the south Moscow , are known for

- iron works , gun and munition works , which , during

the present war , have been , of course , exceedingly B T OOla T busy . y all good Russians , (or oula) is b eloved for its tea- urns (samovars) of copper ; THE I O I N E ETc . 45 BALT C PR V C S ,

their value must be astonishing , for every year about of these household necessities are E made and sent all over the mpire . Revolvers — of very bad quality come from this town , as do

- fowling pieces , which leave much to be desired ,

- as I can attest from dearly bought experience . Quantity rather than quality seems to be the motto of many Russian workmen they are frequently as careless in their work as the Japanese and Chinese

a . N are careful and p instaking itchevo , that N ” mysterious word which means ever mind , “ ’ and It s all right , It will do , anything else O complaisant under the sun , expresses too ften

’ I vano vitch s al Ivan ide , especially when engaged h on work t at does not quite appeal to his religious , T conservative , or superstitious instincts . here are , however , certain things which must not be done badly ; the painting of an ikon , the decoration of an a church , the tempering of axe . But what does it matter , he thinks , if one does not bestow

’ all one s care on the construction of some ne chesty (unclean) foreign machine , the invention of the Evil One or of some bad spirit "

Kal o o g a

Th e town and Government of Kalo o g a are engaged in the growing of grain and in manufac — tures foundries , match factories , porcelain works ,

Th e are found here . town and Government of ’ SMOLENSK (the scene of Napoleon s defeat) produce

and deal with quantities of ﬂax , hemp , etc .

B . S . (w . ) CHAPTER V I

THE UKRAI NE (THE BLACK EARTH REGION)

O Of S UTH Moscow, after passing through the Govern

T o ola so - l ment of , we come to the cal ed Black

E Of R arth Region , the granary ussia and the L ‘ home of the ittle Russians , whose forbears , even in the days of Herodotus , supplied ancient Greece with corn , and grew practically the same crops then as their descendants do now . It comprises V P f the thirteen Governments of olinia , odolia , Kie f, T ch erni off Pultav a Kh arko ff Ko o rsk O f g , , , , rlo f ,

V r s T m T o o ne h a b o ff P S arato ff . , , enza , Samara , his belt of beautiful soil is estimated to extend all the way from the Altai Mountains , in Siberia , to the foot of the Carpathians— a distance of about miles , and to supply , if cultivated , sufﬁcient wheat , E Th e barley, rye , and oats to feed urope . whole of the belt is remarkable for its great fertility ; in many places the soil is so rich that several harvests a year can be grown for a period of four or more years without manure or fertilisers of any kind . Could the peasants afford to purchase English and American ploughs , which would turn up the earth underneath the parched and exhausted surface , the crops would frequently be doubled , and all risk of the too prevalent famine years removed .

48 HOW To D O BUSINESS WITH RUSSIA

Of Kh arko ff Pultava portions of the Governments , , Tch erni o ff and g , but these , through the ignorance of the people and the deforestation that is . being remorselessly carried on in many parts , are now Of Th e arid and devoid trees or vegetation . very

— Staro do ub T names of the towns , Sosnitza , cher nig o ff— point to the fact that in ancient times the oak , pine , and fir flourished near by . But even in the days Of Catherine II timber began to be scarce in these districts ; it was found difficult to obtain enough timber for the construction Of monasteries P and churches . robably owing to this scarcity, tod ay the Little Russians generall y have their cottages of wattles , plastered with clay, and roofed di with straw . But notwithstan ng the reckless

h - waste referred to , stretc es of well timbered country ll are sti found here and there . ul If forests are scarce , land is plentif and cheap .

O A few years ago , land was being ffered for sale in Southern Russia for 1 5 roubles (30s ) per desj atin

e - (two and thr e quarter acres) , not far from the

Of NO O- Ro ssisk Ro st o ff- ou- Don ports V and , near Vladika k l des atins the v y Rai way . About j were then being rented (according to the N ovaia

Vrem a d des atin Do n j ) for 5 . a j ; this was in the

. Th Of . e region , near the Government Stavropol usual price of good land in Southern Russia is

6 10 des ti a n . from £ to J£ per j For want of capital , water, and agricultural machinery, thousands and a Of hundreds of thousands of cres fertile land , on n which fruit and grain could be grow , now lie T HE UKRAI NE 49

b . D arren and waste eforestation , ignorance , and i apathy have had much to do with these ev ls , which will only be remedied when the people become more enlightened and the authorities more progressive .

Of fi ci al H o li d ay s On e of the factors that keeps Russia back is the Of great number of church and ﬁcial holidays . In al some parts , almost h f the year is spent in holiday n E ul maki g , and only an mpire so rich co d afford to lose so many working days every year . Had we R such a number of idle days as the ussian peasantry, e ul Of E our p ople wo d starve , for the majority nglish men are landless , and must , therefore , live by — industry or commerce o r by their wits .

T o b acco Cul ti vati o n in S . Rus s i a Russian tobacco should ﬁnd a ready market in E ngland . More than acres are planted , 45 d In 1896—1898 and it is sold at . a poo , tons were forwarded from various stations

T e in Southern Russia . h best comes from the 19 1 1 Kuban region of the Caucasus . In , poods of home - grown tobacco were delivered to the f t di ferent fac ories .

Wi ne W ine also is a great feature of the South , Bes

T - T sarabia , the Caucasus , rans Caucasia , and urke Th e f stan . South from Astrachan to Kie f is also 50 Ho w TO Do BUSINESS WITH RUSSIA

— a wine growing country . It is almost as cheap as water is in some of the hilly districts , and when the Russians have learnt the art of preparing it like the French , there should be a large market for it E in ngland .

Cattl e R e ari n g

T Of Cattle rearing is also important . housands bullocks and oxen are sent annually to Moscow Th e and Petrograd from these parts . two best breeds are the Tch erkesk (Caucasus) and the U W R kraine . hen I lived in South ussia , a good ox could be bo ught for 25 roubles and an excellent Cossack horse for £6 — One that would take a careful rider for many a thousand miles . Th e SUNFLOWE R is a feature of the landscape in some parts ; its seed is used for feeding poultry , and the Oil derived from it is val ued for cooking and illuminating purposes . BEE CULTURE is general throughout the South ; eno rmous quantities of honey and wax are sent to the capital by the peasants , some of whom own as many as a thousand or two thousand hives . HORSES are so numerous that in Kh arko ff I have 3 been Offered by the Cossacks a foal at roubles . Some of the ﬁnest are bred in Orloff and Tamb off in this last Government alone there are 173 studs Kh arkoff for rearing thoroughbreds , and in it is estimated that the horse census gives the number of THE UKRAI NE 51

Go al , etc .

P Mendel e ff i scie rofessor y , the em nent Russian n tist E , well known in ngland and America , has said that the time will come when the South will repay l ll all the energy spent upon it , for its coa wi preserve the remaining forests from destruction wages will

increase , trade will develop , and general prosperity I ts econo mi c vi ctori es are o almost be awakened . f ” i ortance than an mi lita tri um greater mp y ry ph .

Before the war , it was thought that coal from this part of the Empire woul d shortly be sent to Con

stantino le W p . hen a few more railways have been

constructed , and when less prohibitive tariffs have

been arranged , there is no doubt that the whole of the Southern ports will be supplied with coal exclusively from the vast deposits on the Do n

tz Th e D o ne tsk and D o ne rivers . y coal district is 666 i Of about m les long , with an area square S al al miles . And alt , abaster and miner springs are al found in the same loc ities , to say nothing of

C n in abar (red sulphuret of mercury) , silver , lead ,

Th e and zinc . annual output of coal from the

z D o net region is at present about tons . It is said that this region could supply the whole world with coal at the present rate of consumption

for ﬁfty years , even at a shallow depth of working . O hi R bviously, t s part of ussia may be expected

to see the future industrial centre of the land .

P Mendel eff rofessor y , looking farther ahead , pro ’ ph esie s that it will ul timately become the world s f centre O industry . Such a result may be within 52 Ho w TO D O BUSI NESS WI TH RUSS I A

i the realms of possibility , but the achievement w ll not be rapid . Indeed , it will never come about unless Russia throws her doors open to foreign enterprise and capital , a course which her rulers , l for various po itical reasons , have been reluctant

Th e to adopt . authorities only admit foreigners when they ﬁnd it difﬁ cult to do without their help they seem to act against their cherished plans and prej udices only when compelled by sheer force of

Of circumstances , and the necessity borrowing

Th e entente money from abroad . at present in operation may alter this mood considerably .

It will be of interest to notice , in some detail , the works of the New Russia Company in the Do netz region , founded by one John Hughes , member of an old Welsh family of engineers . Coming originally to Russia in connection with a new method he had devised for forging armour plate , he resolved , on seeing the possibilities of 187 1 the country , to settle there , and in he erected ” the works which bear his name , Hughesovka . Th e Ne w Russia Company leased from Prince L 275 even an estate of about acres for thirty years , with the right to renew the contract for another Th e thirteen years at the end of the period . rent at ﬁrst was only 65 . an acre for this sum they had the right to build , and to exploit the mineral wealth T for an area of acres . hey were to pay the

P Of O 10d . rince for every ton large coal btained ,

1 Th e E mpe ro r Nich o las g rant ed pe rmissio n fo r th e t o w n t o b e name d a ter it s o un er o h n H u h e s . f f d , J g T HE UKRAI NE 53

and 5d . per ton of small . A few years ago the Company acquired the right of perpetual possession of the whole of the acres for the sum Of thus they can proceed in less limited T fashion . hey have set aside a large area for the use of workmen who desire to settle on the estate ; this is subdivided into plots , rented at reasonable D rates . wellings for the men are also erected , and

Th e this enterprise has succeeded admirably . works are now of enormous dimensions , and a popul ation of over has displaced the cows

Of and sheep which formerly roamed here . Most the rails used on Russian lines come from the Hughesovka factories ; and quantities Of cast - iron Th e are also turned out . founder is dead but his four sons carried on the works , the eldest , Mr .

John Hughes , being Chairman of the Company .

Th e O 1 2 3 London fﬁces are at , and Queen Street T P E C. h e . lace , present directors are A Balfour

(Chairman) , C . F . Gooch , and J . J . Hughes . I have given some space to describing this enter prise simply to Show how Russia and England might beneﬁt were we to work together for the exploitation

of so rich a country . John Hughes turned a barren steppe into a ﬂourishing town what might not be B done with Southern Russia , with ritish capital " W . . and energy ( . B S )

M i ne r al We alth o f Ru s s i a Those who are interested particularly in minerals will appreciate the following article on Th e Mineral 54 HOW T O D O BUSI NESS WI TH RUSSIA

W Of R ealth ussia , which appeared , before war

An lo - Russi an Gazette broke out , in the g

I n 1898 there w as melted in Russia abo ut n n Of h S h n to s of iro , whic came from out er n th e s o n m Russia , to s from Ural , t s fro Po ns o Mo o n in land , to fr m scow, t s F o in Olo netz and o n in inland, t ns , t s ten s in 1888 h h ad Siberia years previou ly, , t ere been o c o s h h h an n th e pr du ed t n , w ic s ows i crease for ten 3 r Th s n w as h years of 1 d . i large i crease due to t e n o f n in h n s developme t smelti g works Sout er Rus ia , h ch sul o f th e n Of n al w i was itself a re t adoptio mi er fuel , and th no s o n th e ai s s e e rmou expansi of r lway ystem . With th e decreasing use Of w oo d as fuel fo r smelting th e n s and furnaces , i du try received a great impetus , no w al h h in n o n th e n o h , t oug a te tative conditi , iro , b t i and n h s p g ma ufactured , whic is exported from Rus ia ch no t n ns ﬁ h yearly, rea es a i co iderable gure w en it is rememb ered that a few years ago Russia w as a great o o f an o imp rter m ufactured iron go ds .

or P rom. Gazeta i s th e l n Th e T g . g ve fo lowi g details concerning th e iro n industry in Russia in 1908 - 9 : E c - o n b o n and s in o n xports , ast ir , mallea le ir , teel , t s , 1908 1909 n and and , , iro steelware , h n s in o s 1908 1909 mac i e , t n , , , steam n n in n 1 909 19 ai in e gi es , umber, , ; r lway wagons, 1 1 1 1 n 908 44 909 00 . umber , , ; , It will be seen from th e abo ve th at there is a general Th n s h n n s and . e s ri kage , excepti g for rail steel iron i du try is not new in Russia ; but th e development o f great n in th iron manufactories is new . Great ﬂuctuatio s e expo rts Sh ow that th e industry is still in a rath er n s and th e w h h o n te tative tage , details ic f llow are i terest ing fro m this po int o f view rather th an because they f n f Th e ﬁ n treat o a y great volume o trade . gures give in ns and fo r 1 908 and 1 909 c : are to , are respe tively G an and -H n r erm y, Austria u ga y, and 64 o n and n n ; R uma ia , U ited Ki gdom , and al D n and 16 It y, e mark, ;

HOW TO D O BUSI NESS WI TH RUSSI A

th e n Of M n P n of I stitute i es in etrograd . U til th e ' ﬁnding of the famous Austral ian nugget it w as co n sidered in n n h th e largest th e w o rld . Recog isi g t e importance w hich th e w inning Of gold plays in th e no m an o l o n th e eco ic d p itical development of a c u try, Russian Go vernment takes under its fostering care th e o n Of h n and h as s expl itatio t is i dustry, pas ed several to its n D n ch n laws facilitate developme t . redgi g ma i ery, c n s all in w o n ya ide of potas ium , and materials used rki g are allo wed into th e co untry free of impo rt duty; no t o nly h th e Go n n o s n h th e n t is , but ver me t , rec gni i g t at Russia Empire cannot be eco no mically developed without th e Of o al is t o c ns aid f reign capit , prepared o ider favourably an o n in n s y f reig enterprise this i du try . n 1 8 14 th e i wh ch w e h an Si ce , earl est date of i ave y ul h h n h as no t reg ar statistics , progress , t oug persiste t , h th e o o n is n been equal . In t at year pr ducti give at 262 F o 185 1—1860 th e kilogrammes . r m average output c o s Fo r o f h - ﬁve ame to kil . a period eig ty years o 1 8 14 h as o fr m , Russia produced kil grammes , Of w h h th e E s ic greater part came from a tern Siberia , w h s n s n th e o in it th e Ural ext . At pre e t output of g ld th e Russian Empire is fast approaching that o f th e T ns al and o o o ne n ra va , may vert p it , compa y last year ns n producing 8 to ns o f go ld . Imme e tracts of cou try as h h th e G n are yet imperfectly surveyed , alt oug over ment h as sent o ut surveying expeditions at co nsiderable s expen e . Th e F inancial News gives th e fo llo wing interesting account Of recent explo ratio n : Th e Ural Mountains ’ are geo graphically divided (like Caesar s Gaul) into h th e so h in n cl t ree parts , ut ern , a more ge ial imate , h aving been th e main source of mineral w ealth fo r n s th e s n i in th e ma y year , mine bei g mostly propr etary, h olding o f th e high est -placed amo ng th e Russian o c arist racy . o I s d er to n o f v Go ld to th e value f . 8 . p allu ium sluiced do es no t appear to be much ; but w hen th e co st

Of d d n n and n is h n 4d . re gi g , sluici g , amalgamatio less t a - er n h o f i a . p cubic yard , eve suc a po r grade stu f w ll p y well SI BERI A 57

Yet that is th e lo west val ue yet fo und in any Of th e ‘ al s o f th e h s Ta - v ley Nort Ural river . ken spade deep o n and s c n o six ns o f Ob n d o ly, lui i g ab ut to gravel tai e fr m th e Sukko ria th e o f th e c a l w as River , value rude l uvium o to amo n to 5 1 1 r o n o 5 3 . d . t r r 9d . e 5 . e pr ved u t p , p c an h s w n t ubic yard; d t is being luiced do o a 3 per cent . o n n a e co n n o S and o n t o th e c ce tr t , tai ed g ld, ilver, bulli o f 1 1 1 1 5 r 6 95 . d o . er t o n r 0 . 9d . e c c value £ 1 p , £ p ubi th w h f m l 1 w d t . e o o a o n n to o z . 0 yard , eig t g ld u ti g 15 ns r o n Th s sh n s o is h e t . od t e grai p i , it ould be u der t , value o f th e superficial stuff o nly; at depth a much ch s s n O a n and th e ri er re iduum mu t i evitably bt i , real value o f th e test is in th e proof that there is no o ver n - l s . T h s f fi Th burde ake t e ca e o th e Lena Go ld e d . ere is an a a n ro fitless r n example of pp re tly p overbu de , b e cause th ey are mining th eir aurifero us gravel at a h Of a 1 o a n n a a o f dept bout 00 ft . and bt i i g an aver ge v lue o 2 Of o r n ns ver £ g ld pe cubic yard bro ught t o ba k . Agai t h s th e w o n ns s h a n — th e t i , rki g expe e ve to be co sidered n n n n s c n and al mi i g, timberi g, dumpi g , lui i g , am gama tio n ; but to o btain such splendid results is indicative o f th e ch n ss o f ri e alluvium found at depth . dr w hi ch is a o n n a A edger , c mplete floati g pla t , c pable o f raising abo ut cubic yards Of alluvium a day o m th e to th e s co s wh n fr river bed amalgam plate , st , e a fo r o o to One advan re dy w rk , fr m tage Of w o rking within th e Arctic Circle consists in th e s ss o n n h Th e fact that it i po ible t operate day a d ig t . s so n is n c ssa i Sho — 1 20 fo r h o h ea e e r ly rt about days ; , t ug th e rivers are no t fro zen during th e remainder o f th e

a a S h o w l n th e s o n . ye r , lig t fr st il preve t table w rki g We c nn h a h n o ur o w n w a and as th e a ot ve everyt i g y , w o rki ng expense s Of a dredger amo unt to o nly a a o n and o ne is c o f a n n se s , apable e r i g over

9d . in alluvium co ntai ning a go ld val ue o f o nly 55 . er th e sh o n s th e s aso n is co m p cubic yard , rt e s of e pensated by a large turno ver and econo mical w o rking ns s i s th e Sukko ria h and expe e . Some r ver , like , are ere h n e c o f co n c h ch h t ere i ters ted by bars u try ro k , w i t us divide th e channel into a series of natural sluices ' 58 Ho w TO D O BUSI NESS WI TH RUSSIA

This h as a tendency to hold th e gold better th an if th e bed h ad an unbroken inclination from source to co n ﬂu n One n h t o o n th e ce . aturally esitates speculate e length of time during which th e particles of go ld h ave n n th e h o w h o f bee accumulati g in valley gravels , or muc aurifero us schist h as been denuded from th e vein out c s o n h al I n th h th e rop t e Ur ridges . e upper reac es of Sukko ria wh th e n ice river , ere alluvium comme ces , and h cut o in th e h n water ave deep g rges rock , t us exposi g th e geo logical fo rmatio n and showing indications of th e reefs ; but up to th e watershed th ere may be many o ns th e o n n s o o o f w h h n aurifer us vei , c ti uou er si n ic duri g a vast perio d o f time h as supplied th e grains of precio us E in th e o th o o n . e o metal d w below xcept g rges , ge l gical structure o f th e ground is obscured by a thick coating of o s and th e o th e h h th e m s , sl pes of ills are covered wit ns s n o i o ch h h s de e but tu ted f rests pecul ar t su ig latitude . Th e rivers which immediately drain th e eastern slopes o f th e No rth Ural Mountains are lo ng and wide tribu s o f th e Si a wh h o ne th e n tarie gy , ic is of pri cipal feeders o f h i Th w o o t e river Ob . ey ill pr bably aggregate ver s in n h Whi th e n a n mile le gt . le all tributaries co t i o in h no t h an a re g ld t eir gravels , it does follow t at y pp ciab le o n l n in th e Ob i s am u t wi l be fou d it elf ; and , if an ll so n t o c o h y , it wi be squa dered as be s arcely w rt h dr n P in n n t e edgi g . lacer gold remu erative qua tity can exist only within reasonable distance fro m th e s and h s wh o ac derivative ource , t o e may be attr ted by th e h n o f th e n —th e Ob i th e p ysical great ess mai rivers , n and th e o — h in n th e o Le a , V lga s ould bear mi d ab ve n Th e o n o n stateme t . life of a c mpa y w rki g a stated area of auriferous alluvium will depend primarily upo n th e n o f As o h umber dredgers employed . a r ug estimate , there are at least cubic yards in th e Sukko ria all and o ne n sh w h n V ey, pla t ould deal it duri g T in s sh d th e s o n . h h eas us , ten years t ree dredger oul h o and net n o f extract t at v lume, earn a reve ue h s as an s n th e h or t ereabout , e timated mi imum, w ole Of th e plant costing less th an n d Ch and h o h Labour, judgi g by our stan ard . is eap, t ug SIBERIA 59

n n h is no h fo r th no t e o . Th abu da t , t ere e ug purp se ere are many no mad tribes wh o eke o ut a precarious exist n n f th e and ol o e ce , quite u a fected by social p itical pr b lems which disturb both labour and capital in th e s o o n Th e s o o centre f populati . be t w rkers are t be o n th e Ziranes wh o and found am g , are very tractable , adept at devising manifold expedients which wo uld n n T an E h . n and puzzle glis carpe ter imber , seaso ed raw is n and is o fo r s n , ple tiful , used in lieu of c al rai i g Th e is and h h h d s s steam . climate dry ealt y; c est isea e are unkno wn ; and th o ugh th e long winter might cause o f us t o n th e Po and th e s wh o some e vy lar bear tortoi e, o wh n h o d s s s can pr mptly sleep e t eir f o upplie cea e , we a - o n so h n o n t n n take t he l st mail boat g i g ut i t le g he i g days . CHAPTER VII

T HE E E AN D T HE O O N ST PP S , C SSACK C U TRY

THE wide STEPPE REGI ON comprises ﬁve Govern : ments and one Province Bessarabia , Kherson , Taurida Ekath eriOslaff Of D o n , , the country the

Cossacks , and the Government of Astrachan .

Hardly a single forest exists in this district , and one can travel for a couple of days without seeing a human being . Millions of sheep and horses , immense herds of cattle , roam these wild steppes in the summer, when the grass grows luxuriously and is Of V mingled with thousands wild ﬂowers . egetation withers and dries as autumn approaches , and the O Of long , dry grass ften catches ﬁre ; thousands animals then perish . I have seen , in the Kuban , the horizon illumined for miles around by the

flames , which devour everything in their path like the pampas fires of America . Part of the steppes consists of sandy soil impreg nated with salt once the whole Of this region was covered by the sea . Minerals also occur plentift Th e in certain sections . merino sheep is common , and its wool fetches a good price in the markets R of South ussia . Th e climate is hot in summer , and intensely cold in winter ; the Crimea has an especially beneficial

' ro tected b Taurida situation , being p y the hills from 60 T HE E E AND T HE O K O N 6 1 ST PP S , C SSAC C U TRY

and th e the chill north winds , open to warm winds . s B from the southern hores of the lack Sea . Con

sum tive O p persons ften get on well there , and the al loc muscat and other grapes , eaten in plenty, are Th e n said to have great medicinal value . bri e and mud lakes Of the Crimea and Odessa district are

famous throughout the country .

Pr o du cts o f th e S te ppe s

Quantities of Indian corn are raised on the steppes ,

also rye , barley, oats , millet , and buckwheat ; grapes grow almost everywhere , and ﬂax and

Th e tobacco ﬂourish . tobacco from the Crimea T and the Caucasus is equal to the very best urkish . Water- melons grow in the Open ﬁelds like turnips E do in ngland , and are sold at a penny each on the spot peaches , apricots , pineapples are grown , and the excellent apples are sold in Petrograd P e in large quantities . ears , however , do not s em to thrive in Russia as well as other species of

BE I SSARAB A produces excellent wine , tobacco ,

K E ON H RS is partly industrial , manufacturing

agricultural machinery and implements . Th e TAURI DA , which is an ancient Greek colony, Of is concerned with agriculture , , the gron s tobacco and various kinds of cereal . In the whole of Southern Russia thousands of tons of beet are grown— an occupation which has ample Scope in England many landowners have become extremely 62 HOW TO 130 BUSINESS wITH RUSSIA

r: wealthy through this industry, and many suga r T refiners are now millionai es . his need not cause wonder when we remember that the sugar from 6d 5d . beet is sold to the poor peasants at . and lb a . , probably costing about a penny to produce . Th e surplus is dumped in England and sold at 2 d 5 . per lb . As long as this practice continues , it will be impossible for English cultivators and Of 1907 refiners beet to make a decent profit . In , Russia was permitted to export as much as m tons , if required . At the present ti e there are

only acres under beet , but this area is R gradually being extended , so that ussia can

- 1 become the largest sugar producer in the world . Th e Government of EKAT ERI NOSLAFF is noted ll for iron and steel mi s and other works . Some

of the largest coal and iron mines are here . Th e country of the DON COSSACKS is celebrated

for its horses , tobacco factories , ﬂour mills , and

N O O-Tch eskask . N foundries orth of the capital , V ,

are splendid mines of anthracite coal , which is l plentifu in the south . Most of the land here

belongs to Cossack freeholders , who live in stan

itzee o , or settlements . In virtue of being C ssacks , each male member of the community is entitled to 500 or acres of land . In war time they supply and their own horses and equipment , in every respect are similar to our old English yeomen

before these were deprived of their lands .

1 I e stimate th at co uld b e pro ﬁtably inve ste d in

- r - - ﬁn n ust ries B ritish b eet g o w ing and sugar re ing i d .

PART II

Y E O (B C . W. P TERSS N) CHAPTER VI II

H I NTS AND ADVI CE T O BUSI NESS MEN DEALI NG WI TH RUSSI A

As it is the custom with ﬁrms which intend carrying on business in a foreign country to apply to the ul local cons ate for advice , in this work the principle ul Of division into cons ar districts has been followed . And as in such a vast territory as Russia the possi b ilities Of disposal of goods , as well as credit and endeav conditions of sale , vary considerably, I have o ured to give some brief information concerning th at every district , without assuming these data

in each case can be regarded as hard and fast rules .

In commercial j urisprudence , if we except the

Baltic Provinces and Poland , the same laws hold good for the whole Of European Russia ; but it is natural that business usages should differ in widely Th e separated territories . precise local colour

can only be learned by a personal visit , and this golden rul e Should always be borne in mind make ﬁ rst , if possible , a prolonged tour of investigation

before entering upon any extensive undertaking . ’ Th e personal impressions of the country s commercial c and f u s b e nc apacities , of the di ﬁc ltie to e ountered , 64 H I NTS AND ADVI CE 65

will help y o u to form a clear idea of the land / and

Of the people whom you wish to secure as clients .

P o s tag e an d T e le g r aph s

In Russia , postal charges for both letters and

parcels are the same as for other foreign countries . Th e telegraphic charges for both European Russia (excepting Finland) and Asiatic Russia (including

Siberia) are 9d . for two words and 31 d . for every 1 ul word in excess . In correspondence with cons ates in which there are no State paid ofﬁ cial s it is advis al able to enclose return postage , though in general

this is not demanded . In the event of other services being required of the consulate (such as

subscriptions to newspapers , advertising for an

agent , the purchase of the local directory, Govern

ment stamps , and so on) , the necessary remittance

should be sent in roubles or Russian stamps .

S tam ps an d Duty Expens e s i All b lls , documents , or contracts relating to al purchases or s es , receipts , and bills , in order to ali d R s law be v d accor ing to us ian , must carry a revenue stamp varying in value with th e amount

and kind of the transaction . A simple receipt for

5 . money is generally furnished with a cop stamp , whatever the sum may be ; but contracts con cerning the purchase of goods are liable to be taxed partly in proportion to the amount in question and

1 Th ese po stal and te le graph ic ch arges will pro bably b e

lte re a te r th War . S e a d f e ( ee App ndix . ) 66 HOW To D O BUSI NESS WITH RUSSIA partly according to whether the sal e is direct or to a

- middle man . In the former case , the tax is higher . Bills Of exchange are taxed in proportion to amount blank bill- forms are supplied with an imprint showing the tax and the amount they hold good for but they are available also without this imprint , and loose revenue stamps can then be aﬂi x i ed . A deta led list of these expenses can be

ul fro mWatkins obtained from every British Cons , or , E the nglish booksellers in the Bolshaya Morskaya ,

Petrograd .

T h e Intr o du cti o n o f B u si ne s s It is advisable never to enter into new business

relations without thorough previous investigations . Goods shoul d never be delivered to unknown ﬁrms which do not furnish satisfactory recommendations

Of - and references , or guarantees one third cash down on the order being given and the balance against bills of lading or perhaps one - half against Of bills of exchange . In the majority cases , business

is almost impossible in Russia without giving credit .

Our competitors , the Germans , gave ample credit , do and not seem , on the whole , to have suffered ul thereby ; but , as a r e , the arrangement men ti o ned holds good . Open credit without bills or other similar documents) is not advisable unless the business is with the Crown or concerns guaran Or - teed by the Crown , with especially well known T houses . his should not be forgotten when ﬁlling

orders in small provincial towns or remote districts , H I NTS AND ADVICE 67 where the collection of debts is attended with great ﬁ dif culty, and where reliable lawyers or agents are hardly to be found . Legal processes are long and costly, and the enforcement of an open debt entails proceedings in which the lawyer is the only gainer . R On the other hand , ussian law permits the enforce ment of a presented and protested bill of exchange Of ufﬁ by means a s ciently sharp and quick action , and if the amount is large the debtor can be made

Th e a bankrupt in a few days . principal thing in such an emergency is to retain a good lawyer ; it will then pay you to reward him with a high fee ,

5 . 10 . say per cent or per cent of the whole amount .

If the bill does not reach roubles , the debtor cannot be declared a bankrupt ; it is then usual to ﬁnd a brother in distress who owes a similar sum , in order to make up the limit , and for both creditors to employ a lawyer .

F o rw ar di ng Ag ent N ec e s s ar y A very important matter is the choice Of a reliable

e di exp ting ﬁrm , that is , an agent to receive moneys , pay duties , forward goods , look after the cashing of bills , etc . As goods must for the most part be delivered in a Russian harbour , and pay duty, or even be delivered 'free to some railway station i in the interior , obv ously a safe forwarding agent ul is necessary . Careful inquiries sho d be made as to the remuneration expected ; commission and other charges should also be agreed upon beforehand ; otherwise it may happen that the 68 Ho w To DO BUSINESS WITH RUSSIA

z agent will sei e a large share of the proﬁts . Among E the nglish ﬁrms , I may mention Messrs . Gerrard a Hey, origin lly a German house , but now under R l ussian control they have an excel ent reputation .

S am pl e s

Samples in parcel form , as a rule , should not be

S Th e sent unless by pecial request . taking out of samples from the post or customs entails expense

i unneces and trouble , and if they are sent unsol cited , T o sary bother is caused . return such items through the consul ate means an expense greater Of than their forwarding is worth , to say nothing the annoyance .

Inqui ri e s r e Fi n anci al S tandi n g

In general , information about the ﬁnancial stand ing of ﬁrms cannot be expected from the Consul .

It is , however , supplied when convenient , on the condition of being discreetly used but there is no liability on the part of the consulate— ii particulars R are given , they are gratis . In ussia there are sev eral Information Bureaux , more or less accurate , which have branches scattered over the country . My personal experience is that these and similar bureaux are only of value so far as they verify or supplement information one obtains for oneself or through intimate connections . T heir work is satisfactory, but it is a mistake for an English ﬁrm to base its Opinion of a prospective HINTS AND ADVICE 69

b afI ks customer solely on their records . Russian also supply information as to the stability Of business houses , but , as a rule , only to their own clients . Th e bank for foreign trade in Riga has a special department for this , which may be used with advantage by those who wish to enlarge their Scope

Th e in the Baltic Provinces . addresses of firms and private persons are generally available at the te consulate . Inquiring after a priva person , one should give the Christian name , surname , rank , and title , also the Christian name of the father , for according to Russian custom , this is placed as a title between the Christian and surname . In the towns there are address bureaux where , in return fl for a tri ing payment , one can trace the where abouts of any private resident . Addresses for commercial purposes can be obtained from specially E z organised offices . Messrs . L . . Met el of Moscow , have published in Russian a directory with very

’ Russi a s F actori es and useful material , entitled

I ndustri es 1 2 , the price being roubles ; the bigger ‘ — All directories , of course , should also be consulted R ussi a All P etro rad All M oscow All Odessa. , g , , and al P A society manac in French , issued in etrograd ,

T out Petersbour entitled g , gives the addresses of D Court functionaries , the iplomatic Corps , the O ﬁ al higher f cials , etc and , in fact , is an ogous to

’ E Who s Who T Hand the nglish . here is a German book o D uti es or Ex orts to Russi a f f p , and in Sweden ’ we have S weden s Commerci al I nterests i n the Russi an Em i e pr . 70 Ho w To D O BUSI NESS WITH RUSSI A

Exh ib iti o n o f Catal o g u e s

Of Catalogues British exports , suitable in form , and printed in Russian , can be exhibited in the consular Ofﬁ ces if they are sent gratis ; those in English or German are superﬂ uo us— to buy them is simply throwing money away . Owing to the high duty levied on all printed matter— 17 roubles per 36 E — it pood ( lb . nglish weight) is best to order b e these items in Russia . Printed matter should R published with due regard to ussian conditions , vi R gi ng ussian weights and measures , and prices in roubles .

B ank i n g F aciliti e s

Banking connections are to be found in Russia , extensive modern institutions , which do not , as a rule , make unreasonable charges for their services among the best are the Russian Bank for Foreign T rade , the International Bank of Petrograd , the

V — Azo ff olga Kama Bank , the Bank , and the Bank d u N O ﬁ ord . All these have central f ces in the

S ee . capital . ( Petrograd chapter ) It is wise to make use of the smaller country banks for sending remittances or for arranging moneys transferred by post or other bills in English currency .

Adver ti s em ents

These can be undertaken in the same manner in R E ussia as in other uropean countries , but must , naturally , be drawn up in good taste , and in con Fo r formity with Russian ideas and conditions .

72 Ho w TO DO BUSINESS WITH RUSSIA

T value . here are also special newspapers for all branches of agricultur e ; the dairy industry and farming are represented by the S elsky Chozi ne and

M olotchn Cho zi ne the y . For advertising on a large scale it is best to employ an advertising bureau ,

E z CO such as that of L . . Met el of Moscow ; R but as in ussia this is expensive , a wise exporter should foll ow the hin ts given by his resident repre sentati e - v . A well composed advertisement brings good results , even in Russia . CHAPTER IX

TRAVELLERS AND AGENTS

COMMERCIAL travellers are of the greatest impOrt ance , not only for introducing an article to the

Russian markets , but also subsequently for strength enin g the new relations , encouraging a good under o standing between buyer and exporter , c llecting n debts , settli g differences , ﬁnding out the reputation Of the purchaser and agent and their manner of doing business , testing fresh goods , testing machines , d atten ing company meetings , etc . Americans are said to expect three things of their travellers l Orders , more orders , and sti l more orders but this ideal cannot be followed under Russian con ditio ns . In Russia , the travelling representative is expected to be a good linguist , expert in commercial n k owledge , well up in local conditions , customs , and h ab its and Of f , course , to have a thorough acquaint

' Onl a ance with his own wares . y prolonged residence in Russia can make the ideal traveller . A knowledge of mankind and good health , I would add , are also in essential for journeys Russia are not easy , especially when off the great highways . A traveller ul 30 sho d be a steady man , not under years of age .

Li cen ce s fo r T r avell e r s

Foreign ﬁrms must pay for a licence in order that any representative may travel through the country . 7 3 74 HOW TO Do BUSINESS WITH RUSSIA

T i 150 h s costs roubles for a whole year , and for a second half- year 75 roubles ; it can be made out

either in his own name (which is more usual , since

this also serves as a letter of identiﬁcation) , or in Of the name the ﬁrm . If it is in his own name , no further tax is required ; but if in the name of the

’ ’ ﬁrm , a clerk s licence is needed , which costs 0 25 5 . from to roubles In addition to these charges , there are in every case the communal and revenue 15 35 duties , varying between and roubles according th to the usage of each district . It is possible , wi

Of - the aid a forwarding agent , to procure documents

which hold good for all j ourneys in the interior .

A duplicate is supplied if required , but the Govern ’ ment licence must be in a certain person s name . Should samples be carried and deposited in a customs depot (with the intention of having the duty refunded on the traveller ’ s departure from

the country) this licence must be shown . Representatives should be directed to the various

Of branches the consulate , where assistance may be l E found va uable . nglish consuls , where in resi

dence , can help with advice ; consuls of foreign

S E nationality, who have pecial knowledge of nglish

industry and its aims , do not assist the applicant

so freely in his search for suitable agents . It is , ’

therefore , best to obtain information through one s personal connections concerning the best ﬁrms for each special business . As the best established agents in Russia are frequently exceedingly busy, it Often happens that the desired cli entele can only be TRAVELLERS AND AGENTS 75

r found by an advertisement , suitable and att active in its form .

Ag r e em ents w ith Ag e nts Before any agreement is signed with a proposed agent for a certain place or district , the most thorough investigations should be made , personally

’ if possible . Nothing can sur pass one s own Observa T tion . h e ﬁn est business may be spoilt by the f a Th e choice O poor agency . greatest losses in

are caused throu h a ents Russia g g , not through the T defalcations of the actual purchaser . hroughout the l whole country, especial y in Poland and the South ,

there exists a widely distributed net of agents who ,

without a shred of their own capital , and lacking al f mor s , prof er their services to unsuspecting foreign

ﬁrms . All consul ar reports contain warnings against entering hastily into relations with agents in

s . s Rus ia As a great number of these para ites , cut Off ll from the German markets , wi now turn their E s attention to ngland , foreign house should be more

cautious than ever . CHAPTER X

O N I ION O F E I E IO N O F EN C D T S CR D T , C SSAT PAYM T , N I E ET C BA KRUPTC S , .

COND ITI ONS of credi t vary considerably with the

Of kind industries , the usages of the district , and the character of the goods . No t more than six or nine

’ months credit Should be granted yet in many cases , such as machinery , agricultural implements , motors , etc . , it sometimes happens that , for at least

a portion of the sum owing , from eighteen to twenty ’ O E four months credit is asked and btained . ven when goods are sent against reimbursement (or cash ul payment) , an advance in cash sho d be demanded sufﬁ ciently large to cover freight and duty in case

the goods should not be claimed .

Law R e g ar di ng D eb ts

R s A debt , in us ian law , ceases to be valid after

ten years , even if the bill of exchange or other

documents can be produced . Moreover , a bill al which has been protested in leg form , but for which no legal demand has been made ten years

from the date of protest , lapses . If , however , in

the interim , partial payments have been made , the

time is reckoned from the date of the last payment . Decisions of foreign law courts cannot be enforced in Russia ; consulates have no powers to enforce E d t in claims , either against nglishmen resi en 76 ON I ION OF E I ETC . 77 C D T S CR D T ,

R . T Russia or against ussian subjects hey can , l in general , on y assume the position of mediators ul an active interference on the part of the cons ate , however , cannot be expected . Mediation by consul has little chances of success when a claim is directly

o l al . c ntested , or when a bil has ready been protested Should the debtor ignore the written advice received from the consul to settle the matter in a friendly n l manner , the co su must restrict himself , in the di majority of instances , to recommen ng a competent lawyer for the creditor . If one ﬁnds it impossible O to btain payment , it is best to employ a debt collecting Ofﬁce for sums up to 500 roubles . Fees and extra charges of reliable notaries are S O high that it is hardl y worth while engaging one for small amounts , though for large debts the legal method is the most practical if a reputable lawyer can be retained .

R em e di e s Ag ai nst D eb to r s Th e B al tic Provinces and Poland have their own commercial laws (Code Napoleon) thus due regard

’ must be given to the debtor s place of residence . In Russia (excepting the regions j ust mentioned) we take it for granted that the foreign exporter has been informed in good time by his representative i that his customer is in d fﬁculties , and that a lawyer has been found . Then there are three ways of securing his rights : By private agreement ; by the appointment Of an administrative body ; and by bankruptcy . A private settlement is to be 78 Ho w TO D O BUSI NESS WITH RUSSI A

preferred , in consequence of the slow and expensive

Th e legal methods of Russia . appointment of an administrative body is only possible under certain conditions ; this measure is not resorted to unl ess big undertakings , such as companies and extensive industries , are at stake , and there is reason to believe that with stricter control the business can T be saved from ruin . h e system of a board of administrators is not al ways attended with the desired results but , on the other hand , people in Russia are generally inclined to allow fairly exten sive credit to any undertaking thus controlled , and

even to ﬁrms which , prior to being put under E administration , showed but little vitality . ach ul case , and subsequent action , sho d be decided on

its own merits ; no ﬁxed rule can be given , and

’ one s personal judgment must be the guiding factor . A creditor who enters into administrative proceed

ings must be prepared often to wait a long time ,

and possibly for a result that is very uncertain . Bankruptcy proceedings is considered by the real Russian merchants (and these Should best know their own countrymen) to be avoided as much

as possible . Generally , the discovery is made that after a period Of several years— for legal affairs can drag on even to that extent— one will receive far less than if an immediate friendl y settlement had been negotiated Th e ordinary Muscovite merchant does not , as a ll rule , feel compe ed to bring a neglectful debtor to ’ al s leg punishment , even though the culprit s busines

80 Ho w To D o BUSI NESS WI TH RUSSIA

Of m bankruptcies and suspensions pay ent , but , as

the public intimation of these occurs very late ,

these items are rarely up to date . It must be borne in mind that an Administration can only be set up in places where there is an E xchange Committee , such as Petrograd , Moscow , R iga , and Odessa , but an alteration in these

conditions has al ready been planned .

Appo intin g an Adm i nis tr ati o n

Th e supposition is that a number of creditors ,

re re personally or through their representatives , p Of senting a maj ority the claims , combine to apply m Of for the appoint ent an Administration , and that 5 the assets are not less than 0 per cent . of the

liabilities . Application for the appointment of an Administration is considered by the Exchange Com mittee Of , and after their sanction , also by a Court L Ko mmertsch esk Ssud aw ( y ) , which then conﬁrms

the composition of the Board . As is seen , it is immaterial whether creditors are present or unrepre O sented , although up to the time in question no fﬁcial publication of cessation of payment has been made foreign creditors can thus obtain information onl y Th e from private sources . decision of a court of law regarding the appointment Of an administration is ofﬁcially published onl y once in the S enate j ournal an d once in the Government Gazette . Objections or appeals must be lodged within seven days against a commercial law court decision before the Imperial Okrushn Ssud Senate , and against an y decision ON I ION OF E I ET C . 8 1 C D T S CR D T ,

Of Ob e b efore the respective Court Appeal . Such j c tions or appeal s do not in any way retard the action

’ a of the dministrator , and before the court s decision is given the position of the business h as usually undergone a change . Very seldom , however , do such appeal s al ter any previous decision of the court . Th e object of an administration is not liquidation , m i but , as the na e administrator mplies , to carry o n d and safeguard the business . If a ministration is decided on by a court , a moratorium comes into force for all debts up to date . Afterwards a meeting of creditors is held , and this meeting appoints

Of administrators and conﬁrms their power attorney .

’ In order to Obtain a clear View of the business s

n ' positio , all creditors , including those who have n e bee unrepresented , are requested to s nd in their claims to the administrator . However , the law does not make it compulsory for such claims to be forwarded , neither does it ﬁx a term within which such claims should be made . Claims which have not been made or accepted by the administrator are not considered when a dividend is distributed . There is no special form in which claims must a be made they can be m de in any foreign language , that is to say , it is unnecessary for them to be ‘ made in Russian . They can also be made in

a it ' an ordin ry letter , but is good advice not to take any steps without consulting a reliable solicitor . HOW TO D O BUSI NESS WITH RUSSIA

B ank ru ptcy P r o ce d ur e There is very little to add as regards ordinary bankruptcy procedure . It will be evident from the above that anyone who has to protect a claim in‘ ’ bankruptcy must employ a solicitor , and solicitors names and addresses can be Obtained from the

‘ ' consulates . As already mentioned , a debt must amount to at least roubles before a claim can W be made to put a ﬁrm into bank ruptcy . hen bankruptcy or an administration is decided on , a notice is published in the two papers already men tio d al ne . A notice is also posted in the commerci O courts or in the exchanges . It should be bserved a that . private agreement may be concluded from the day Of cessation Of payment to the day when bank ru tc p y is proclaimed , and between these two days a long time generally elapses . Creditors have to make their claims in writing within a certain time from the date of publication of the notice in the S enate

ournal T th e j . his respite is four months when bankruptcy has been commenced by Okrush ny Ssud (the County Court) ; if , on the other hand , by Ko mmertsch esk Ssud y (the Commercial Court) , two weeks onl y if the creditor lives in the same n tow , and four months if residing in another part of Russi a and one year if residing outside Russia . T D his appli cation must be made in Russian . ocu ments or extracts attached from account books R ul al should be translated into ussian and d y leg ised , ' and preferably vi sed by a Russian Consul . Bills of exchange can be submitted even if they

CHAPTER XI

BI LLS OF E XCHANGE

O IN 1903 ACC RD G to the law dated l st January , . there are two kinds of bills of exchange in Russia : 1) Th e ordinary bill of exchange corresponding to the English promissory note pro sto i vek sel 2 D E ( ) rafts , commonly known in ngland as bills of exchange perevo dn i veksel All such bills drawn within the Russian Empire must , as before stated , be written on stamped forms blanke which can be obtained at the offi ces R D of the Inland evenue epartment .

F o rm s o f R u s si an B ill s

Th e following are various forms of Russian bills . Simple bill of exchange running from the date O f issue to another ﬁxed date (if the bill is in a foreign l tongue , the equivalent of the words bi l of exchange must be used)

ll el br _Roubles Bi ( veks ) f .

Petro rad 24th N ov 1 9 g , Three months after thi s date I bi nd myself to pay on n thi s Bill of Exchange to - (i sert na o s o n o r n o the me and surname , pr fes i calli g of payee) f town of (so many) Roubles (sum in writing)

mi n n n n and s n . ( ame , patro y c ur ame , professio or calli g ) 84 BI LLS OF EXCHANGE 85

Form of a simple bill of exchange payable at e sight , with a special term mentioned for pres ntation for payment

u les Bill for _Ro b .

On the presentation on the l st F eb 19 (or during three months) of thi s Bill I bind myself n f to a i n the town o a e tc . as o o ( me , , ab ve payee) p y f _ so ou les in n ( many) R b ( writi g) . as o ( ab ve) .

Form of a simple bill Of exchange (promissory note) indicating a special payee

Bill or u f _Ro bles .

P etro rad 1 24th N ov. 9 g , , months from this date I bind myself to a on this Bill to _ _ n e tc as p y ( ame , abo ve) in the town of n s Rou le m etc . o n b s su ( ame , , of payee) ( ma y) ( in n writi g) . i nature as S g ( above) .

Form Of a draft due on presentation

Bill or ou f _R bles .

Petro rad 24th N ov 19 g ,

On resentati on o this Bill a _ n p f p y ( ame , e tc . as so n Roubles in n , above) ( ma y) ( writi g) , i n the town of S ignature of person issuing the draft

Vocation name o amil o a er , f f y f p y 86 Ho w TO Do BUSI NESS WI TH RUSSIA

Form of a draft running from the date it was drawn to a certain time

Dra or _Roubles ft f .

etro rad 24th o 1 P N v. 9 g , , mauths from this date pay on this Draft n in the a etc . as o ( me, , ab ve) , town o so n Roubles in n f ( ma y) ( writi g) . S ignature of drawer

Vocati on etc. o a er , , f p y

no tiﬁcation Form of a draft , payment due on

ill or ou l B f _R b es.

Pe ro r 24th N o 1 t ad v. 9 g , ,

i s date on th ll after th , is Bi of Exchan e a n e tc as g p y ( ame, _Roubles in the town o above) , f a nt o i o P yme n my notiﬁcat n . S ignature of drawer Vocati on etc o a er , f p y

Form of transferred payment (indorsement) (A) I n m lace a I van I vano M erchant o M oscow y p p y fi, f , harko 2 th o s n K 0 N v. or fi, , ( ig ature) , witho ut re errin to me a to Theodor S te ano 2ud f g p y p fi, uil M erchant o tro rad G d f P e g . w l st a 1 M osco n . 9 , ] , Peter Pe ro t fi.

(B) Petro rad M erchant P eter P etrovitch K a etano suret g , p ﬁ y for the M erchant M echail M echailovitch , I vouch . i ed lek ei I vanovitch K a etano S n . A s g p ﬂ, m o e o Petro rad Co m n r f g .

88 Ho w TO D O BUSI NESS WI TH RUSSIA to promissory notes renewable at six - monthly intervals up to the termination of the sales credit Th e class of bank credit which I have particularly in mind is an account current (book) credit , secured No by the deposit of promissory notes . other documents are required in obtaining such a credit . T his kind of credit , which differs from the ordinary

discounting of bills , is generally limited to ﬁrms

of high standi ng . Where the ﬁrm offers sufﬁcient is g uarantee for the money advanced , a deposit accepted in other than the legal form of the promis

sory note such as , for instance , an account signed by the payee that the amount will be paid on a

certain date , or the acknowledgment of a date by a County Council (Zemstvo) which has no legal

right to give promissory notes . (For further

i Russi an ear- Book deta ls see the Y , W hen a bill is not paid upon presentation , it

must be protested , to enable the holders to sue the ll parties liable for the bi . In the event of a protest a re not being made , the indorsers released from all liability ; the holder can in that case claim

d 6 . payment from the rawer only , with per cent yearly interest from the date when the proceedings l . W were begun hen a bi l is lost , the person who loses it may apply to the proper court for an order

forbidding the drawer, acceptor , or payer to make Russi an any payment whatever on the bill . (

ear- B oo Y k. ) CHAPTER XII

THE BALTI C PROVI N CES AND POLAND

THE previously mentioned regul ations relating to the bankruptcy proceedings apply al so to the Bal tic Provin ces— the Russian Governments of E l sth and Liﬂ and . , , and Courland It is advisable to employ a lawyer to watch over the interests of Th e any creditor residing abroad . bankruptcy is ﬁrst announced in the journal Of the Petrograd

Senates , in the more interested Government publi Petro rader eitun cations , and in the German g Z g and

’ Ri a Bb Th e g rsenblatt. notice of a claim on the

’ bankrupt s estate should be in the Russian language ,

and duly stamped , but need not be witnessed by

- . On a notary public the other hand , supplementary l documents , such as bi ls , contracts , extracts from ul books , etc . , sho d be attested by a notary and legalised by the Russian Consul .

In these provinces an unusual legal form , called

Be itreib un sve rfah re n the g , is employed when several creditors simultaneously demand an execu tion on the same property belonging to one and u the same debtor , and when the amo nt realised on

it by auction does not suffi ce to cover claims . ﬁ al In this case , the executive of ci is bound to hand over to the District Court Okro o sh ny Ssud the amount Obtained from the sale of effects and the court then undertakes the distribution ; in 89 90 Ho w TO D o BUSI NESS WI TH RUSSIA

this case , other creditors will be able to make Of their claims heard within the course six weeks . No announcements are made concerning these

proceedings ; the local agents are , therefore , of

assistance here .

P o l an d

Th e S pecial legal statutes based on the Code Napoleon hold good in certain circumstances in the ten Governments which constitute Russian

Poland . A person here can onl y be made a bank ll rupt by means of a dishonoured bi . In order to enforce an open debt a summons must be taken

out and attended to personally, or by an authorised legal representative . In addition to notices of bankruptcy in the public papers , the creditors should receive written notiﬁcation from the curator appointed by the court ; but he Often neglects this in the case Of creditors resident abroad . On the ﬁfteenth day after the declaration Of bankruptcy

a trustee syn dikas for the estate is chosen . This time limit is the most important thing in the whole course Of proceedings for should no creditor ll be present , the case is annu ed the very same day , m or at the next ter , which generally follows within

T O ten or ﬁfteen days . his decision can ften be made use of by creditors residing in the immediate neighbourhood to come to a separate settlement . For the notiﬁcation of creditors there are two periods Of respite to be Observed : forty days if they are residing in the country, and four months

92 Ho w To D O BUSI NESS WI TH RUSSIA

but the opportunities are excellent , and worth attention . For machinery and agricultural implements there are several good ﬁrms , agricultural societies , etc . Advertisements shoul d always be published in the Polish tongue ; but should there be no printed matter in this language , French must be used . Th e language of the country , however , is indis pensable if close relations are to be encouraged . Th e translating and printing ought to be done in W arsaw .

Th e Kur er Warsavski principal papers are the f ,

Warscha ski D nevnik fi The ﬁ (the of cial organ) , and

M N eu oment . e , a Jewish paper In Lodz , the

Lodzer e un Z it g is in German . e In choosing a representative , sp cial attention f must be paid to the circle O customers required . It is best to select a substantial Polish firm for goods which are intended for landowners and the agricultural classes . For household articles , iron ware , and textiles , a good Jewish firm is the most suitable . Th e Of V Lithuanian Governments ilna , Kovno , B el sto ck Grodno , j y , and Minsk can be worked from Th e W Warsaw with advantage . trade of arsaw extends a long way into the interior Of South- west R Of ussia , and is chiefly in the hands the energetic Th e and enterprising Polish Jew . city and its environs form the centre of important industries based on the supply of goods to the interior of R ussia , the textile and hardware trade being the THE BALTI C PROVI NCE S AND POLAND 93

T most extensive . here are also factories for the production of cheaper agricultural implements ; these , however , are generally for tilling the soil , E m nuf c not for gathering in the harvest . nglish a a t urers of agricul tural goods have a proﬁtable ﬁeld of activity in Poland and South Russia if they make Warsaw their centre .

In selling on credit , the greatest care must be Observed payment on account should be demanded before the goods are sent Off whenever the purch aser n is not sufﬁ ciently well know . Claims on private persons cease to hold after the lapse of a year, and liability to payment for the indorsement on bills 1 4 expires days after they have been protested . Th e great Russian banks have branches in the city . ’ : l Euro e Hotels Bristol , Hotels de p and de

France , etc .

N : W Senato rska 36 . otary aldemar Fischer, CHAPTER XIII

PETROGRAD AND MO SCOW

P e tr o g r ad

THE E British mbassy is on the Palace Quay , at the corner of the S o uvo ro ff Square the consulate Vasilii f . W. . W is on the Ostro f Consul A oodhouse ,

Volk o ffsk Perio olok 2 V - : y , . ice consul C . H . Mackie . : D Secretary G . obson , former correspondent of The Times E , and one of the best known nglish

R Th e é authorities on ussia . Commercial Attach

E Th e will be found at the mbassy . address of the Anglo- Russian Chamber of Commerce is 4 Go ro ch o vaj a . Th e Bureau , from which the address of any ﬁrm or private person can be Obtained by return of 58 Sado fva a post , is at j (telephone A post ’ card can be Obtained at any tobacconist s on which the name of the ﬁrm or person must be written in French or Russian ; this must be posted to the

Bureau . Messengers can be obtained by request from the hotel porter they are also to be seen at the corners C of the hief streets , generally distinguished by red caps . Charges are moderate .

D S roshkies , taxis , and other vehicles are een R everywhere , for the ussians dislike much pedestrian exercise . A ﬁxed scale of fares is in opera tion , but , as a rule the drivers ignore it ,

96 Ho w TO D o BUSI NESS WI TH RUSSI A

N undertaken by several ﬁrms . Reliable otary

. N . Mr Holm , evsky Prospekt

IEF O E : E An leterre CH H T LS urope , Astoria , g , France ; Hotel du Nord (Opposite the Nicholas R Th e . ailway Station) Grand , Gogol St In l normal times , the price of an excel ent lunch or

- 5 6d breakfast in the second class hotels is about 1 .

. ﬁve dinner from one to two roubles , with coffee A 60 course dinner can be had for copecks , but cannot Th e S be recommended . Petrograd water hould not be drunk unless boiled . Restaurants , in which

: Medv e d food and cooking are good j (Bear) , K o nush na a 27 B Mo ika j ; Albert , Police ridge , Mo rska a D Mo rska a Canal ; Cuba , j ; onan , j Contan ,

Mo ika 58 Pivato ﬁrst- Mo rska a 36 ( class Italian) , j E Kamenn o stroffsk 60 L rnest , y y einer (famous for 13 N 18 Th e V . good beer) , evsky ienna , Gogol St N 1 T Palkin (Russian) evsky 7 . here are many ’ é Phili off s N 45 caf s and confectioners , pp , evsky , é Mech ailoffska a and the Polsky Caf , j , being among the best . Th e General Post and Telegraph Ofﬁces are on

Po tchtantska a - the j , near the Anglo American Th e In R Chapel . cost of a telegram ussia and Siberia is 5 Copecks per word the tax is 15 copecks E 10 C for uropean Russia , and opecks per word for wires to and from European and Asiatic Russia . T T 1 C . own telegrams , opeck per word elegrams to Great Britain cost 18 copecks per word ; to

T s 73 . h e o ﬂi ce America , are open day and night t e f c ls d d s h o ﬁ ia are highly e ucate , usually conver ant PETROGRAD AND MO SCOW 97

E . with French , nglish , and German Local time is u about two hours later than Greenwich . It sually takes from one to two hours for a telegram to reach London .

Th e W fare to Petrograd , lst class , by ilson Line

vi a 5 7 . vi a Kiel Canal , is £ , return £ Fare by rail

B n 10 15. erli , from £ to £ By the ordinary train , 1 d 9 05 . 2n 6 105 . lst class fare is about £ class , £ vi a h 18 105 2md ( Flus ing) return , lst , about £ ,

12 65 . about £ Approximate fares are given , as Th e after the war there may be modiﬁcations .

Russi an a - B k a T Ye r oo will give further det ils . he Ofﬁ ces of the International Sleeping Car Company 24 are on the Nevsky Prospekt . Th e chief railw av stations are : Nich o lai effsky Znamensk Varsh aﬂ sk (for Moscow) , y Square y (for W Ob vo dn an Baltisk arsaw and abroad) , y C al ; y (for Warsaw and Riga) and the Finlandsky (for V d Viborg and Helsingfors) , on the iborg Si e , across r the river . All info mation as to passports should be ascertained before starting from the Russian

V - E Consuls and ice consuls in ngland , or from the ’ Passport Department of Cook s . P etrograd was founded by Peter the Great , and Peterb o ur named by him Saint g , after his patron s ll a saint , and as a compliment to his friend in Ho nd , d where he had learnt the arts of ship and city buil ing . Vasilii f It is built on twenty islands , the Ostro f , the A tekarsk Petro radsk Petro ffsk p y , the g y , and y being To the four largest . the north of the city are the Sesto retsk riﬂe works ; east are the Scheremetieff 98 How To DO BUSI NESS WITH RUSSIA

Och ta powder factories , and up the river, the picrine

. Och ta E works All along the are numerous nglish ,

R s ll . us ian , German , and other factories and mi s Si eversk . Southward lies y , noted for its glass works

Th e C - ity contains many mills , iron works , ship ul yards , cotton and cloth mills , full partic ars of which can be Obtained from the Chamber Of

Commerce . There are three English churches the Chapel of E E the mbassy, on the nglish Quay ; the Anglo fﬁ American Chapel , near the Post O ce ; and the E Alexandro ffsk hl nglish Church at y , on the Sc ussel V ilii burg Road . On the as Ostroff is a home for

E D O nglish governesses . etails can be btained by E writing to the British chaplain . nglishmen wish ing to visit Petrograd shoul d write to the Secretary

w E N . Ne O . 36 of the nglish Club , , Petrograd Other interesting material may be found in Petrograd

Past and Present (Grant Richards , which contains an account of the city from its beginnings , and has much information for tourists and travellers . B — al N . . Much v uable information concerning Petrograd and its trade may be found in the Russi an ’ - 1 17 Year B ook and S o uvori u s Calendar for 9 .

(W. B . S . )

M o s co w Moscow is the centre of a great number of business

undertakings , and its trade lies with Central Russia , W e est rn Siberia , Central Asia , and Persia , and

Th e Northern China . great tea trade with China

100 Ho w To DO BUSINE SS WITH RUSSIA

There are many agencies managed by foreigners E the chief nglish ﬁrms are Muir Merrilees , Kno o s T p , Hopper Son , and oulmin Smith . Th e ﬁ rst - class English houses can safely be

” al Th e de t with . British colony in Moscow , though not so numerous as that of Petrograd , is extremely well to do . It is of considerable antiquity, and ﬁrst came into existence during the reign Of T Ivan the errible , who gave the British merchants in Moscow and Archangel every encouragement in order to diminish the power of the German traders of the Hanseatic League . E . W. . (C . P ) CHAPTER XIV

O DE SSA AND RI GA

O de ss a

THE working Of the South Russian markets is attended with far greater dfﬁ culties than the rest T of Russia . his opinion is borne out by the German ,

Austrian , and Swedish consular reports . At the same time it must be remembered that Southern Russia has relatively a much greater need of all T kinds of goods than the rest of the country . his e Of dep nds partly on the density the population , partly on the comparative prosperity of the people owing to the rich agricultural activity and the — industries e specially the production of sugar from beetroot . Conditions should be studied on the f spot , and attention paid to the di ferences obtaining D in the district . irect opening out of business with the prospective customer , especially in retail trade , is not to be recommended ; the great exporters abroad all work together with the help of local agents , who also , if they are suitable , deal with the surrounding Governments , and in some cases

Of the whole South Russia . Odessa is Russia ’ s largest seaport and emporium for the trade of the South . As regards export statistics , Odessa compares well with the surround ing towns ; their commerce lies in the hands of 102 Ho w . TO D O BUSI NESS WITH RUSSIA

u b siness houses , and reinforces her total : ’ ti tis tab ove Of ll it that any other Russian town . Of In choosing a local agent , to whom sole right

ca . control is to be given , the greatest re is necessary One should be especially on guard against agents f who themselves of er their services , and who bring in other ﬁrms belonging to the same clique .

Information bureaux may be found in Odessa , but those who desire to Obtain information from such agencies should remember what has already been said on this matter . All the important banking houses have Offices Th e : Asch e a i . n here private banks are Bank g , and Banker Brodski . Th e import of machinery to and through Odessa E is the largest in the whole mpire , especially if we take into consideration that concerned in E . V agriculture arious nglish , American , and Ger man firms , known throughout the world , have Offices here under the management Of almost

T e independent representatives . h ﬁnest American harvesting machines come into the country through this port , and at the time of writing American companies have stores which employ hundreds of R men . oughly speaking , the trade in machinery is divided thus 3 Th e Americans supply harvesting E n machinery , the nglish that for threshi g and cleaning the grain (including locomotives and all driving gears) , and the Germans implements for

Th e working the land . Swedes are ﬁrst in the supply of separators Of the milk separators

104 HOW To DO BUSINESS WITH RUSSIA

Ri g a T i here is a pa d British Consul in this city, V i . C H . Bosanquet , who will , in all probab lity, be happy to be of service to Englishmen desirous of particulars as to starting business in the B al tic

Th e l R Provinces . business ife of iga does not differ so much from that Of Western Europe as R that of other ussian commercial towns . German

is the principal language . In order to gain a R foothold on the Russian market , iga can be

. exceedingly useful as a . base of operations There are many agents and importers Of all d kinds of goo s , but most of them work within

the range of the three Baltic Provinces , the ul purchasing power of which , with a pop ation

- relatively poor , must not be over rated .

Information bureaux concerning credit , which

also undertake debt collecting , exist , as well as

a number of substantial banking establishments . Th e R T ussian Bank for Foreign rade , which has a

branch in this city , can be recommended ; it , as

well as other banks , will furnish information to

clients well known . ul In advertising , j udgment sho d be used , accord ing to the class Of customers desired : the town and l - country popu ations , the German speaking R all inhabitants , the Letts , ussians , and Jews f Th e need di ferent treatment . peasant class mainly consists of Letts ; their paper in Riga is the D shitenes Westni chs ; the favourite organs of the German - speaking portion are the Rigasche ODESSA AND RI GA 105

Rundschau Ri asche eitun Balti sche , the g Z g , and the

Wochenschrift.

Th e i Governments of Kovno , Grodno , Suvalk , an d even Vilna and Minsk , are usually worked

- from Riga , but as a rule the medium sized ﬁrms

O ﬁ T do not perate farther a eld . here are large industrial undertakings in the environs which deal th Of with e whole Russia . L i h o n Andrestraat 5 t o rn ve . Notaries Frey ag g ,

: . Hotels de Rome , St . Petersburg , Monopole , etc E W . (C . . . P ) CHAPTER XV

E I IEFF ET C . R VAL , L BAU , K ,

R e val

E NO I Esthl and TH GRAPH CALLY , and as regards trade , constitutes a territory which cannot al ways be worked with advantage from Riga ; there are difficulties in finding suitable firms to act as agents

s Th e only for thi district . few reliable houses are already much occupied with Older commercial ties . There is an agricultural union called the Esthland

’ N U Reval er obles nion . For advertising , the Zeitung and the Revaler Beobachter are good ; E there are , moreover , several papers in the sthonian language . Th e harbour of Reval has been enlarged , and improvements on an extensive scale for the acco m m o datio n of the Russian Fleet are now under

Of construction . It is practically free ice , while

R - iga , in spite of its famous ice breaker , built in

Sweden , is closed for several months in the year . Th e voyage between Stockholm and Reval takes much less time than that between Stockholm and Riga ; and Reval has this advantage— it stands in direct railway communication with the whole Of N R orthern ussia and Siberia , and a new direct line connecting it with Southern Russia is planned . Th e major portion of the import trade of Petrograd during the winter passes through Reval . 1 06

108 Ho w To D O BUSI NESS WITH RUSSIA

buying up the stores on various estates , and from the peasants frequently in advance , by lending al them money . Great care is necessary in de ing with these small traders , and direct business rela S W tions with them hould be avoided . ithout the help of a reliable agent no business should be started . E In the machinery trade there are many nglish , f O . German , and Swiss ﬁrms good standing More over, the best Bohemian factories have their own T f . stores in Kie f hese , and the above houses , have their own interests to look after , while this rich region has been very little worked by English

E so - ﬁrms . very February the called contracts take place— meetings for the settling of the various businesses connected with the sugar industry .

Th e T Russian Bank for Foreign rade , the Inter national Bank of Commerce , and other important

Ofﬁ . concerns , have ces here

’ l Euro e Hotels Continental , Grand , de p , France , etc . Th e journey from Kieff to Odessa takes eleven hours .

Ch ar k o ff ( Kh ar k o ff ) Business relations here are best formed by means Of T a personal visit . here are several large import and wholesal e ﬁrms dealing with almost every variety of article , and a great demand exists for ul all agric tural machinery , power engines of kinds , and e items of domestic utility , tools , metals , lectric E I IEFF ET C . 109 R VAL , L BAU , K ,

E lamps . nergetic and dependable agents are in d request , but there are istricts which have an a a extensive and , as reg rds credit , a good purch sing

no t . T capacity, which have been much worked his al so applies to many other parts of Russia that still

awai t development . Th e American machinery ﬁrms conduct their business through their own branch

ffi s l - t o ce , or with the help of high y paid permanen E representatives . nglish or American houses which intend to take over this market shoul d possess a certain amount of capital and keep on hand a

collection of samples . Ushn ra h as For advertising , the y K i the best

Th e Kh ar o ff circulation . k Agricultural Society

publishes its own trading journal . : Pro sh r f e . Hotels Grand Hotel , , Kie f, etc B — Of m N . . One the best and oldest ﬁr s for ul agric tural mach inery before the war was Messrs .

L Kh arko ff. Hume ister, of

Ro sto ﬁ - o n—D o n

T s his region is known as the Granary of Rus ia . nl Here is the beginning , but o y the beginning , of t ff h as . Ro s o an immense future trade behind it , N Of in the orthern Caucasus (the Kuban) , a region

the greatest importance commercially, rich in all Of ﬁeld produce peculiar to the South Russia . W heat , Indian corn , buckwheat , millet , tobacco , Th . e fruit , grapes , grow here in abundance ﬁnest T urkish tobacco comes from the Kuban , and is generally cultivated by Greeks , who rent the land 1 10 Ho w To D O BUSI NESS WI TH RUSSIA from th e wealthy Cossacks of the Stanitze— their settlement . There should be a great opportunity for English capital and enterprise in these fertile lands ; at present development is retarded through lack of water and lack of money . Th e machinery industry here is exclusively ul i concerned with agric ture . Substant al buyers are to be found ; but in most instances they are i of the purely Russian k nd , and no business man should Visit Ro st o ff without some knowledge of the language .

Th e P ri azo k a Adver fis y K r i is the best paper . tisements in the form Of printed circulars and posters in the Russian tongue are useful . Several important places can easily be reached Ro sto ff— Armivar Tech ar etska a from , Stavropol , j j the flourishing port of Novorossisk on the Black Sea is another town specially to be remembered on account of its fine position as port Of discharge for goods intended for the Caucasus and the southern Of V Of basin the olga , also for the purchase grain , T linseed cakes , etc . his thriving port owes its origin mainly to the remarkable activity Of the P celebrated olish railway engineer , Stanislaus I li o to vitch Kerb e dz . pp , under whose direction the

harbour was constructed , with its enormous piers T NOV and American elevators . hanks to these , o ro ssisk , once a small ﬁshing village , has now a

larger grain trade than the capital . By means Tec or etsk of the h j railway, it also absorbs a

CHAPTER XVI

BAKU AND THE CAUCASUS

B ak u

TH I S great centre of the petroleum industry has an E ul E nglish Cons , and many nglish ﬁrms are inter ested i n the exploitation of the rich petroleum beds

of the district . Owing to the enterprise of the N obels and other Swedish ﬁrms , Baku has become Of a centre for the sale motors , compressed air machines , machines for dressing stone , and many

other articles related to the petroleum trade . Many a tank steamer of excellent build has been con structed in Sweden or England for Oil - carrying on n V the Caspian , and brought dow the olga in sections w to Astrachan and B aku . Both of these to ns ul employ a reg ar ﬂeet . Since the opening of the Gro sni ‘ and Maikop

Oil -ﬁ elds ll , mi ions of British capital have been sunk n here . Machi ery, pumps , etc . , and appliances used

in the oil trade should ﬁnd a good market . Nicolaieff T In , aganrog , and Batoum , which have E E u a big trade with ngland , there are nglish Cons ls , also many ﬁrms which might act as agents or

Th e importers of British goods . ﬁrst two ports E import goods from ngland , as well as ship grain ,

seed cakes , etc . Batoum is the terminus and port

Tr s i Of of the an casp an Railway . A large ﬂeet s teamers plies on the Caspian between Batoum , 1 1 2 BAKU AND T HE CAUCASUS 1 13

s . Astrachan , and the port of Northern Persia Many of these are owned by wealthy Persian and

Armenian merchants .

T h e Cau casus h Althoug , strictly speaking , a portion of Asia , the Caucasus has in recent years been brought into W al close contact with the est , and we may most E T reckon it as a part Of Russia in urope . his beautiful country is the Colchis of the ancient adminis Greeks , and a rich land , which , properly te red E , could compete with France , ngland , or

Italy in resources and grandeur of scenery .

Th e s Six Cauca us is divided into Governments , P : T D i and ﬁve rovinces Stavropol , erek , ag stan , Kut aiesk Tiﬂis the Provinces of the Black Sea , , ,

Elizaveta o l Erzesan — p , Baku , , and Kars territories P T Th e which formerly belonged to ersia or urkey . northern part consists mostly of rich steppe land an d and forests of deciduous trees . Forests , even plantations , abandoned by their inhabitants , hide

bears , wild boar , wild cats and goats , the aurochs , al 4 f and other anim s . About 00 di ferent varieties

of birds are found in the Caucasus . Pheasants , P lo vel ersian nightingales , and many v coloured T birds abound . h e soil is fertile . Th e inhabitants are interesting ; nowhere have

Of . I seen such ﬁne types humanity , men and women

Besides the Russian conquerors , we ﬁnd Caucasians , L T esbians , Armenians , artars , Germans , Jews , and

Th e e . A many other races unfortunat rmenians , 1 14 HOW TO D O BUSI NESS WITH RUSSIA

who are detested , and with whom the Jews can hardly compete , have monopolised most of the trade of the country for the pure Caucasians , being mountaineers , warriors , and agriculturists , despise i n di ra . commerce , regarding it as f g

Gold , silver, manganese , copper , sulphur, and i al Of ron are found ; so coal the finest quality , N Th e said to equal that of ewcastle . richest petroleum wells are in this country ; the oil- fi elds a Gro sni of Baku , M ikop , and are now so well known that it is superfluous to do more than allude to them . Siberia and Saghalien also have unexploited

il- l O ﬁe ds . On the Black Sea coast are enormous deposits of natural cement , which could be exported were there not so large a demand for it within Russia itself . Tiﬂis is the most important town ; it has a E mixed population of uropeans and Asiatics , and sIr an enormous trade . All who de e trade in the

Caucasus should visit this place , where representa tives of almost every industry can be found . A — — famous wine Kach etensky is made in this Govern ment Caucasian wines have already been exported to Bordeaux for the purpose of strengthening the

French wines , and will probably ﬁnd their way to E W ngland before long . heat and other grain is T plentiful , and in urkestan cotton is cultivated on 5 0 a large scale , that in a few years Russia should be independent of imported cotton . It is probable that Russia will Open her doors t o

1 16 Ho w TO DO BUSINESS WITH RUSSIA

a district , where the Coss cks introduced the vine on their return from the French campaign of 18 13 18 14 , produces a very sweet , sparkling wine . T Of urkestan sells great quantities dry raisins , of which there are two brands kish mish ee (black

karsh ee and white) and the former , seedless , are like currants , the latter resemble Malaga raisins . Russian wine - growers assert that their clarets

N T aurida made in Bessarabia , orth , Kherson , the

N Kakh etia Kuban , round ovorossisk , in , etc are of the best quality .

Russian vines have been wasted by the phylloxera , E 1 0 E which appeared in the mpire about 88 . ner getic measures have driven it out of Crimea , but Bessarabia and the Caucasus have not yet be en

Th e a cleansed . worst districts are Bess rabia , Tiﬂis and Podolia .

Of In order to get rid it , the Government twenty years ago founded nursery gardens of American

Vines , the total production of which is now grafted slips . Other nursery gardens have been founded by the Bessarabian and Kh ersonian zem stvo s a , and by some Cauc sian municipalities and

private persons .

Phylloxera , however , is growing so speedily that the newly contaminated areas are wider than the

Th e ul improved ones . Board of Agric ture , there

fore , in order to check it , are considering several

new measures , such as premiums , tax remissions ,

’ - vine growers loans , etc . BAKU AND THE CAUCASUS 1 17

Nearly the whole of the Russian wine produced E ul is consumed within the mpire , where it pop arises the taste for wine , for customs duties prevent the

F i rst imports Of ordinary and of mixing wines . Ru dut s class wi nes only can bear the ssi an import i e . Russian imports in 1909 and 19 10 were as follows

Wine s m a e Of ra e s 1 909 1 9 1 0 1 909 1 9 10 d g p , lb lue s e rrie s o r ruit u t o . a b , f , p ) (v ) ° 1 3 strength ° ° Wine s o f 1 3 t o 1 6 stre ngth ° ° Wine s o f 16 t o 25 930

SO far, particulars as to the countries from which All wine is imported have not been published . that can be ascertained is that in 19 10 Russian i purchases in w nes and spirits were from France ,

for against from Germany, for (including many foreign

—F a F rench wines entered as German ones) . rom

Consular Re ort p . CHAPTER XVII

THE URAL REGION

I V atka TH S comprises the Governments of j , Perm , Ufa Orenburg , and , the mountainous districts , and the surrounding territories corresponding to the R ussian division into Governments . Among the ﬁfty Governments of European R ussia , Perm is the third and Orenburg the ﬁfth ,

reckoned by superficial area , the two being equal to the whole peninsul a of Scandinavia the po pul a tion in these Provinces amounts to about E In the towns of katerinburg , Perm , there should ffi E be no di culty in finding nglish representatives , t o tal o f l owing to the great , British capita sunk in the mining centres of the Ural . Omitting the densely wooded portions , and a few other districts , it may be said that the mining and allied industries

’ ul far exceed agric ture , and form the people s chief means of subsistence . Th e land belongs , with few exceptions , to the village communes individual farming has not yet V atka Ufa been seriously begun . In j , Perm , and , ul rye and oats are c tivated ; in Orenburg , wheat Ufa comes first ; in , flax and hemp appear on a al large scale , so sunflowers , for the sake of their

Oil - T , used in seed cakes . hroughout the whole of the South , thousands of acres are used for growing sunﬂowers , the seeds being eaten by the peasants 1 18

120 Ho w To DO BUSINESS WITH RUSSIA

E of the Governor, is behind katerinburg , with not only in population but in the extent

of its trade and commerce . By means of the Northern Railway it is in communication with vi a V atka V Petrograd , and with Reval j and ologda . It has the advantage of an exceedingly busy steam boat trafﬁc with all th e Volga towns by means of T the river Kama . hese steamers are excellent , some of the stem - wheelers being as luxurious as

those on the great American rivers in fact , many of them are named after those highways— the

A kansas M i i M i ssouri r i ssi ss . , pp , , and so on Tw o markets are held each year at Perm , at which household items and iron goods form the

principal articles of sale . Four versts from the city

is a large foundry belonging to the Crown , the town adjoining having a pop ul ation of about

Th e Permska a V edemosti best known paper is the f j . Th e Bureau of Engineers (Permskij Buro Insh een c f ro f) sells technical articles machines,etc . E unctl on al katerinburg is the j for sever railways , and lies at the centre of the mining region ; as a natural consequence the trade in tools and machi n Th e ery is considerable . future of this town is undoubtedly bright ; it is also the centre of a steadily rising milling industry— the great Moscow E Davo ria ﬁrms of rlanger, , and others , which specialise in mill machinery , have their local stores , Th e tra and there are several large banks . ﬂi c in precious stones is Of great importance . Polishing s works for these , and the stone quarrie giving THE URAL REGION 121

s valuable gems , marble , malachite , porphyry , ja per , al etc . , are found in the neighbourhood , the s e of Of these goods taking place in the town . One the most interesting sights here is the beautiful and

- al well arranged mineralogic museum . In this district there are a number of thickly Ne ank o . v populated parishes j , with ab ut inhabitants , is noted for its manufacture of the celebrated sunduke strong wooden boxes with K sch tim O u iron ornamentation and binding . y , p p lation about is one of the chief Copper

U Bereso ff ska centres of the rals , and , not far from E r O kate inburg , is one of the ldest gold mines in

- o o ﬁnsk the mountains . Krasno lies about a hundred i versts from the ra lway and from Kungur, and is a good market for the lighter kinds of agricultural machines , small hand separators , and implements h Th e t ere are , however , few industries . Mongolian i n . type of the people here is very str ki g Kungur, in a fertile region on the river Ufa , ships oats , rye ,

r s - o o ﬁnsk i ﬂax , and hemp . In the K a no d strict are

- a ricul many large iron works , also factories for g T sch adrinsk tural articles , samovars , etc . , in the 100 southern part , is situated about versts from E T katerinburg on the j umen Railway , and has

about inhabitants . A lively trade in grain

is done here , as well as an increasing export of

butter ; this deserves the attention of travellers . T al here is so a milling industry .

Irbit is noted for its annual market or fair, which

- is second in fame only to that of Nishni Novgoro d . 122 Ho w To DO BUSINESS WITH RUS SIA

Th e place is in real ity nothing more than an over ul l grown village , the pop ation being on y or

but during the fair, which lasts from 25th January to lst March , it becomes a trading

centre of the ﬁrst magnitude , important not only R to ussia but even to foreign countries . Here are

made immense purchases of valuable furs , hides ,

Th e leather, wool , tea , ﬁsh , and Oriental goods . trade in furs alone is estimated to amount to

Th e or roubles . gathering is Of R attended by merchants from all parts ussia , E and even by some from other lands . normous sums are spent in gaiety by the visitors , as at the N better known ishni . Manufactured goods from Russia to foreign factories are sold for about Of roubles , and the total turnover European articles is set at about As many Of the sales are made simply according to patterns , the actual turnover at the Irbit fair must

co mmunica be much greater , and as transport and tion facilities improve , the significance of this i D market w ll certam increase . uring the fair, Of the great bankers have their own fices , news papers are published , theatres and restaurants in the real Russian style fl o urish— only to be closed T down when the fair is over . hen Irbit again returns to the dull life of a small and remote provincial town . Th e Governments of Orenburg and Ufa (pro no unce d — Th e Of Oofa) . first these occupies an area R of about square versts . (A ussian

CHAPTER XVIII

THE M I NI NG I NDUSTRIE S O F THE URALS

ONE of the reasons for the backwardness Of the Ural region in output of mineral s was that the engineers sent from the Mining School of Petrograd to investigate and report , and afterwards appointed to positions in the Government mining ventures , formed among themselves a closed ring of Ofﬁ cials hostile to modern methods and anxious to prevent T e every attempt to control production . h original Of supplies timber, considered inexhaustible , which , Ue owing to scarcity of coal , had to be s d as fuel in the shape of charcoal for the smelting , at last began to be either insufﬁcient or too distant from O the works ; the utput then lessened , and about 1908 i the year came a crisis which , happ ly, was to bring about many reforms . NO mining district in Europe can rival the Urals 19 1 1 Of . in the variety treasure produced In ,

kilogrammes of gold , kilo . of platinum ,

kilo . of silver , kilo . of lead ,

- i . kilo . of copper , k lo of pig iron , about Of kilo . of coal , and kilo . table salt came from this wonderful region , the

’ COppe r representing 51 per cent . of Russia s entire production . In normal times , Russia is certam independent of imported copper . In 19 10 the mi nIng experienced a notable 1 24 T HE MI NI NG I NDUSTRI ES O F THE URALS 125

e boom , the like of which had never b en known t ” within the land , and from his iron hunger , and

other exciting inﬂuences , the industries of the U rals derived beneﬁts which , on the whole , still S make themselves felt . Statistics how that among 37 ‘ 8 other raw products , iron rose from million 2 poods in 1908 to about 50 million in 19 1 .

’ Of Of About 95 per cent . the world s supply i W plat num comes from the Urals . hen we remem ber that the price of this rare metal is continually

on the rise , it is easy to deduce what a rich source The of revenue to the State is at hand . largest platinum mines are worked by a company with French capital (Compagnie Industrielle de Platine) s amounting to franc , which owns forty ur Sch o uval washings in Ve rch o t j e . On the eff properties in the northern district of Perm there are still richer platinum washings , which produce about 100 T po ods a year . hanks to the expert manage ment the trade in this metal has fallen al most entirely into French hands . Large quantities ,

O . moreover , are btained by illegal methods NO rational method of working the nickel deposits U al of the r s is in operation , but quicksilver , pyrites , s asbe tos , chrome , and phosphorite are available , and are sent down to the capital in barges by means Of the Volga and the Mariensky Canal system . Another important branch Of the mining is the working of the large deposits of quartz . Th e metallurgical works are generally in a position — to meet their requirements of ﬁ re proof stone from 126 Ho w TO D O BUSINESS WITH RUSS IA their own material or from the Ural region ; In 1909 more than ﬁ re - proof bricks were — produced in the Urals about poods.

Of dl Layers granite exist , but they are har y worked al l t at , as little attention is at present paid to stree paving in Russia . Cement is found , and factories

Nev ansk - Simsk have been erected in the j y Zavod , in y

- I vanoffsk and Katov y , which produce more than is needed for local consumption hence it is neces sary to ﬁnd a market elsewhere . Marble of splendid Zlat ao o sk quality occurs in , and is polished for the market of Moscow the polishing substance , emery or corundum , is also found .

Th e diamond , topaz , beryl , aquamarine , amethyst , sapphire , and mountain crystal are found in the E l Province of katerinburg , chieﬂy round the Vil age

k Of Ekater Of Marsin a. Part the output is sold in inb ur g , part bought up by the itinerant traders ; but persons who are not experts would be able to buy them as cheaply in London , or Petrograd , or

T O . Stockholm . ( his bservation also applies to furs )

Stones of lesser value (jasper, malachite , etc . ) are E Of . polished , principally in the district katerinburg

U r al Co al P r o ducti o n

Th e total prod uction for 19 1 1 amounted to

poods , the outputs of the respective colli eries being as follows

o o ds R ub akhi n Co llierie s o f Nazaro v p . m T ch usso v Co llieri es o f th e K a a Co .

Th e Ussov Collieries o f Be rdinsk B ro s .

128 Ho w To D O BUSINESS WITH RUSSIA

Ou t ut S to ck at nd p . e o the ear f y . PI G -I RON— contd F OO . DS . 1 909 1908 1907 I RON STEEL PRODUCERS (semi -ﬁnish ed ) 1 9 1 1 4 1 9 1 0 4 1 9 9 0 4 , 1 908 4 1 907 4 I RON STEEL

Ru ssi an Cast - ir o n an d S teel P r o ducti o n

S emi -ﬁni shed F i ni shed Cast-iron I ran and I ron and . S tee l . O O P DS .

Co lli e r i e s o f Eur o pe an Rus si a Th e total production Of the collieries in European R 19 1 1 ussia amounted to poods in , as compared with poods in 1905 . Th e respective production of the individual sections b has een as follows , in million poods T HE MI NI NG I NDUSTRIES OF THE URALS 129

1 9 1 908 1 909 1 9 1 1 9 1 1 07 . . . 0 . . D o netz Co llier ies Do mbro va Ural M o sco w istri c l D t Co . Caucasian Co llieries

T o tal s

o o s p d .

R u s si an Co pper O utput i n 1 91 1 Th e productions of the individual regions were as below

19 1 1

PO O DS . U rals Caucasus Altai Siberi a Ch e mi cal and Reﬁne ri e s Wo rks

Th e n i crease , though observable at all copper producing centres , except the Altai , was particularly U pronounced in the rals , where it amounted to 43 per cent . CHAPTER XIX

THE GRAI N TRADE AND MI LLI NG I NDUSTRY I N THE URAL RE GION

RUSSI A produces every year about four mill iard 1 36 lb Of — poods ( pood equals . ) grain about — Of tons which about poods , representing a value of , roughly , are

Th e U - exported . ral region is a rye producing country, especially important by reason of its V atka geographical situation . j , in this respect , takes the ﬁrst place . According to available R Tamilo ff ussian data , this Government and that of occupy predominant places among all the Russian

- rye producing districts .

(Rye is the principal article of food of the people , especially the peasant classes , who regard this cereal as far more nourishing than wheat or any

’ — Tr s a s N ote an l tor . other kind of grain . ) Th e following table shows the average harvest of the four Ural Provinces during the the last ten

s years , given in thousands of pood

U a . Vi a ka er . t . P m f Ry e Oats Barle y 200 B uckwh eat 1 35 S umme r Wh eat 30 Peas 600 200

Th e most fertile region is a portion of the Govern ment of Ufa lying between the rivers Bj elaj a and

132 Ho w To D O BUSI NESS WITH RUSSIA quantities of grain were shipped on the rivers V atka and B ela a s Kama , j , j j ; given in pood

K a a a. V B el atka. ma. j j j

Th e actual transport Of grain begins at the town of Orsa , on the Kama , south of Perm but on the B ela a Ufa j j and rivers , shipments go from almost

- all the landing places . It is an interesting sight to see the long rows of stevedores engaged in this

. T work Most of them are artars , veritable giants , of the type portrayed by Maxim Gorki , and the burdens they manage to carry surpass anything a W estern European can imagine .

extremel "Some of them are Persians , also v powerful men at Astrachan , on the Caspian , it is not unusual to see a S ingle Persian labourer carrying on his shoulders up the gangway from ship to shore a grand p iano , which here we should consider a — ’ Translat r s N ote . heavy load for two or three men . o ] These primitive methods Of loading cannot be avoided , as there are no cranes or elevators , although along the Samara- Zlato o sk railway there are said to be several modern elevators and capacious granaries . Oats and rye form the principal trafﬁc

B ela a V atka on the Kama and j j on the j , generally oats and ﬂour on the Lower Kama . Ekaterinburg and Perm occupy an important position as regards the milling industry ; although THE AI N E ETC . 133 GR TRAD ,

V atka Ufa O the Governments of j , , and renburg d pro uce more grain , milling has not attained such Th e T proportions in them . regions round chela b insk are in process of rapid development in this ll respect . Many smaller mi s , often driven by petroleum motors , are to be found in all the Govern ments , but these supply chieﬂy local necessities .

E w . P . (c. . ) CHAPTER XX

THE MACH I NE DEPOTS OF THE RUSSIAN GOVERNMENT I N SI BERIA

I N addition to what has already been said on the

previous pages concerning this subject , we may D add some further information , as the Crown epots (Kazennyi Sklad) can be regarded as typical of

the trade in machines in Siberia . Their principal privilege consists Of business capital free of interest

in use , discounts on railway freight , free postage ,

and freedom from taxation . All these advantages are enjoyed by the Government despite competition N with the merchants . otwithstanding these favours , it cannot be said that the latter suffer directly from ’ T . h e the Government s competition Crown depots ,

as a rule , keep up ﬁxed prices and are content with reasonable proﬁts what with the bureaucratic methods Of carrying on business which still con

' tinue , and the systematic maintaining of certain machine marks , it happens that the free merchant o wn is fully able to hold his .

On Co ns ig nm ent

Th e Crown Depots are estimated to make a Of fourth all the sales of ag ricultural implements ,

. In etc in Siberia the beginning , although fur nish ed with many privileges , they were managed o u to m ch on bureaucratic lines , and consequently

136 HOW TO DO BUSI NESS WI TH RUSSIA the S ix ﬁrms which constituted the American

T — McCo rmick D rust , eering , Osborne , Champion , — Milwaukee , and Plane the Crown depot in Omsk d D d ﬁrst favoure eering , which was a good a vertise ment for the Americans in Russia . For several years Deering ’ s enjoyed a practical monopoly in

T Of the Siberian markets . h e turnover this ﬁrm alone amounted to some millions of roubles . Th e " Americans are spending much time , capital , and energy in pushing their mining and dredging in E machines astern Siberia , where , as is well

e . known , there is much auriferous w alth ’ a Tr nslato r s N ote . ] After sustaining considerable losses during the

ﬁrst years of their activity , the depots have now T Of begun to be a proﬁtable affair . h e number n Crow stores has been increased , and forty or

ﬁfty are now at work in Siberia .

B o ar d o f Em i g r ati o n Th e duties of the Board of Emigration consist in

" the forwarding , clothing , and maintaining those emigrating to Siberia , procuring them land , and administrating a trading department , the work of which is to supply emigrants with material for building their houses , seed , and machines for their f ul first di fic t period , and sometimes with cattle and draught beasts . Its administrative centre is Omsk , and , as before stated , it now makes the purchases for all the Siberian depots , though many branch managers take up a very independent position ; THE MACH I NE DEPOTS 137 and for that reason the greater factors and firms

Th e have their representatives in that city . Crown De n pots are Government Institutions , and the Crow u is responsible for their p rchases ; this does not , however , prevent their payments being very slow

al . T and at uncertain interv s herefore , the value of a good representative in Omsk is not to be under estimated for those who understand how to procure the right kind of entree have the advant age of being more quickly attended to , and a ﬁrm which has once been introduced at the Crown Depot can reckon on having a greater turnover among the merchants .

Cr e dit Conditions of credit in Siberia are for the most E part the same as in uropean Russia , varying ak according to the wares involved , but , spe ing b e generally , it may said that in Siberia buyers

Of expect and receive longer terms credit . A ﬁxed d perio , it seems , cannot be arranged , but of all the goods Sweden exports , the longest term of credit T is expected on oil motors . his is explained by T n their high price relatively . h e most accommodati g

ﬁrms in the matter of long credits are German .

S ib eri a a G o o d M ark e t

Th e possibilities for the sale Of all kinds of ag ricul al tural goods in Siberia are limitless . A great s e is

already guaranteed beforehand , owing to the enor

Th e mous wear and tear of machinery . careless 138 HOW TO D O BUSI NESS WI TH RUSSIA

dl way in which it is han ed , the great variations of temperature to which it is subjected , and , above all , the absence of repairing facilities , cause the life of a machine to be very short . But the harvest al l ing time is so brief , and must be quickly and ful y made use of , else crops are lost . In some districts Of the Yenesey the seed ripens in 100 days (from sowing to harvest) and frost can come S O suddenly that it Often happens harvest is being gathered while the snow is falling . Obviously , then , all mI far ng equipment ﬁnds a ready market in Siberia .

140 Ho w To D O BUSINESS WITH RUSSIA

al in that this part , though not devoted to the production of butter on a large scale , nevertheless evinces an increasing demand for implements . This arises from the fact that the fertile corn - growing i s M nussin k . region , as far south as , satisﬁes its need

Tch elab insk From , and farther , right on to

NO O- Nikolaieffsk V , there stretches alongside the Siberian Railway a broad belt of places with depots for agricultural implements , and these are also

arl us found at every station in v o quantities . In the great centres , such as Omsk , Kurgan , Petro pavlovsk , Barnaul , Biisk , and others , one comes across at least a dozen large firms carrying on a business in these goods ; and even in the larger villages a number of dealers in this machinery are met with . It is noticeable , first of all , that their stores stand , as a rule , in the open street , exposed to all the influences of the weather . Ploughs ,

- harrows , hand threshing machines , butter churns , etc . , are piled one on the other and if the stranger should remark that even if they are not seriously damaged they will , at any rate , suffer in appear T ll ance , the reply comes hey wi look still worse directly they are used It must not be imagined ,

O from this careless bservation , that it is wise to deliver poor- looking articles with little ornamenta

- u a tion or get p, for colour and general appear nce are great considerations with the purchasers , and many a German ﬁrm owes its success in no small measure to the partiality of the Russian buyers for bright colours . AGRI CULTURE I N SI BERI A 1 4 1

T h e D epo ts o f th e R us si an G o ve rnm e nt It is not generally known that the Government officials for the organisation Of agric ul ture carry on I n an extensive trade in agricul tural implements .

Siberia , this organisation is probably the largest in a the trade . For numerous re sons , the need for a complete inventory of implements and machinery is urgent in Siberia and the Western Asiatic steppe e i regions . Th necessity of lay ng up stores of fodder for the winter (for, on account of the early cold ,

- Of harvest time is very brief) and the want labourers , combined with the comparative prosperity of the peasants , has the result that Siberia , on which we in general have been accustomed to look down , is ,

ﬁ rst - l in the use of class agricultura machinery , considerably ahead of European Russia . It is estimated that in Siberia about three times as much modern machinery is employed on a single E acre as in uropean Russia . Siberia and the steppe districts alone give work to dozens Of large ll ﬁrms , principa y American , trading in these articles . Th e R ussian Institute , which has in hand the ordering of emigration to Siberia , has also arranged for the sale of agricultural goods in that country

Th e on a large scale . ﬁrst depot is already in Tch elab insk m working order in , and si ilar ones are to be found in the whole of the country , even as Vladivo sto ck far as , and in a southern direction the trade of the Board of Emigration extends its i 19 12 activ ty to the Chinese frontier . In , its 142 HOW re no BUSINESS WI TH RUSSIA turnover is said to have amounted to about 8 4 million roubles , about ploughs , reaping machines , winnowing and other machines ,

. s and threshing machines , etc , being dispo ed

. e of Moreover , it must be rememb red that this

Institute , supported by the Government , in no way f shuts out the competition O private undertakings . In every case it works with a good proﬁt but the proﬁt is largely employed for purposes of culture , Of such as the upkeep schools , experimental sowing , establishments for the study and improvement Of plants , and for the publication and circulation of Th e educational pamphlets for the people . rapid progress of Siberia , in fact , in the matter of culture , may be attributed in no small measure to the work

of this Board . Th e table at the end of this chapter will show the prices Obtained by the stores belonging to the 1909 19 1 2 Government , in Omsk , from to , with

Th e some minor fluctuations . average now would T be about 5 per cent . higher . hey can also be taken as typical of the figures obtained in other Govern ment stores in Siberia ; but as the rouble was at 25 1d that time worth more than it is at present ( . . 5 as compared with 1 . the profit on all articles R n exported to ussia will be proportio ately increased , especially if the money thus gained is invested in the E country . As a rule , it is advisable to invest nglish

money in farming , manufactures , and mining now that the rouble is low ; for when Russia recovers

from the war , it will probably rise to its former

144 Ho w TO Do BUSI NESS WITH RUSSIA

e peasant in hous hold industries , and those coming T . h e c from a few other factories main sour e , a however , lies abroad , and American factories t ke

the primary place . Austrian manufactured goods E are seldom seen in Siberia , and nglish deliveries ,

with the exception of portable engines , are less E E ’ frequent t han in uropean Russia . ngland s export to Russia in this branch of trade consists mainly of large portable engines and threshing machines , and large steam ploughs , the era for which has not yet arrived in Siberia . Canada

l - sends a wel known type of threshing machine , R manufactured by Massey Harris . ecently , the

- D W - Lister arley and olseley Pedersen separators , e from Birmingham , have endeavour d to ﬁnd a

E - il market . Th e nglish crude O motors begin to gain a footing , and their more careful and solid construction will secure for them a great sal e in

fOur- the future ; they are usually stroke , and , as

- such , are stronger made than the Swedish two stroke .

In dairy machinery , Sweden , up to the present , commands the market and should maintain her

e . monopoly, particularly with r gard to separators Attempts to introduce in Siberia the German separators have not met with much success . T i hresh ng machines , on the contrary, are

’ America s almost exclusive monopoly . It is true E a nd that a few nglish , Swedish , German models have appeared , but these vanish among the great numbers of American machines . Since the Inter al has nation Harvester Co . taken to manufacturing AGRI CULTURE I N SIBERIA 145

R in ussia on a large scale , and even makes the

Lo b o re ka O g j , a peasant implement ften more t suitable for local conditions , for a long ime it will prob ably be diffi cult to compete with it Amen cans in this sphere , the more so as the are much better situated ﬁnancially than their competitors . Germany manages with considerable success the Of s s sale ploughs , cultivators , thre hing machine ,

n - multiple sowi g machines and , more portable steam engines . Th e household manufacture of implements and the sal e of them in Siberia is considerable ; more th an half of all sold there are made within the conﬁnes Of the Russian Empire chieﬂy in European R s i s . us a , although there are at present few factorie b re ka Lo o . ah g j are made by B H n , of Odessa ;

Helferich - Kh arko ff Elsw o rth Ekater Sade , in y , in ino slaff Bard ansk r z ; John Grieves , in j ; F an SchrOde r Taurida Aksa , in the ; by the j Co of Ro sto ff- o n- -Don Bado ffsk the ; Fuchs , y , and a in number of other works , most of them found s T . ak Southern Rus ia hese ﬁrms also m e ploughs ,

and latterly the ploughs have reached Siberia , and

are manufactured there in large numbers . Messrs .

Vo ronesh Tch elab insk Stoll , of , have a branch in 1 50 . employing about men , and in Omsk , S Randrup , D a anish ﬁrm originally exporting butter , has , with B the aid of ritish capital , started the manufacture an T of ploughs on extensive scale . his ﬁrm

l s seems to have succeeded well , and it a so supplie 146 Ho w T o D O BUS I NESS WITH RUSSIA

winnowing gear , with other accessories suited for local requirements . B — T e "N . . h author of this book endeavoured to interest the Swedish plough manufacturers in the partial making of the most expensive types now d l ma e in Germany, which wou d be a paying busi t ness with a brilliant future , but found little suppor ] Th e following works and factories have a good name and do large business in Sibe rian markets 1 Hahn , Odessa ; ploughs . Balsch o i To ch mak Taurida Fuchs , , ; reaping

machines . Franz SchrOder ; reaping and threshing

machinery .

k t ff- o -D Th e A saj CO Ro s o n on ; ploughs .

Grieves CO Bardj ansk ; reaping machines . Li h ardt p Co Moscow ; ploughs , threshing

n . machi es , motors

V ro es CO . o n h Stoll , ; ploughs , motors ,

harrows , etc . L ub eritsk j y , Zavod ; reaping machines ,

: motors , ploughs

CO . R Phoenix , iga; implements for tilling the land al W W R B tic agon orks , iga ; implements for

tilling the land , and motors . Peasant industries produce In considerable quan

Of d tities the more simple kind plough , made of woo Of E (like those the ancient gyptians) , also threshing

1 Many O f th e Ge rmans in Russia are Russian subj e ct s fro m th e Baltic Pro vinces wh o se ancesto rs h ave be en e stablish e d in

Russia fo r ce nturie s .

148 Ho w TO DO BUSINESS WITH RUSSIA

P rice i n M n a ufacturer s N ame . Li Plo ugh . ph ard t R ea in mach in e Fuch s Ru ssian p g , ( ) S e lf- bin din g D e ering (Amen ) R e aping m ach ine (Am e rican) Win no w ing machine R u ssia H o m ew o rk

N B —T 1909—19 12 ". . hese prices obtained from , T with some small ﬂuctuations . hey may be regarded as typical of the prices charged in the remaining G overnment Depots in Siberia ] CHAPTER XXII

T HE MOST I MPORTANT TOWNS OF SI BERIA WEST O F LAKE BAI KAL APART from the greater Siberian villages (many Of which have from to inhabitants , an e extensive trade , and are well on the way to b coming n L tow s) , the most notable centres west of ake Baikal are the following EN TJUM , with a population of about T vi a his is where such goods as arrive Perm , and which must be transhipped by means of the rivers

vi ce versa . Irtish and Obi , or , must be unloaded Th e al town has sever steamboat companies , and a considerable trade . In June , a market for the sale S ee of hides , skins , bristles , etc . , is held . ( table at end for ﬁgures relating to various hide markets . )

Various industries are quite lively here . A steamer 500 wharf employs about men , and some large steam

ﬂ o ur- u T mills are r nning . here are also engineering and mechanical works , iron and other foundries , a tannery , two breweries , and about ten steam saw mills , etc . All these give one the impression of having only made a beginning of their activity and of awaiting the advent of competitors . K N URGA , with about inhabitants , is the n pri cipal centre of the butter trade of Siberia , although its meat and game export is by no means Th e insigniﬁcant . trade in agricultural machinery 150 Ho w TO Do BUSI NESS WITH RUSSIA

is worthy of attention . In recent years the butter business has attracted to this place a large colony of

D - anes , and even some Russian Germans and E nglishmen . E O VLO P TR PA VSK , population from to is the centre for the trade in cattle intended for i slaughter, in meat , tallow , hides , horseha r , and

Khir ise Th e other products from the g steppes . butter trade is strongly developed , and the turnover in agricultural and dairy machinery is large . A great number Of Danish business men and dairy-farmers have settled here and in neighbouring districts . Th e industries are inconsiderable a few tanneries

- z l and some medium si ed mi ls are in operation . O MSK , with about inhabitants , claims to be the capital of Siberia although Tomsk in every i U ul respect disputes this cla m . sef information as to how business should be carried on with England or other countries is best Obtained by means of a

‘ l t c tions a riva e onnec . person visit failing this , by p Th e numerous foreign colony here has in its ranks several prominent ﬁrms which would answer this

purpose , but it must not be forgotten that these have , as a rule , their own interests to look after . U ntil the war broke out , Germany kept a State ul paid Cons at Omsk besides this , the commercial attaché of the General Consulate in Petrograd was Th e D for a time stationed in Siberia . anish colony

is principally concerned in the butter business , but

sometimes sells dairy and other machines .

Omsk occupies a very favourable position , being

152 Ho w To DO BUSINESS WITH RUSSIA

SEMI PALAT CHI NS K l , popu ation about has

a valuable trade in wool , hides , horsehair , bristles ,

- and other raw products . It is the starting point l for caravans going to Centra Asia hence , a trade ll in Asiatic articles sti ﬂourishes , though owing to the railway it has not the same importance as T formerly . here are great mills in the regions

round here , and the largest distillery in Siberia

is situated here . Th e Siberian gold - workings have to some extent o wn fﬁ and their o ces for making purchases , also

co - l t i sk run operative stores in Semipa a ch n . A good business should be done in mining , boring , and crushing machinery in this town .

NO O- NI KOLAIEFF S K V is quite a new town , which for the most part has come into existence since the opening of the Siberian Railway . At the present time it should have a population numbering from to Its position strongly resembles i that of Omsk , as it is situated where the ra lway

Th e Sudsch en crosses the river Obi . coal beds of k o ffsk y are near here these , when we note their suitable locality , seem to signify that this spot will become the future industrial centre of Siberia .

T - here are already saw mills , ﬂour mills , and some Th e small engineering works . transport of goods O on the river is considerable , and if the town btains the promised line to the Altai- Central Asian frontier Unto r it has undoubtedly brilliant prospects . t unatel y , this and other projects are treated with

l - the wel known Russian dilatoriness . IMPORTANT TOWNS OF SIBERIA 153

Both in Novo -Nikolaieffsk and in Tomsk there is an excellent Opportunity for capable English mer

- Of l chants , and a well paid consular ﬁcia , or attache commercial , has in each place a ﬁeld for his activities . B Th ARNAUL has about inhabitants . e a D d iry farms here are in the hands of anes , and as e the town lies in a relatively populous region , trad

5 T exceptionally good . here is a capital market

- for separators , harvesting machinery , horse rakes , t Oil harrows , scy hes , etc . , and small motors . O K th e T MS , if we go by criterion of population , is the largest city of Siberia , and although it does not come directly into contact with the railway, it is still , as regards trade , one of the most important . In educational facilities it occupies the first place in the country . Th e Government (Province) of T omsk is rich in f many respects . It has the administrative o fices Of ffi the Government , the chief o ces of the Siberian The Railway , and other Government institutions . U T niversity, a echnical High School , a seminary e for women , an Academy of Music , a mus um , and ak T theatres , etc . , all tend to m e omsk the most notable town of Siberia .

Its population has a vigorous purchasing capacity . It is the centre for supplying the Siberian gold mines , and if the trade in raw produce has been attracted to other places perhaps more suitably situated , on the other hand in recent years a lively trade has sprung up in better class goods . Various 154 HOW To DO BUSINESS WITH RUSSIA

l steamboat companies are to be found here , dea ing fﬁ ll with the river tra c , also mi s , breweries , saw works , match manufacturers , tanneries , foundries , We furriers , and factories for preparing furs , etc . may regard Tomsk as easily the most ﬂourishing industrial city of Siberia . m A considerable number of foreigners , al ost all exclusively occupied with the trade in the country ’ s products or the import of foreign manufactured goods , reside here . Before the war , Germany had E a consul in the place . xcellent banking con nectio ns can be arranged through almost all the R more important ussian banks , and the Credit

Lyonnais . K NO RAS JARSK , with about inhabitants , is

chieﬂy a place of transport for goods on freight , which have to be forwarded by the river or unloaded Th e for the railway . trade of the town does not f seem to be su ﬁciently developed , and I could not O T bserve any very important single industry . here

are a few dealers in agricultural machinery , but D they purchase vi a Omsk . airies have recently n been established on the spot , and this busi ess ,

owing to the favourable situation of the place , has

certainly numerous possibilities . I i RKUTSK is the port of passage to Lake Ba kal , Th e E . and by means of it , also to astern Siberia

town has , perhaps , or people , the

number varying with the strength Of the garrison . E Here , trade with astern Asia becomes more

vigorous . Irkutsk is also greatly interested in the

156 HOW To DO BUS I NESS WITH RUSSIA

T established by foreigners . hese are , in general , certain buyers . s "Many of the German colonist , who have been 1 50 settled in Russia for about years , are exceed in l o ff g y well , prosperous farmers , landowners , manufacturers , and merchants . As a rule , they , speak a corrupt form of German , . and wear their ld T ar own peculiar O German costumes . hey e fOl generally exceedingly religious , being mostly Of lowers John Huss and Jerome of Prague ; and , broadly speaking , they are very trustworthy .

’ Translato r s N ote ] E . w . P . (c. ) CHAPTER XXI I I

TH E USE AND NECESSITY OF TRADE EXPE RTS

THE following extracts from the Report of the German Commercial Treaties Union to the German N T E Foreign Ofﬁce , on the ecessity of rade xperts ,

is given at some length , as it shows what importance s Germany attaches to the Rus ian markets , and shoul d act as an incentive to British merchants Wh o l and the authorities , are too often inc ined to adopt the line of least resistance in dealing with fresh opportunities of trade abroad .

EXTRACTS FROM THE RE PORT OF THE GERMAN COMMERCIAL TREATI ES UNION D to the Foreign epartment in Berlin , concerning the improvement and extension of the

I N I E OF E N O E I E ST TUT G RMA C MM RC AL ATTACH S .

Berlin l st Au ust 19 12 — In o hi , g , rder to make clear t s o n s n ss o ur and to most imp rta t bu i e for exports , subject to an - o n n w e h fi h ad th e it all r u d judgme t , ave rst of all s - ch n n n i s no t o n mo t far rea i g writte i quir e made , ly o n th e a o n h n s o f am g corpor ti s c iefly i terested , but al o r n n i s Th s Of a g eat umber of private i d vidual . e result these inquiries have emph asised this reflection : Do th e co mmercial experts meet th e real requirements of th e German fo reign trade " The n to th e fi and n n is a swer rst fu dame tal question , o n th e h o as o as in th e ffi h in h w le , g od a rmative , t at t is institution is t o be fo und o ne o f th e most impo rtant and promising o rganisations fo r th e furtherance of th e n Th e h b e m Germa export trade . C am r of Co merce at 1 57 158 Ho w TO D O BUSI NESS WITH RUSSI A

Breslau writes that th e co mmercial experts have given valuable services to all tho se circles interested in th e ” o n s h h s o f o c h exp rt busi es . Ot er C amber C mmer e ave w n in s But th e o ne ritte a similar pirit . at same time must " no t expect that th e co mmercial expert will take th e place o f th e perso nal experience of th e country and its people which our expo rters o ught to possess for h h h e s n fi o t emselves , or t at will ave i dividual rms fr m s in h o wn n s o r n nn s end g t eir represe tative , re der u eces ary h o wn n o f n o n a e tc co m t eir acquisitio i formati , d ta , . A mercial attaché is in th e first place selected to serve a ’ c n n n n t o new ountry s ge eral i terests , to direct atte tio and co m ss and n sh markets mercial po ibilities , to fur i quick reports co ncerning condi tions which affect trans th o s n n n f h n e e tc . o t e port , credit p itio , ba ki g , , cou try in wh h h s ic t ey re ide . W h n s s th e "it refere ce to Rus ia , and e pecially n o G n n th e n n co n i teri r over me ts , earliest i formatio cerning th e h arvest pro spects would be of advantage o o Th e n and o t exp rters . ma ufacturers exp rters at home w ould then be in a position to direct their wo rk upo n a district Where a go o d harvest was anticipated; they would be able to forward catalo gues there in n o n h r o n n good time , se d t ei travellers , and c ce trate h n h fi Th o t eir e ergies on t is eld . ey w uld also be able — t o pro tect themselves from loss since a bad h arvest — brings unforeseen difli culties and t o estimate to what extent they sh o uld prepare t o co ncede favour t o creditors wh o in a bad year avail themselves Of th e c oppo rtunity to demand prolongation of redit . P eter so C. E . W. s n . ] Whi le co mmercial experts keep themselves and their o s h n o e s o ne n no t h rep rt wit i pr p r limit , eed fear t at sse fi in c al s ss fo r n n n le r rms , weak apit and u ele i depe de t o w l o h b e n exp rt , ill a l w t emselves to led into enteri g n n into direct co mmunicatio ns with foreig cou tries .

It sh o uld be his duty t o warn them fro m this danger . Th e propo sitio n h as been made in so me quarters that commercial experts should (as is customary in some o s h h n and no t th e c untrie ) be attac ed to t eir legatio s , to

160 HOW T O D O BUSI NESS WITH RUSSI A

— moment only two such posts are occupied at Petrograd and B h Th e n a uc arest . greater i dustrial States, especi lly h o h h h h o t se wit w ic we ave c mmercial treaties , are far n n Th more important tha Ruma ia . eir capitals are : nn M n P i ch B n Vie a, ila , ar s , Zuri , russels , A twerp, Stock h M L n and n n n . h olm, adrid, isbo , Co sta ti ople Anot er reason fo r th e increase is that our consulates in th e above cities are being mo re and more o verwhelmed h o f o n n every year wit duties every c ceivable ki d , in h nn h h efli cient n suc ma er t at , owever a co sul may be , h c n h o h th e en e a ardly pr ve equal to t em . At pres t n G n h as 640 h n ns and n mome t , erma y o orary co uls , o ly 142 o n and in h o paid c suls , t is respect takes a bad p sition co In compared with oth er great mmercial States . En n th e is 600— 210 in th e n gla d, proportion ; U ited — F n 633— 21 Th fi u 299 304 7 . States , ; in ra ce , ese g res fo r Th Sh h o w h n speak themselves . ey ow a muc stro ger representation is desirable for th e protectio n of German n s th e n o n G n i terest . In many of places me ti ed, erma l h n commercial experts are a ready at work, but uma energy does no t suffi ce to co ver such an immense field s n and n s s as regard co ditions , customs , busi e s u ages ; more so wh en we consider such widely separated hi n B sh n th e n territories as C a, riti India , Japa , U ited and ss Fo r and th e n s States , Ru ia . Russia U ited State , three and fo ur commercial attachés Sh o uld no t be to o n E o s th e c n o f M ma y . In ur pean Rus ia , e tres oscow,

W O h n . arsaw, and dessa are c ieﬂy to be co sidered CHAPTER XXIV

POPULAT ION AND LANGUAGE

I N the year 1907 the population of the Russian Empire was in 19 16 it stands at abo ut (includmg the Grand Duchy of

Finland) . Th e population doubles every fifty to fifty- five ’ S years , in pite of the fact that Russia s mortality E 1985 rate is the highest in urope . By the year ,

at the present rate of increase , the number of inhabitants will exceed without con side ring annexations in Europe and Asia which

Russia is continually making .

In every persons , it is estimated that h 77 1 107 z 66 ri t ere are peasants , citi ens , abo gines T 23 15 s ( artars , Finns , Cossacks , noble , 5 5 z 8 f ecclesiastics , ennobled citi ens , and of di ferent i occupations unclassiﬁed . Most of the aborig nes E dwell in Asia , the Caucasus , and astern Siberia . T here are about peasants in Russia , the majority of them having either their own S freeholds or a hare in the communal land . About three - fourths of the people are engaged in ag ricul a 10 tur l pursuits ; about per cent . in industries 10 and various handicrafts ; per cent . in private 4 service and about % per cent . are in trade . Th e languages spoken would ﬁll a lengthy list . Th e R L principal ones are ussian , ittle Russian , 1 6 1 162 Ho w TO DO BUSI NESS WITH RUSSIA

W R Lith u hite ussian , Polish , Bohemian , Bulgarian , anian L E , ettish , Moldavian , sthonian , Armenian , T and many varieties of Finnish , artar, Bashkir , T Khir ise T o urkish , g , Kurdish , Mongolian , etc . Y N these must be added iddish , German , orwegian , T Swedish , and Greek . here are at least forty f di ferent languages in the Caucasus alone , and as many races . About births take place every year ; to but of these babes about die , owing o the lack of d ctors and nurses , and to the ignorance N of the people . otwithstanding this terrible mortal T l ity , the subjects of the sar increase more rapid y than any other nation in Europe except the Slovj ak race , Serbs , and other Slav peoples of the Balkans . R R oughly speaking , the Slavs in ussia and the Balkans increase three times more rapidly than the Germanic races , and ten times as quickly as

- the Anglo Saxons .

T - his tremendous growth rate , and the unrivalled

’ resources of an Empire that stretches from the

Baltic to the Paciﬁc in one unbroken land , give reason to the belief that the future belongs to the Russian and Slav the more so because these races are not only proliﬁc but are highly gifted in languages , e music , lit rature , and in any work requiring the Th e use of the imaginative faculties . Slavonic races are not , however , so practical as the Germanic , and are prone to anarchy and disunion . Th e a E gre ter part of the mpire is , of course , N sparsely populated . In the orthern Governments

164 HOW To DO BUSI NESS WITH RUSSI A the footsteps of Germany and encourage her coming business men to make a practical study of Russian R markets , ussian trade conditions and business R opportunities , and , above all , of the ussian tongue .

W. S . ( B . ) CHAPTER XXV

VARIOUS TABLES OF USE TO BUSI NES S ME N LIST OF ARTICLES EXPORTED TO RUSSIA IN 1 91 2 BY E N AND VA E F S ME IN MARKS G RMA Y, LU O A

2 a 1 ( 031 . £ )

emarks. K i nd of Go ods . R

Ce me nt . Th o mas Ph o sphate ner-ph o sph ate 1Sigk -skimmi ng machi nes (hand and po w e r) Spark e xplo sio n mo to rs fo r b e n

i ne na h th a e t c . z , p , T e le ph o ne apparat us Harve st and reaping machi ne s Tim e r w o rkin mach iner saw b g y, frame s Steam t urbine s I ncludi ng g as r i es t u b n . M achine s fo r metal w o rking Th re shi ng machi ne s So w in machi ne s e tc and rake s g , s a ﬁre - h o se et c Pu nd . mp , Harvar cultivato rs I do ugh s No t i ncluding r- ri e po w e d v n . I ncande sc ent lamps Co o ki ng apparat us Of Co ppe r r r - M o t o s and mo t o lo rri e s , et c . Drain -pi Firepro o bri cks

THE TURNOVER IN HIDM SKINS. AND SIHILAR GOODS AT THE HIDE FAIRS OF TIUHEN AND mm: o r GO ODS T JU ME N . PET ROPAVLOVS K .

Horse h ides ieces 0 "o (p ) C ' Co w hide s 5 0 0 S hee pskins 0 ' Go a 0 ; ) tskins 8 u3 Q4 h N° Camelskins nU0 S hee pskins (po o ds) M0 Came lh air 0 Ho rse air 0 ON Np h “‘O Pi g bri stles 54 1 d b = o n o o 60 1 t . ( p 36 English l . poo d s ) B — W "N . . hen the export exceeds the import (or 165 166 HOW TO DO BUSI NESS WITH RUSSI A

a goods received) , the s les have been made up out ’ of the previous year s stocks ] Th e price of bristles varies considerably— between 25 D and 90 roubles per pood . uring more recent

years, this kind of goods has been bought up for

commission houses in Leipzig , Where they are E sorted and priced prior to being exported to ngland ,

Sweden , and other countries .

N ate — - 1906 " Th e last mentioned data are for , as it has not been possible to obtain reliable ﬁgures T for the later years . his information is given in order to induce merchants abroad to purchase their wares direct and not through agents in

Germany . )

THROUGH FREIGHTS FOR THE EXPORT OF SIBERIAN GOODS

TO RIGA. F.O.B.

~ Prs x ON HE FRO M KURGAN T O RGI A. FROM No vo N 1 x0 LA1 E T

OBI To RI GA. A w o le w a o n o d A w a n B th e o o . B h o . y t e p ho le w g o . y p d h g M arks Copecks M arks Copecks M arks Copecks M arks Copecks . per per per per per per per per

oo d. oo d . to n o o d to n. p . poo d . p . p 55 7 2 70 9 2 1 60 65 85 20 0 90 1 1 8 1 20 9 5 1 2 5 1 35 1 1 0 1 4 1 20 80 1 0 5 1 35 1 0 5 I 3 1 20 80 1 0 5 1 35 70 9 2 1 20 55 7 2 1 35 70 9 2 1 60 80 1 0 5 2 0 0 1 0 5 1 38

T ar hese ﬁgures are approximate . Further p ticulars e can be obtained from Messrs . G rhard ’ Hay s ofﬁces in Lo ndo n z Russian Transport . T Specialists , Great St homas Apostle , London , E . C. They have branches in all the principal cities of Russia and Siberia .

Owing to the depreciation of the rouble , which before the w ar stood at about the above

CHAPTER XXVI

S OME DATA O F NATIONAL ECONOMIC VALUE

I T is of importance to ﬁrms who wish to cultivate Russian markets to study most carefully the general data concerning the Industries and trade of the Th country . e report concerning the proposed 19 13 Koko vtzeff Imperial Budget for , which , n e D Minister of Fina ce , laid b fore the uma , is enlightening . It contains most valuable notes

co nse relating to the national economy ; but , in

‘ uence reat b ulk S q of its g , only a few hort extracts T can be given here . hose who are especially interested in the question should study his volume ,

' La Russi e a a in da 19m st ee l f e . le .

Ag ri cul tur e d t In the intro uction to this documen , weight is laid upon the striking progress that has been made in agriculture during recent years . After the 1 4 disturbing events of 90 says the author, the reforms that have been‘ effected have borne E o unexpected fruit . xports of agricultural pr duce : 1895 608 1905 were as follows , million roubles ; ,

19 1 1 . 947 million roubles ; , million roubles In 1895 the accumulated value of such products amounted to four milliard roubles by 19 10 it had

risen to nine milliards , or Th e development is well Shown by the increased 1 68 SOME DATA OF NATIONAL ECONOM IC VALUE 169

demand for agricultural machinery and implements . o : 1906 Imports of these go ds were as follows , 207 19 1 1 57 -5 million roubles ; , million roubles . l manufa Simultaneous y with this revival , the home c ture in this branch increased to such an extent 19 1 1 6 1 5 that , in , it represented a value of million e al Of roubles ; cons quently , the tot value the machinery and accessories amounted to 1 19 million of roubles .

Fe rtili s er s

W al 135 ith regard to miner fertilisers , million 1908 30 d poods were used in , and million poo s in

19 1 1 . Th e home output could not , however, keep pace with the demand , and artiﬁcial manure was as : 1907 9 -4 ll imported follows in , mi ion poods ; 1 2 19 1 6 . in , not less than million poods We have thus before us evidence of an intense

e development , emphasised by the great numb r of agricultural societies , which grew from about 2 Th e e in 1905 to in 19 1 . numb r of cre dit and savings banks for the beneﬁt of agriculturists 1905 19 12 was , in , only but in the number was

G r ain an d S u g ar B ee t

’ Th e country s export of grain b eyond the Euro e 1907 428 p an frontiers had , in , a value of million 19 1 1 al 735 roubles ; in , the v ue had grown to milli ons . One sentence in the report deserves especial note ' Th e average production of sugar 170 HOW TO D O B US I NES S WITH RUSS IA

beet in 1899- 1900 in Russia was about poods per desj atin (1 desiatin equals 25 acres) in 19 1 1—19 12 Germany it was but in the year , the average yield in Russia was as against

. AS a in Germany a natur l consequence , the R 1899 sugar yield , which in ussia in was only al al equ to about h f the German , is at the present

time almost equal to that of Germany .

B utte r

Th e butter export in 1901 was val ued at 26 5 mill ions of roubles in 19 1 1 it h ad risen to roubles .

Co tto n

Th e value of the Russian cotton harvest rose from 17 8 millions of poods in 1907 to 27 4 millions 19 1 1 E in it thus exceeds the production of gypt , which was estimated at 208 mill ion poods in the same year . In 1906 the abolition Of the so - called Mir system began , and as a consequence it is esti mated that towards the end Of 19 12 about 20 million desj atins of land were transferred from the com munes to more than independent peasant 1 ll proprietors . About 00 mi ion roubles were used during the ﬁve years for the carrying out 'o f this reform . Th e section concerning trade opens with these words During the last ﬁve years Russia ’ s trade and has , without question , made great progress

172 HOW To D O BUS INES S WITH RUS SIA

Mai k o p Hadij ensky Syn di cat e Mai k o p Kuban Oil and T rading Mai ko p Le ttse s Maiko p M ai n Li ne S yndicat e Maiko p Midland Oil-fi eld s M ai ko p M o sco w Oil Co mpany M ai ko p Mutual Oil T ranspo rt Co mpany M aiko p N ew Pro duce rs Co mpany Maiko p Oil and P etro leum Pro d uce rs Mai ko p Oil Land s Mai ko p Oil Pro pri e tary M aiko p Oil T e rrit o ri e s Maiko p Oil We lls Supply Co mpany M ai ko p Opti o ns M aiko p Ori ent Oil Co mpany Maiko p Pipe Line T ranspo rt Co m pan Mai ko p Pre mi e r Oil Syndicat e Maiko p Pro ducers Mai ko p Pro pri etary M ai ko p Prusskaia Oil Co mpan y Mai ko p R e fineri e s M aiko p Russian Oil Co mpan y M ai ko p Samurskaia Oil S yndicat e M aiko p S e lect e d Oil -fi eld s Maiko p Spi e s Co mpan y Mai ko p Standard Oil-fi eld s Taman Oi l Co mpany Mai ko p T o uapsé Oil Co mpany M ai ko p Unit e d Oi l Est at e s Mai k o p Vall ey Oil Co mpany Mai ko p Vi ct o ry Oil Co mpany N o rth Caspi an S yndi cate N o rt h Caucasian Oi l-fi e ld s N o rth e rn Mai ko p Pe t ro leum Co mpany Oi l Claims Oil-fi eld s Fi nance Co rpo ratio n Oil Trust o f Russia Premi er Kuban (M aiko p) Oil Co mpany I ndust rial D eve lo pment S yndi cate R ssi I ri r l O u an Kuban ndust al and Pe t o eum C . R ussian Oil Land s R ssi r le l c B u a Pet o Li ui Fue 6 . n um and q d p.

e s . R ed . D b , Russian Pro pe rti e s D evelo pme nt S yndi cat e Russian R o tary Oil B o ri ng Co mpany R ussian Unit e d Pe tro l eum Co mpany Sco tti sh Mai ko p Oil Well s SOME DATA OF NATIONAL ECONOMI C VALUE 173

S e co nd Sakh ali n S yndicat e Se lect e d Optio ns Sh agirt (Ch ele ken) Shi b ai e fi Petro leum Co m an Or inar Sh are s p y , d y , fully pai d r ll i 6 c Cu . P e u a ul . p. . m f f y p d S i e s Petro le um Co m an Sh are s ull ai p p y , , f y p d , NO S t o . 1 Stan ar Oil Co m an o f Mai ko Sh irvansk d d p y , p, y Star o f Maiko p Anapa Oil - fie ld s T aman Oil Land s T aman Pe ninsular Oi l Syndicat e T charken-Ch ele ke n Oil Co mpan y T ch eng e le k Pro pri e t ar y Co mpany Uni o n Oil -fi e ld s o f M ai kop Unit ed Pe tro le um and Finance Co rpo ratio n Ural Caspian Oil Co rpo ratio n Ural Petro le um Syndicat e Vo lg a Oil-fi elds RUSSIAN SECURITIES QUOTED ON THE LONDON STOCK EXCHANGE

N ame . Government Oon s a in ondon ( p . p y. L ) R US SI : 3 c 8 59 i t e . . 1 n . d u Ma 1 A p , y

and No v . 1 - 3 c Bo n s No s i . 1 nt § . d , . . e 1 A r l ct o r d u an . u O e f , p . , J y , b R o u le s — 4 c R ent e s 8 94 S eri I . 1 . e . i nt . b p , , ue M r t ec d a Jan Se D . — 4 c Co nso l 1 9 S eri e I I . . nt . p . , r l A . u ct d ue l st an . O . J , p , J y , Se ri e I L i e nt du an . 1 , . J , A r ul Oct . p . , J y ,

Se ri e I I I I nt due an . 1 . J , A r ul Oct p . , J y , . — 4 c i sk i e sk i . n t nt . p. (Dv V b ) , A r 5 Oc 5 ue and t . d p . 4 c 9 i e . 1 5 a . 1 90 nt . d u an . nd } p , J July 1 5 — c 2 r 5 . 1 2 t . i t M . 8 S n . due a . 1 p , g , n S e 1 a d pt . — c S e ri s OS 5 . . 1 906 e N . 274 339 p , , , i t e d u Ma 1 and No v . n . y 1 FINL N G uch 4 c d . . . Go A D ( D y) : 5 p vt . R il Bo s i nt d ue l a n . an . 1 and u . 1 d , J J y 174 HOW To Do BUSINESS WITH RUSSIA

N ame . Corporations

Baku Cit o f c G o l Lo a No s 5 . . n . ( y ) , p d , ' 1

Scri 26 ai i ssue at 96 p, £ p d , d H elsin o rs Cit o f 4 c Lo an gf ( y ) , 3 p. . ,

1 909 , NOS . 1

— 4 c 9 ri 4 . . Lo an 1 1 1 Sc i ssue at } p , , p d

97 . c . En lan all ai p ( g d) , p d Mo sco w Cit f c B o s 9 8 O 5 . . n 1 0 ( y ) , p d , —4 — NOS . 1 00 4 0 1 5, 34O

r f Cit f Sa at o O 5 c . Loan 1 909 ( y ) p. , , w i h i NO S 1 - 94 3 t n . 1 6 . and

95 4 3 . S cri ull ai p, f y p d T m e r o rs Cit f a o 4 c . Lo m . an f ( y ) , } p , 9 1 0 No s AI —1 500 — 1 , . B 1 890 fully pai d

Banks

An lo -Russi an Bank ull ai g , f y p d Russian and Engli sh Bank Russian Bank f o r Fo re ig n T rad e Russian Co mmercial and I ndustri al

Railways

- rma ir T o ua sé 1 909 t . 4 . c . A v p , , 5 p B o nd s l k S e Rl 1 9 1 1 4 c B ac a u an . . . K b y , , ; p Bo nd s Gran Russia l CO Ni ch o las Rl d n R y . y ll 8 4 c s Re e e m . u 1 88 . . B o , p nd , d , f y pai d M o sco w -I aro slav Guar 1 868

- - Mo sco w Wi n au R insk 1 88 9 4 . c . d yb , , p

Bo n s Re e em. Guar . Russi an d , d ( by Go vernment ) l c 86 —69 i nt due Nico as Rl . . 1 7 . y . , p , , M o v 1 ay 1 and N . c 2 i t T r sc c s 3 . . 1 88 . an au a ian Rl . n y , p , , e c 1 5 d ue J une 1 5 and D . T ro it zk and Ko kand -Namangan Rl y s A r 1 . m . d ue . 4 . c B o n s R e e e ; p . d , d , p G r Russian G o ern ent 3 ( ua . by v m ) £

176 HOW TO D O B USI NES S WITH RUS SI A

Auth o ri sed Oa i l ta . ame p N . Mines and Explorations Atbasar Co pper A zo f Co al Co mpany Caucasus Co pper Caucasus D o mains Caucasus Go ld M ining Syndicat e Caucasus Mine ral Syndicat e Caucasus Silve r Le ad Mine s Kl uchi G o ld Kut ai s Mi ning and Timbe r Co nce ssio ns Ky sh tim Co rpo ratio n — c r ll i 6 . . e ent u es u a p D b , f y p d Lena G o ld -fi eld s M o unt D zy sh ra (Caucasus) EXplo ratio n Co mpany M o unt Elb o rus Mi ne s N erchi nsk Go ld -fi eld s N ew Ce nt ral Sibe ria 1 00 N e w Lena G o ld No rth Ural Mini ng Co mpany Ole kma and Vitim (Le na) G o ld S yndi cat e Orsk G o ld -fi eld s (Prio rit y) Pe rm Co rpo rati o n P etro vsk Syndicat e Pi o n e er Co mpany o f Sibe ria R u ssian CO er S yndi cat e R ussian G OTC"fields ’ Ru ssian Mineral s (Sociét é d Et ude s) R ussian Mi ning Co rpo rati o n R ussian Pro perti es D e velo pment S yndicat e Russo - Asiati c Sakh ali n Pro pri etary S yndi cat e S e mipalatinsk S yndi cat e Siberi an G o ld Dr e dging Co mpany Sibe ri an Pro pri etar y Siberian S yn di cat e Si beri an Trust Spassky Co pper Tanal yk Co rpo ratio n T chi ta- Nerchinsk Co m any T ro it zk Go ld (Prio rity Unit e d Si be ri an Expl o ratio n Co mpany Ural E lo rati o ns S yndicat e Ural Rai wa Na i atio n and Mini n y , v g , g Co rpo ratio n Vagi liano Anthracite Co llie rie s SOME DATA OF NATIONAL ECONO MIC VALUE 177

Autho rised N ame Russian Oil Co mpanies (PET RO LES R USS ES ) Akh urt ch a Maiko p Oil -fi eld s S yndicate Anapa Oil Lands An glo - F rench M aiko p Syn Anglo -M aik o p Co rpo ratio n An glo -R ussian Maxi mo fi An glo - R ussi an Oil Pro pri e t o rs S yndi ~ cat e Anglo -R ussian Pe tro le um Anglo - T aman Oi l-fi eld Finance S yndi cat e A nglo -T aman P e tro le um Co rpo ratio n An glo -T e re k Petro le um Asi ati c Petro le um A zo v -T aman Oil -fi elds Baku R ussi an Pe tro leum ( 1 909) Bi i -E at Pe tro leum sh are s ull b yb , , f y

ai No s . 1 t o p d ,

5 . c . De s R e ee m . ull ai ; p b , d , f y p d ,

NO S . 1 t o Black S ea Oil-fie ld s B ri ti sh i a o so hi i l L p ff W te O Co . B riti sh M ai ko p Oil Caucasian Oil Ch at ma Oil-fi e ld s Ch ele ken Oil-fi e ld s Ci rcassian S yndi cate Euro pean Oil-fi eld s Co rpo ratio n Euro pean Petro le um F ergh ana Oil -fi eld s Ge neral Oi l and Finance Co rpo ratio n Ge neral Purpo se s S yndicat e Gle b o fi Gro sny Petro le um Gro sny Oil Co mpany I nt e rnatio nal Maiko

' Kabardi no M ai ko p l -ﬁ eld s Kasbe k Syndicat e

K . B . S yndi cat e

. c K . N Syndi at e CHAPTER XXVII

RUS SIAN RAI LWAYS

THE railway travelling in Russia is the cheapest and most comfortable in Europe when the beneﬁts received for a small outlay are taken into considera h f . T e tion bu fets , both on the main lines and in

the distant Caucasus , are better provisioned for E the prices than any in ngland , France , or Ger many ; at most Russian stations the tables are — crowded with every imaginable delicacy game , ' t — hors d ceuvres e C . and S meat , fruit , ide tables hold zak uske and liqueurs in quantity and quality

all that can b e desired . For those of more moderate n tastes there are plentiful supplies of confectio ery, f cakes , tea , and co fee , the charge for which is

very low . T r Most of these buffets are in the hands of a tars ,

since they make excellent waiters , and are honest

. al and temperate As a rule , the princip hotel proprietor or caterer in each town is requested to

supply the stations by the Government inspectors . AS long as the food and drink are up to the mark ,

and no serious complaints occur, the contract is retained ; but S hould there be negligence or slack

- f ness , or any victimisation of the long su fering O E public (as is so ften the case in ngland) , the contract is given to a better man and kept by him as long as he treats the travellers decently . 1 78

180 Ho w To DO BUSINESS WITH RUSSIA

100 200 3rd For to versts , class , the charge is on every verst but after 300 the charge is on the th e total length of journey . 2nd For class , the payment is one and a half 3rd times class . A l st class ticket is two and a half 3rd times the cost of a . Children from 5 to 10 years of age are charged only a quarter of the fare , whichever class they travel by . A passenger travelling from 300 to 325 versts

ci r 200 R9 50 R5 -70 ( . miles) is charged , lst class ; , 2nd R3 50 3 class ; , rd class ; and a few copecks Of for 10 lb . of luggage . For a journey to : versts (about miles) , the charges are

R76 R45 ° 60 2ud R30 ° 4O 3rd l st , , and , while the luggage will cost at the rate of R1 6 5 for every 10 1b E . migrants , many thousands of whom travel to Siberia every year , have still more tempting R3 fares ; a trip of versts costs only , R3 42 versts , while a journey of versts can be made for 7 roubles Th e luggage of the emigrant for this enormous distance will cost him but 60 copecks per pood (the pood being Th e majority of the peasants are so exceedingly poor , di m and the stances are so im ense , that were it not for these cheap fares , travelling would be absolutely impossible for a large portion of the population . Th e carriages are exceedingly roomy , though on some lines they are not too clean , and frequently convey minute passengers which never do and

R - never will pay their fares . But in ussia one triﬂes does not take much notice of such , and on RUS S IAN RAI LWAYS 181 the whole the journeys are interesting and pleasant if , as I said before , you are not pressed for time . ﬁ A little palm oil for the of cials , circumspectly applied when occasion demands , helps one con sid r l e ab y over any rough places . Second class al carriages are roomy, and as most all the trains are built on the corridor system , one can roam from i one end to the other , study ng the people . A visit 3rd s to the cla s compartments , however , is not to

’ be recommended unl ess one s olfactory organs are u hardened to strange and bewildering odo rs , among Of which the reek machorka , the strong , black ll T tobacco of the peasants , wi prevail . his weed they s make into cigarettes with old newspaper , which , in Russia , are never wasted and thrown away.

Unpun ctu al T r ain s

AS 5 10 20 30 i the trains stay , , , or even m nutes l n at the principa statio s , there is always plenty of T time to alight and refresh the inner man . here

is little fear of losing the train , for guards and u porters usually blow s ndry whistles and ring bells ,

perhaps two or three times , before the train starts . People must remember that in Russia time is not

money , and that the farther you travel from Petro

grad , that German town , as good Muscovites al c l it , the nearer you are to Asia , with its leisurely

Th e customs and ancient traditions . trains are Often late ; but the true Russian has no love for

punctuality . In his heart he despises the German — for possessing the qualities which he lacks order, 182 HOW To D O B USINESS WITH RUSSIA

Of carefulness , and economy . In one my works I told the story of how the merchants in a certain Little Russian town actually protested in a body to the railway authorities because the trains were too punctual , and that there was not time to gossip and drink the innumerable cups of tea required by a business discussion before the trains started It is quite certain that anyone who seeks popularity in Russia must not try to introduce Western notions of haste and push in business circles . If he does , W he will be left in the cold , and some astute est erner who does not mind wasting whole days in

f trakter - i some stu fy (tea shop) , sw lling tea and lemon , will in the end succeed .

On most trains , places can be reserved by paying a small extra sum but shoul d one wish to travel by a courier or express , the cost is much greater the i . than in ord nary , slower postal trains Bedding can be hired from the attendant but most Russians h — carry t eir bedding with them pillows , bolsters , E sheets , and blankets . ven in small hotels I have been asked whether I have brought my own bedding

f . and towels , my own tea , co fee , lemon and sugar Th e real native idea of an hotel is that It Shoul d be a Simple Shelter for the night With him it is never intended to take the place of a residence or a second home .

S t e am b o at T r avelli ng

Steamboat travelling is , j ust as comfortable and Th e V cheap as the journeys by train . olga and

184 Ho w To Do BUSINESS WITH RUS SIA

Fo r assen e r ic ets th e t o w n o fi ce a es 20 e r cent p g t k f t k p . Of th e alue O f th e tic et b u n e e r mo re th an 2 t 0 co e c s . v k , v p k Fo r a ffi ce e e s a e th e o ta s 7 co c er o o d 36 lb . b gg g , k p k p p ( ) and n o t less h an co e c s fo r dis a ch t 50 p k p t . Passeng ers e ng agi ng be rth s fo r nigh t trav e l are ad vi sed ' — t o purch ase ti cke ts with o dd n umbe rs th ey are all lo w er e r h s b t . O FF I CE O F THE I N TE RN AT I O N AL S LEE PI N G CAR CO M PAN Y Ne s e 2 Fr m o o ida s ro m Pro s c 4 . o H l 1 0 t 5 . v ky p t y , f 1 2 o 2 t . MESSEN GER SERVI CE Me sse ng e rs (Po silny) in re d caps stand at th e co m ers o f h e h i re e d n r m ssa es o co ec s t c e s t s . Or i a e 30 t 40 f t y g , p k ; ran issio n o f arce s h e same t sm l t . p , TELEPHON E STA TI ON S r a n a Ch ar e 5 co e c s M o sk ia 22 a d Fie ld O f M rs 7 . g : 1 p k fo r mi nu es Be tw e en Pe ro rad and Mo sco w 5 t . t g 3 minu e s 1 ro u le co ec s 50 . t , b p k A DDRESS BUREA U n a to ne e ro m m . ada va a e h o 3 O 9 . l . (S w y 58 . T ep 7 p f m 6 p. . ) ’ I f th e ra eller w ish e s to find an o d s add re ss h e m us t v yb y , t b uy in a t o bacco Sh o p an add re ss blank adre ssny lan wi h answ er and send to th e Sadaw v a a wi h b k t , y , t h e na d n en h ereo n t me O f th e d esire perso w ritt t . HOTEL S Pe ro rad Mo sco w and man o f th e lar e o wn s are t g , , y g t , quit e e qual as regards h o tel acco mmo datio n t o o th e r Euro e an ci es p ti . Th e fo ur be st h o tels in Petro g rad are T h e o el Euro e e mo st mo dern an d mo st ex ensi e H th . t p , p v

Th e H o e l France M o rskaia 6 . t , ’ I aa are T h e H o el d An let erre s c S u . t g , q and o e l l re e T h e G r H Go o S . t , g t t T h e H o tel France i s especially fre quente d b y th e Ofﬁ cial ld w o r . Pri ces g ene rally

B rea as 7 5 co e c s . kf t , p k

Lunch 7 5 co ec s . , p k

D inne r 1 ro u le 50 Co ec s . , b , p k rd s Ro o ms fro m 2 ro ubles upw a . n Pensio fro m 5 ro ubles upw ard s . RUS SIAN RAI LWAYS 185

RESTA URANTS Ex ce lle nt cui sine e ual to if no t actuall e xce llin , q , y g , th a e d n e s t o f o th er civili s co u tri . Th e mo st fashi o nable are T h e d a a o nnush e na a 2 M e d vi e Bo lsh K 7 . , y y Cu d e ari s o rs a a 1 a Ca P M 6 . b ( fé ) , k y D o n n o . Co n an Mo ika Canal t 58 . Pi o Mo rs a a 3 vat 6 . , k y Erne K ame n s ro v sk st o O t 60 . , y Also th e re staurants attach ed to th e h o tels alre ady me n i o n e d t .

S e co nd - class re s uran s b u r mme nd e d ta t , t eco Vi e nn a Go o l Stree t 1 3 , g . Le inne r N e s 1 8 . , v ky Pal in N e s 4 7 . k , v ky Cafe l ert co rn er Of Po lice Brid e and Mo ika A b ( g ) . VARI ATI ON OF TI ME Wh e n it is 1 2 no o n at Petro grad it is th e fo llo w ing lo cal time at Gre e nwi ch Mi d - Euro pe an N ew Yo rk Pari s Vienna

Be rli n h e S a t Anglci Ru si an Alm nac . )

RUSSI WEI GHTS ME SURES AND CURRENC AN , A , Y , WIT H ENGLI SH EQUI V ALE NT S

H ASURE OF LENGTH

1 Russ versh o k 1 -7 5 n E g . in . 1 h 1 6 2 = - ars in versh o k 8 in . 0 7 77 En . d g y . 1 line 1 0 Oints 1 0 lin e 1 d ue irn 1 0 ﬁnes 1 0 lines 1 o o t 1 2 ch 1 f in es ft . 1 h 2 333 sa en 7 ft d . z Eng . y 1 verst a 500 sazh en 0 6 62 mile

SQUARE MEASURE

1 R s u r rs o k 3 0 62 n r s a e ve h E . s ua e in . us . q g q 1 arshi n yd 1 sazh en 54 44

essi e 2 cr . d atin 7 Eng . a i versta 0 0 439 186 Ho w To Do BUSI NESS WITH RUSSIA

CUBIC MEASURE 1 Russ cu ic v rsh o k 53 59 E cu ic in . b e ng . b 1 o o 1 ft f t . 1 d y . 1 sazh en 1 2-7

WEIGHTS 1 R o li 00 25 En rachms uss d g . d 1 o lo tnik 96 Russ do li as 2-407 z . 1 lo t 3 zo lo tniks : 7 0 222 1 un 32 l 96 o lo 09 03 f t o ts z t . 1 0 9 7 40 f s 36 l 0 -322 poo d unt ( b . ) b erko vetz 1 0 po o ds 3 -224

APOTHECARIES WEIGHT

1 Russ scr 20 r E r o ir upul g an ng . d rn Av l drachma 3 scrupuli 2 1 65 1 untzia 8 drachm a 1 -532 ’ 1 Apo th e s funt 84 zo lo tniks O-7899 1 0 -8 5 o 7 c mm]. fun t

LIQUID MEASURE 1 l 66 l Russ ch rk ro 0 8 En . i l t a a ﬁ m ved g g 1 1 o ttle 5 teh ark a 1 0 83 t . b 5 5 p 1 Sh to ff 1 0 tch arka o r o smush ka qt . 1 vedro 1 0 S h t o ff o r krush ki 2-707 g all 1 bo tch ka 40 ve dro 1 08 -279 DRY MEASURE 1 ss arne 0 0 36 1 li ck Ru . g ts Eng sh pe

1 ch e erik 8 r 07 22 En im erial ush e l . tv g a ne ts g . p b l po luo smin a 2 ch e tverik 1 4 4 4 1 osmina 4 2-888 1 ch e tvert 8

MONEY ( CURRENCY— GOLD STANDARD) = UNIT : T HE RO UBLE 1 00 CO PE CKS 1 l 25 -3 6 e e 2 1 R ss ro u e 7 En . nc S . d . u . b g p 3 1 0 1 l 1 s d . £ . 9 Ro uble s 4 5 -7 co pe cks £ 1

— Remark T h e se calculatio ns are base d upo n th e w e igh t o f th e ure o ld a Min i ssue p g t t .

o - R ss n an c (From the Angl u i a Alm a . )

188 Ho w TO D O BUSI NES S WIT H RUS S IA

In the case of persons travelling through Russia E without stopping at any point within the mpire , the vi sa of a Russian Consular Officer to travel R f through ussia will be accepted as su ficient , for the purpose of both entering and leaving the O o country , without obligation to btain the p lice authorisation to leave , necessary in case of a stay R in ussia . Applications for Foreign Office passports must be made in a special form supplied at the Foreign ffi D T O ce Passport epartment , or by homas Cook E . C. s Son , Ludgate Circus , Pa sports are issued at the Foreign Office between the hours of 1 1 and 4 on the day following that on which the application for the passport has been received , except on

Sundays and public holidays , when the Passport

Ofﬁ ces are closed . Foreign Ofﬁce passports are granted only ( 1) To

- viz . natural born British subjects , , persons born ’ i s Within His Majesty s dom nions , and to per ons born abroad who derive British nationality from a paternal or maternal grandfather born within His ’ Majesty s dominions , and who , under the provisions 21 13 4 . of the Acts George II , cap , and George III , 21 cap . , are to be adjudged and taken to be natural born British subjects (2) to the wives and widows of such persons ; (3) to persons naturalised in the di a U . nited Kingdom , in the British Colonies , or in In A married woman is deemed to be a subject of the State of which h er husband is for the time being a subject . GENERAL IN FORMATIO N FOR TRAVELLERS 189

Passpo rts are granted to such persons as are known to the Secretary of State , or recommended to him by some person who is known to him or ( 1) In the case of natural - bo rn British subjects and U persons naturalised in the nited Kingdom , upon the production of a declaration by the applicant veriﬁed by a declaration made by any banking U ﬁrm established in the nited Kingdom , or by any

mayor, magistrate , justice of the peace , minister of

a -at - o religion , b rrister law , physician , surgeon , soli

i r U to . , or notary resident in the nited Kingdom

’ Th e applicant s certiﬁcate of birth may also be

required , especially when his name is of foreign 2 origin . ( ) In the case of children under the ag e 14 o of years requiring a separate passp rt , upon

’ production Of a declaration made by the child s parent or guardian in a form (B) to be Obtained at f ’ O ﬁ . the Foreign O ﬁce or at Messrs . Cook s f ces (3) In the case of persons naturalised in any of

the British Colonies , upon production of a letter of recommendation from the Colonial Offi ce ; and in the case of natives of British India and persons c naturalised therein , upon produ tion of a letter of 4 recommendation from the India Offi ce . ( ) If the applicant for a passport be a naturalised British Of subject , his certificate naturalisation must be forwarded to the Foreign Offi ce with the declaration N or letter of recommendation . aturalised British u subjects , if resident in London or in the sub rbs , must apply personally for their passports at the

Foreign Ofﬁce ; if resident in the country, the 190 Ho w To DO B USI NESS WITH RUS S IA

w Of passport ill be sent , and the certificate natural isation returned to the person who may have verified the declaration , in order that he may cause the applicant to sign the passport in his presence . Naturalised British subjects will be described as such in their passports , which will be issued subject th e al to necessary qu ifications . Foreign Office passports are not available beyond

five years fresh passports must then be Obtained . A passport cannot be issued by the Foreign Office or by an agent at an outport on behalf of a person already abroad ; such person should apply for one to the nearest British mission or ul cons ate . Th e bearer of every passport granted by the Foreign Office must S ign his passport as soon as vi sa received ; without such signature , either the s may be refused , or the validity of the pa sport questioned abroad . fo reI ners On leaving Russia , g are required to 60 obtain from the local police , at a charge of C opecks for stamp duties , etc . , a permit to do so , declaring that there are no Obstacles to their leaving E h let de sé onr the mpire . T e Russian bil j belonging to a foreigner who is about to leave the country must be exchanged for a special travelling passport , to be produced and given up to the authorities at the Russian frontier . Anyone neglecting to provide himself with the Russian passport for foreigners ’ af ter the expiration of Six months residence in the Empire is liable to a fine not exceeding 10

192 HOW TO Do B USI NESS WITH RUSS IA

U seful Wei g h ts an d M e asur e s

o ne - Of 10 A penny weighs third an ounce , or

s - ﬁfth gramme ; a halfpenny, one of an ounce . A French centime weighs a gramme ; its diameter is one centimetre ; 100 centimes in a row equal a 2 metre . An inch is 5 centimetres . A halfpenny 1 is inch in diameter .

Lu g g ag e It Should be borne in mind that a passenger cannot claim more space for his hand-baggage than is comprised under the seat or in the overhead

T - netting . his allows for very little hand baggage R in all countries except ussia , where the breadth of the netting , and its strength , permit the traveller to place such an amount of luggage as woul d be T R impossible elsewhere . ravellers to ussia are 5 allowed 6 lb . of registered luggage free . Regis tration Of luggage Will save all the trouble and expense of landing and Shipping it and conveying it between the train and boat , harbour dues , and Th e other imposts . registration fees range from

4d . 6d . I s to . per passenger , or per package , according to the route travelled .

All luggage , registered or not , is examined at W vi a irballen and , if the passenger travels Calais , T also at Herbesthal . here is also an examination of unregistered luggage at the Dutch frontier town

Th e l of Goch . traveller is advised to personal y attend the examination of his luggage . S R NCE I N U A . Baggage can be insured by payment GENERAL I NFORMATIO N FOR TRAVELLERS 193 of a small premium at any of Thomas Cook

’ fﬁ Th e Son s o ces . insurance covers all risk of loss by

a - ﬁre , theft , and pilfering lso damage by sea water , and damage sustained at hotels or travelling b etween " hotels and railway stations . Insurance can be effected 2 for amounts of £ 0 and upward . Jewellery to the 40 value of £ , if not placed in the registered baggage , al can be covered by this insurance . Speci insurance can b e effected for jewellery of greater value .

GG GE OR R I NG . BA A F WA D Baggage , cargo , etc will be collected by Thomas Cook Son from any S address , and stored , hipped , or forwarded to any part of the world .

Y LES Th 1 3 5 . C . 6d C e duty is 8 roubles (about 7 . ) c ll for each cy le , which wi be refunded on leaving if a stamped declaration has been made on entering

C r fu da e ll that a laim for e n g wi be made . ’ - N NEX . A Passengers luggage , except hand bag ’ gage , not entered in the passengers list , or into the l lading documents on vessels , and not cal ed for hi s wit n fourteen days , passes into the pos ession of the Government .

Custo m s R e g ul ati o ns

’ Th e examination of travellers luggage is carried W out at irballen , where there is a delay of at least one hour . Passengers must themselves be present at the customs examination , and hand their keys

fﬁ No seelschik to the o cer, or to the porter ( ) who has carried their hand- luggage from the carriage to the customs depot . 194 HOW TO D O B US INESS WITH RUS S IA

Application is frequently made to Russian Con sular ofﬁ cers for information as to the Russian Customs Regul ations concerning foreign lottery ’ T . h e tickets , passengers luggage and books chief enactments of Russian law as to these matters are as follows R Persons arriving in ussia from abroad , whatever their position in life , are only allowed to pass the frontier after they have undergone the customs e examination prescrib d by law , and they must not in any case oppose such examination . R Persons leaving ussia are , together with their goods , subject to examination only if the customs authorities have good reason to suspect that they are carrying articles which are subject to export duty, or which are altogether forbidden to be exported . All foreigners arriving in the Empire (including

Poland) , whilst being examined and passed at the nl frontier , are notiﬁed that it is u awful to bring in tickets of foreign lotteries . Bonds issued by foreign States are all owed to be brought in , but not lottery loans of private persons , companies , or towns . Passengers ’ luggage is considered to consist of

th in s'which those g are in the possession of passengers , and which are required by them during the voyage .

Of Speaking generally , the climate is an extreme and character , the winter being colder the summer

APPEN D IX

CONSULAR IN FORMATI ON AND POST AL REG ULAT I O N S

CONS ULAR I NFO RM ATI O N

BRITISH EMBASSY

e r rad . 4 , Co urt Quay , P t og

S ir Ge r e B uch mb assa o r Rt . Ho n . o anan A d g ,

B . C. M . G G IO. . . . G O G . C V

Lin le . F . O . Ho n . d y V e M . . O . H . . B ru c J ,

S ir S . Hea Bart . d , t ll R . s e . . J V . A W r k s H . . B o o . tt r A ach é E . Cuna d .

A h e le r k e . . G . Co o o Ho n tt ac Ho n . b i T r r R w m th . anslato . lan S . Capt o d i F r i British Co mme rc al ttach H . . Co o k e o e n O ce A é A , g fﬁ ,

Lo ndo n . B RIT I S H CONS ULAR OFFICERS

W h u PETROGRAD Co nsul Art h ur . Wo o d o se - M ackie Vice Co nsul C . H . - o so n Pro Co nsul G . D b ARCHANGEL Co nsul D o ug las Yo ung CRO S TADT - F ish w ick N Vice Co nsul A . E E Pre t n K R N R . AT I BU G T . H s o K E M T o o h o u se . W d NA V A tt m R G . Co a

PO RT MU RMAN Co nsul T . H . Hall REVE - ir r L Vice Co nsul W. G a d T O RREA Lo w d o n J .

l P . S t e e ns BATOUM . Co nsu . W J . v - ST RAK AN i su . o w e A H V ce Co n l A . W H B a ld McD ne ll AK E . n B U A . a o R K Ge elrnu d en N OVO O S S I S O . y i ti n J . Pavo n (ac g)

T I FLI s F . T ler

- r e HELSINGFORS Acting Co nsu l H . G o v k e . Wanc Vice Co nsu l S W . B ilso n AB O W . J . . W ll . S e B JORNE BO RG C . G und BORGA Co nsular- Ag e nt Einar Paavo la 197 198 HOW TO D O B US I NES S WITH R US S I A

GA LA AR E i - Si e lu d M K L BY V ce Co nsul W . n d n HAN GO U no Caire niu s OT KA G ullich e K A . s n I S T E S tarck K R I N S TAD A . V I S A L un v ist LO A . j gq r N I COLAI S TAD T K . Ku t e n E R dd h u h TA M RF O RS . e o M . J y g R c LA R . e km U B O G J . W an W O F risk I B RG V . MOSCOW A cti ng - Co nsu l G eneral and i - k rt V ce Co nsul R . H . Lo c h a K RAS NO JARS K (Siberia) Vice - Co nsul R n r S K S R . a u O M . d p ODESSA Acting Co nsu l Ge neral B E RD I AN S K Vice - Co nsul E UPAT O RI A Co nsular- Ag ent KE RS C H Vice -Co nsul KHARKOV KHE RS O N KI EFF

MARI UPO L W . S . Walto n N I CO LAI EF F (vacant) - - it . W e R O ST OF ON D ON J . A a S E BAS T O PO L (vacant) liv e l TAGAN RO G E . C y v S t t r W E . e T HE O DO S I A . . W o n u l

C . B s u RIGA Co nsul V . H . o anq et - i k Vice Co nsul G . O . W s e m ann LI BAU (vacant) i k PE RNAU J . D c s

E . o rt h WI N DAU A . W l cLe d H V LAD I V OS T OCK Co nsu R . M a O o dg so n

RS AW Co nsul . M Gro e WA H . v - l ir i ce n su l E . B . St C a V Co .

200 Ho w TO D o B US I NESS WITH RUS S IA

th ri r au o se d fi ms . S ample s o f rag s must h ave th e sanitary o r ’ o li ce a th rit c ifi c t f i ti B o u o s ert a e O sin e c o n . un o o k s p y d f d b , ie ce s o f music ma s o r lans are eli ere a ainst a m ent o f p , p p , d v d g p y Custo ms ut B oo k s u li sh e i Finlan and o un o r d y . p b d n d b d re- rint e d in o rei n co untries and o o k s and o rm s o f a co m p f g , b f m ercial nature acco unt o o k s ch e ue oo s are ro b , q b k ) , p h ib ite d ro m tr smis i i All inadmi ssi le arti cle s f an s o n to F nland . b re li le t c ti a ab o co nfis a o n . Th e addre sse s o f le tt ers fo r Russia sh o uld b e very plaiul w ritt e n th e name o f th e t o wn and Of th e ro ince in wh ic ; , p v i i r t is s tuat e sh o ul also b e a e in E n li sh o French . d , d dd d g

rom t d Uni e K ing om.

Place 0 ] Appro ximate exceeding ti D es natio n . Course of Post .

1 RUSSIA IN By sea direct S ervice sus to Arch ang el pended Vi i No rw ay Ar ch ang el Vii Sw ed en

ViaNorw ay 8: S w ed en ViaCanad a We ekl y Japan

1 RUSSIA IN By sea direct Service sus pended

Vii Norw ay 8: Sw eden ( a) Maritime Pro ~ VIﬁ Canada Weekly V ince Amur Pro a an , J p v in ce , Russian S aghalien (6) Other parts Vii Can ada Weekly Japan

1 d aina e A vice o f delivery o f insured parcel s o bt bl . 1 — m sil er b s Russi a i n Euro e . Le tters s all C 2. Proh i itio n ( p ) ; v and co e r co in s R u ssian o r o re i n air- uns sw o r pp , f g ; g ; d stick s; playing card s; marg arine pro duct s; artificial safi ro n articles co lo ure d w ith arsenical dye s; all part s o f th e vine 1 - m Th e le tter C indicate s th at a no n adh esive Custo ms D eclaratio n For ma Th e fi ure o lo win th e C s o ws th e num er o f Identi cal co i es y b e used . g f l g h b p o f th e Custo ms Declaratio n which are re quired in each case . A PPEND I X 20 1 exce t ra e s lant s unle ss acco m anie a h ll o x era p g p , p ( p d by p y e cert i cat e sufii ce s fo r th re e uninsure c ertificat e . On fi d ’ arce ls fo r sam e a re sse e sw in e S fl e sh and all p dd ) ; , it s ro uct s e xce t lar ran o iso ns alco h o li c p d , p d ; b dy , p , arn ish and o tato e s a re sse t o F inlan unle ss fo r v , p dd d d , pro perly auth o rise d firm s; lab els no t sent w ith th e g oo ds t o w hi ch t h e y apply ; anili ne and similar dye s e xcept in crystal fo rm ; un auth o ri se d m e dicine s; arm s (e xcept by special pe rmissio n t o b e o bt aine d by th e addre ssee ) ; Old clo th e s sent f o r ur o se s o f tra e ra s and numann p p d , g , factured anim al pro duct s (unle ss acco mpanie d by a pro per certificat e o f disinfect io n) ; alco h o l and alco h o lic be verag e s (unle ss addre sse d to pro perly auth o ri se d firms) ; g o ld o r silver articles n o t up t o th e pro per stan dard ; article s o f ll l e xc in w e x e s N umero u s article s ce u o i e t o o n o . d p d b , mo stl Of th e nature Of lux urie s are ro hi it e ro m y , p b d f im o rt atio n int o Russia exce t ene rall s eaki n w h e n p , p , g y p g , re uire Go ernme t ser i ce —S e e th e B oard o T rade q d o n v n v . f ournals o f th e 26th Of Octo er 1 9 1 6 and th e 4th and th e j b , ,

1 8 th o f anuar 1 9 1 7 . J y , ob ser ati on s ~ —Parcels must b e ack e in w o o t in v . p d d , , can as linen o r similar mat erial and no t merel in a e r v , , y p p o r car o ar and b e secure l seale w ith wax or lea db d , y d d , re r l l P rce ls no t ack e in w o o e n o r m etal p fe ab y ead . a p d d o x e s must b e co ere w ith can as line n o r Oilclot h no t b v d v , , ( linen- ace a er se w n u at th e fl a s and o l s and f d p p ) p p f d , re trin t h d s Parce ls secu d w it h s g seale d a t e kno t s an e nd . co vere d wi th O ilclo th must b e pro vid e d w ith a st o ut line n back e d lab e l secur e ly se w n t o t h e co ve r by stit ch ing alo ng t h e e dg es and diag o nally acro ss th e labe l o n whi ch a clear c le h 5 i 3 h e en le t f o r a xin spa e no t ss t an n . by in . as b f ffi g ci l e l T h e arcels m b e re s o th e re st Offi al ab s . p ay add se d n o f t h e la e l . I f a re sse o n th e co er it sel th e a re ss b dd d v f , dd mu st b e aint e o n th e co e r re era l w ith w hi t e ain t . p d v , p f b y p Th e nam e and addre ss o f th e se nd er m u st b e sh o wn o n th e co er o f e er arcel a re sse t o Russia Wo o en o x e s v v y p dd d . d b mu st b e o f st o ut mat erial w ell scre w e d o r nail ed to g eth er h i t m T i e t th e at t e s e s o and o tt o . o a o la a d , p b v d d y R u ssian ro ntier sen ers are stro n l a ise t o t ie all f , d g y dv d arce ls ro un w ith co r sealin th e loo se e n s wit h lea p d d , g d d r m e l e m e f e s e sse s ust b c earl w ritt e . Th a o s al . Add y n n t h e t o w n and ro ince sh o ul b e a e in En lish French p v d dd d g , , o r G erm n Cu st o m s e cl r t io s mu t Sh w t h e ro ss a . D a a n s o g w e i h t in ramm e s o f th e arce l inclu in th e ackin g ( g ) p , d g p g , d th e t otal alue o f th e c l m N o an v par e u st b e stat ed . erasure o r am endm ent may b e mad e in th e e ntrie s re lat ing t th e e ri ti num er r i h f nt e s o sc o n o w e t o th e co nt . d p , b , g A separat e e ntry m u st b e mad e o f each k in d o f art icle o r o o s e scri in reci se l in e ach case t h e ualit g d , d b g p y q y acco r in t o th e co mm ercial eno minatio n t h e uantit d g d , q y acco r in t o o r inar t ra e u sa e nu m er m easure ( d g d y d g ) by b , m e nt and ne t w e i h t in ramm e s and th e alue in , g ( g ) , v 202 no w To DO BUS INESS WITH RUS SIA

En li sh o r in R u ssian currenc N e lect f g y . g O th e se reg ulatio ns w ill l ead t o t h e rej ectio n o f t h e parce l by th e Russian Cust o ms and it s re turn t o th e se n r d e . S eparat e Dispat ch N o t e s and separat e Custo m s D eclara tio ns are re u ire in th e case O f ' e ach arce l f o r Ru i q d p ss a. S end ers must indicat e o n th e co ver o f t h e parcel and o n t h e ack o f t h e relati e es at ch N o t e and if o ssi le b v D p , , p b , in th e French lan ua e w h eth er in t h e e e nt Of o g g , , v n n eli er th e arce l S h all b e a re - irect e t o n r d v y , p ( ) d d a o th e addre ss (in w h ich case th e alt ernative addre ss sh o u ld b e ' urnish e b re turne at th e sen er s ex e nse o r c f d) , ( ) d d p , ( ) N o h er l er a an o ne . O t a t nat i e is ermissi le b d d v p b . — Proh ib iti o ns ( Russi a i n Asi a) Same as Russia in E r u o pe . — Ob servati on s. S ame as Russia in Euro e e xce t th at p , p th e re ulatio ns as to ackin ar e m o re st r Th g p g ing ent . e parcels m u st b e pack e d in stro ng w o o d en bo x e s o r barrels m r - 1 at least centi et e a o ut 5 6 in . th ick o r in me t l o r ( b ) , a leath er co erin s o r in er stro n linen o r c v g v y g anvas . S eparat e D ispat ch N o t e s and separat e Cust o m s D eclara t io ns are re uire in th e case Of each arce l f r R i q d p o uss a. S end ers mu st indicat e o n th e co ver Of th e parce l and o n th e ack o f t h e relati e is at ch N o te and if o ssi le in t h e b v D p , , p b , French lan ua e w h et h er in th e e e nt o f no n - eli e r g g , , v d v y , th e parcel sh all b e (a) re -direct e d t o ano th e r addre ss (in w h ich case th e al t ernat i e a re ss sh o ul b e urni sh e v dd d f d) , ’ b r turne t th e sen er s e x e r e a nse o c a an o ne . ( ) d d p , ( ) b d d N th r t ern ti e i s ermi i l O o e al a v p ss b e .

e e ra 1 T l g ms. RUSSIAIN EUROPE N rth ern t . CO G o . 4 d er r . w o I -E r e 3 S o uth Ru si o l 5 p d nd O u o an CO . ( s a n y) I SU nd RUSS A, CA CA S a RUSSIA TR NSCASPIA itt o 4 , A D M. RUSSIAIN ASIA

h C . 4 t . o rt ern O d G N g . 1 — — el e rams aid a ri le rates I S r d . a wo rd rece i e iori O f T g p t t p . i v pr ty treatment o er o t er rivate te le rams o n th e cabl e s be tween t is co untr and Russia and v h p g h y , h Rus I an and in Th e wo r ur ent mus b e inserte o n t e s l l es . d g t d be fo re th e address ’ i a e x a r T h e tele rams are acce su and pa d fo r s an tr wo d . g pted bj ect to senders risk as in th e case o f t ose o rwar e at o r inar rates . , h f d d d y 3 T elegrams fo r RuS S I a can o nl y b e acce pted b y th e ro ute o f th e IndO Emopean

e ra CO . fo r laces so uth o f th e th de ree o f l atitu e Tel g ph p 54 g d . — Mo ne Orders. P o un a e 3d . fo r e er 1 o r racti o n o f 1 y d g , v y £ f £ . x imum m unt f o r S in le o r e r i s 3 Th e ma a o a g d £ 0 . A special requisitio n fo rm mu st b e fille d up and a Ce rtificat e o f I ssue w ill h r i r P m ent in ro u le s b e h ande d t o t e em tt e . ay b and co peck s w ill b e mad e by m ean s Of an Ord er i ssu e d by th e Po stal i i r i r Adm n st at o n ab o ad . Ord ers sh o uld b e t ak e n at least a day be fo re th e d at e s fixe d i t ch f h e m i s f o r th e d spa o t a l .

ice 0 f a m ent ma b e o t aine . Fee 2 d . Adv _p y y b d , 9

land s it n (5 S ons Ltd . Bath En Printed by S ir I aac P ma , , g

R I W CCO T S AND FI E R ailw a A L AY A UN NANC . y R e turn s Act 1 9 B E W K 1 1 . N E N E . H O O ) , y ALL , to th e Lo n do n an d S o uth - Western R ailw ay Co mp ilt 1 48 n e t . . 58 . g , pp , PER B L L n o o k S . G O WS E Y B A e t er i B O CCOU TS . D . . c ur NAL A N . y W , , ’ kee i n o n the M o d n i An r Gra a s wn Si e d ew s o lle e h m to . er S de S t . C p g , g , z s i n b i n h e r r e l - a e r al l ath e 1 06 . i h i n e le a o t ti n . . w t t g y , f , pp , v d b g p p , é d n e t S . ﬁ . . F RM B e r i i n b 9 i n h al CC h e sam u th o e 1 5 . OU T t S . S. . A A N y A z , y 5 , f l e at h e r 1 06 i nt e r e l o ti n - r n e . l a e t a e BS . Gd. t . , pp , v d b g p p ,

B USI NE S S TRAI N I NG

ECTURES ON BRITISH COMMERCE i n clu in Fi n an c e I n su ranc e B usin e ss L , d g , , n I n u s r t h e R T H O N F E E I C K C K B . H TH A S O a d t . G . R D R U N . d y y J , - M A Li R O E T B I t . CE R O I T A E S I T . S . B . A RM G M H . D B R RU C . UG S A , , , , , D L A I I G O D B A A W \ B . G E E E F W E V B . . S O . S O . E . G . N R NG N R N . , L , J J , , ALL LL , A A i h Pre ace b t h e H O N P E E V t a . . R E E E n A E S G . I J M R H M W f y W MB R S . l o th i lt 29 n e t e m 8 v o c 5 . 78 . . d y , g , p , D FR M R E B e in a Co m le t e G ui e THE THEORY AN ACT CE O F COM E C . g p d h ch i e r o f u si e s it e t o M e t o s an d M a n B n s . F H E E LI E . S d y d d by , E xami n er i n B usi n ess T rai n i ng to th e Lancash ire an d Ch eshi re Uni o n o f As is e S e ci alis o n tri u o r v tc . s t t C t s I n e m 8 o I ns i u es e . e t t t tc . , , d by p b d y , c il 62 it an acsi mi l o r s e ls i 2 0 . w h m m n t o n o l lo th t e 48 . . s g , pp , y f f , A v , e ach ri c e d n e t p 28 . 6 . . H PRI CIP A D PR ICE F MER E B A E S S T E E T E N LES N ACT O COM C . y J M PH N O N M A M o B S c H a e H i her o e i a D e ar men S . C m . e d o th C mm rc l t t , . , . . , . , f g p , Re ent S treet P o l techni c L o n do n E xami n er i n Co mmerci al E n li sh g y , g M e i n o L n and B usi n ess tho ds to the Un o f a cashi re an d Cheshi re I n sti tutes . I n e m v o cl o th ilt 650 w it h m an ac imile o rm s n et 8 . s 58 . . d y , g , pp , y f f , I NSURANCE

Prac ti c al x o siti o n fo r th e S t u e n t an B usi n e ss M an I R E E d . N SU ANC . A p d R - P esi en a i es T Y O B A. F . S ere r d t o he n s itu e o A tu r . . I t t c B . E . UNG . . t y , , A / f ’ ith a Practi c al S e cti o n o n \Vo rkm e n s Co m e n sati o n I n suran ce W p , by W R S T O an d t h e N ati o n al I n suran ce S ch e m e V A . R NG N , Y Y , by V A A T h i r i ti o n e ise an nl e I n e m M F I Ed R d E a . RR . . . r , d , v d g d d y clo th ilt 4 23 n e t v d . 8 o . 78 . 6 . , g , pp ,

I SURA CE OFFICE ORG I S TIO M GEME T AND CCOU TS. N N AN A N , ANA N , A N A o n d n I A. S ec B T YO B A E R S a d R C A M S T E S A. C . . E . UNG . . A H RD R y , , , , l i ditio n R ise . I n e m vo c o th l 1 5 ne t e 6d . E S t 0 . 38 . , v d d y , g , pp , . O RGAN I SATI ON AN D MANAG EMENT

I E R I I AND M ME T I n clu i n S e cre tari al OFF C O GAN SAT ON ANAGE N . d g H B AI r n d E . o k B LAW E CE R I C K E E M o . a m . . R N . D S . C N W y , , L

L T a F o u rth E iti o n . ate r mwa s Ill ana er Co un t B o ro u h o West H am . y g , y g f d I n em 8 vo clo th il 3 1 0 n e t t . 58 . . d y , g , pp , TI G HO SE A D R OR I TIO Practi cal M anna COUN N U N FACTO Y GAN SA N . A r i F ct o r B o f M o d e n M e th o ds appl e d t o th e Co u n ti ng H o u se and a y . y i 2 n et G I O I I A S O I n e m 8 vo clo th lt 1 8 . 55. . . M UR M N . J L W LL d y , g , pp , THE P H F M T T h e F un cti o n o f th e Mi n i n SYC OLOGY O MANAGE EN . d

et e rmi ni n T e ach i n an d I nstallin M e th o s o f Least ast e . B D g , g , g d W y

i d n et . L M I E m vo clo th lt 354 . . . G BR T H . I n e 8 78 . 6 . L d y , g , pp , B C E O B . L I E EME T . S S N D E N I DUSTRI TR FFIC M G . Auth N AL A ANA N y , ” a Law \Vi h F r o Rai lwa Reb ates C se etc . etc . t a o e w o r b CH AR f y ( ) , , d y L M G AV E S ecretar Lo n do n Chamb er o Co mmerce I n e m . S 8 v E U R . , y , f d y

d n e t . c lo th i lt 260 . 78 . (i . g , pp , ' AI r S STEM TIC I DE ING. B . S E R . I n o al 8 vo Clo t h i l t 260 : Y A N X y J K y , g , pl i ill t rati o n s an d 1 2 co lo ure lat e s d n e t th 32 us 1 2s. 6 . . W d p , M I IP FFICE ORG IS TIO AND M GEMENT Co m r UN C AL O AN A N ANA . A p h e nsi v e M an ual o f I n fo rm atio n an d Di re c t io n o n m att e rs co n n e c te d WI I h e w o rk o f O ﬁl Cl aIS o f M u ni ci ali ti es E i t e I I A B AT E S O t p . d d by W LL M A A B o ro u h T reasu rer o r th e Co u n t B o ro u h o B la k o . C . g f y g f c p With co nt ri bu ti o n s b y e mi n e n t au th o ri ti e s o n M u n i ci pal VVOI' k a P racti c e I n c ro w n 4 to h al —le at h e r I lt w i th ab o u t 250 i a ram s a . , f g , d g

o rms 503 2258 . n e t . f , B F A C I S P i x L E Y F A C . AND TEEIR M GEME T . . C UBS . R N L ANA N y W , IlI dle T e m le arri ste r- at- Law I n e m 8 vo c lo th ilt 240 o the i d B . / p , d y , g , p .

78 . 6do n e t . SO ICITOR ’ S OFFICE ORG IS TIO M GEME T AND CCOUNT L AN A N , ANA N , A H \V v o clo th i lt 1 76 E a H . R O I I n e m 8 B E . . CO nd . . B N S . y A P d y , g , p h m e ro s o rm s n e t i t n u u 58 . W f , . \V I E B . I T . NN COLLIERY OFFICE ORGAN SATION AND A CCOUN S. y J ’ A w i h n an k I nn e s r re cc n t ant s and T CO L h . C . . S t i b CO . a e o u F . C t ( , d A ) , t E I II e m v Cl t ilt 1 n e . F I . h 4 C . 8 o o 0 . CAM B . 58 . P LL , d y , g , pp ,

B . L C . GROCERY BUSINESS ORGANISATION AND MANAGEMENT . y B E E CH I NG Or an i si n S ecretar o the I nstitute o Certi cated Gro cer , g g y f f ﬁ ' ’ i th Ch a t e rs o n B u in a B u si ne ss G ro c e rs O f ce Wo rk an d B OO W p y g , ﬁ ' S A k e in an a M o e e O f ro c e r cc s B . T e d l s t G s o u nt . R HUR M R p g , d A y J A r s n e t e v clo th ilt a u t 6 i h i ati o n 8 . . I n m 8 o o 1 0 . w t ll us t 5 d y , g , b pp , . T B DRAPERY BUSINESS ORGANISATION AND MANAGEMEN . y

I n e v c t h il n e t . ERN E S T B A E . m 8 o lo t 300 58 . YL Y d y , g , pp STOCKBROKER ’ S OFFICE ORG NI S TIO M GEME T A A N, ANA N AN s el A CCOUNTS ( ee b o w) . SHI PPI G OFFI CE ORG IS TI M GEME T AND CCOU T N AN A ON, ANA N , A N

(see b e lo w ) .

B K ORG IS TIO M GEME T AND CCOU TS . AN AN A N , ANA N A N (p I E R I IN SURANCE OFF C O GAN SATION (p. STOCK EXCHANG E STOCKBROKER ’ S OFFICE ORG IS TIO M GEME T AN A N , ANA N AN

CCOU TS. B U I US E . D AY M an a er to an i nsi de F i rm o S toc A N y J L , g f L an b ro kers o n th e o ndo n S to ck E xch e . I n e m 8 v o clo th ilt 243 g d y , g , pp

78 . 6d. ne t . A AND PR CTICE OF THE T E E THE HISTOR L W S OCK E CH G . Y, , A X AN T em le an n i i E B A. o h nner d M i la d rcu a i s e P P O . t e I d C t B rr t A . . L Y , , f p , - H A o n ec n C E S G O th e E x h a . S o at Law an d F . . RRU T H R U D S to ck c e L , / g re i e n ro u h to at e I n e m 8 vo c lo th i lt 348 E i ti o n s a d t u . d v d b g p d d y , g , pp

58 . ne t . SHI PPI NG SHIPPI G OFFICE ORG IS TIO M GEME T AND CCOU T N AN A N , ANA N , A N A co mpre h e n sive G uid e t o th e i n nu m e rable d e t ails co n n e cte d w ith t h i i T r e B F E V c i t 2 S n a . CA E T I n e m v o lo t h l 03 R D R . 8 pp g d y AL L d y , g , pp

wi t h n u m e ro us o r m s 58 . n e t . f , ’

M . E E THE E P RTER H NDB AND L S R B F . X O S A OOK G O SA Y . y DUD N F o re w o r b \V E I G T F u nde r a nd E di to r o T h e B t’ l l l sh E x o . G N O N o d y L , f p I l l e m v o c lo t h i l 4 n Gazette . S t 25 . 58 . o t . d y , g , pp ’

THE PRI IPL M RI S ee . NC ES OF A NE LAW. ( p BAN KI N G AND FI NANCE

MO E E CH GE AND B KI G i n th e i r Pr acti cal T h e o re ti cal an N Y, X AN AN N , , , l s e c s c m l e t e M an u l f r Le a t . o a o B an k O f ci als u si n e ss M e g A p A p ﬁ , B an d S t u e n t s o f Co m m e rc e B H T AS T . . O Asso i a o . E N c te the I nsti tu d y , f

B an kers. S e co n Ed i ti o n R e i se I n e V d . m 8 O cl o th ilt 3 1 2 t d , v d y , g p} t g n e . 8 . FOREIGN EX CHAN GE AND FOREIGN BILL S IN THEORY AND I B F S A I e r i . As PR CTICE. . D NG C t cated so ci ate I n stitute A y W P L , ﬁ , B an kers F ello w of th e R o y al E co no mi c S o ci ety ; L ectu rer o n F o re ig E xchang e at the Ci ty o f L o n do n Co llege Au th o r of F oreig n an d Co loni B anki n A o i ntments I n e m 8 v o cl o th ilt 227 . t . 58 . ne . g pp d y , g , pp , B F B A A PR T I . . G S .M e mb C IC B G. . G H er o th e I nsti tute A AL ANK N y J W , f V “ ” k s V I h ch r n B an er . t a te s o Th Princi l f b o C rr . p e p es u ency, y C HANNAF O RD Associ ate o th e I n sti tute o B ankers and Ban B0 0 , f f , k ” b H P E A ll/I e mb e o e u ee in . . RD r th I nsti t te o B ankers i n I relan k p g , y W , / f I e v o cl th il 4 e t n m 8 o t 00 . 58 . n d y , g , pp B K ORG I TIO M GEME T AND T B S CCOU S. . AN AN A N, ANA N , A N y J AV L B A. L L r r F D I S D Li t M . tu e o n n i n . . . ec B a k and i nance , , , g the t L n do n Co lle e I n e 8 V O c lo th ilt 1 6 n i o o m 5 . e C f 58 . t . y g d y , g , pp BI L AND OT H an o o k o r B n e n S CIIE UES ES. f usi ess M a L , Q , N A db L aw e rs T o e th e r w ith th e B i lls O f E x ch an e Ac t 1 88 2 an d th e n . m e y g g , , A i n Act B i lls o f E x ch an e Cr o sse Ch e u e s ct 6 A 1 90 B . S AT E g , g ( d q ) , . y J A . L L n e M dl A LL B . h n . e d o t i d e T e m e a d h e N o n r B . . l t rth E aster Ci cu , ( ) , f p , — ” B arr i ster- at Law autho r o IVI er an ile Law e S e co n i i c t tc . E t o ; f , d d r evi se an d e n lar e I n e m v o clo th il 2 4 8 t 1 . n et . . 58 . d g d d y , g , pp DI T I Co m l e t e E n c clo ae i a o f B an ki n La C IONARY OF BANK N G. A p y p d g an d P i actice B T O S O ank s i th a se cti o n . . H M N B I n ector . y W , p W ‘ th e I ri sh Lan Law s i n t h e i r r e lati o n t o B an ki n B L O C I S T I A d g . y L YD HR S e retar to the I nsti tu e o B ankers i n r lan d I n cr w n 4 t o h a] c t I e . o y f , l e h e r 6 1 n e t 1 . at ilt 8 . 2 8 . g , pp , ’ ER E RITI I T D E B LA E CE A. F O G BANK S S CU ES AGA NS A VAN C S. y WR N i I n e m v o clO Certi i cated Asso ci ate o th e I n st tute o B ankers . d 8 f f f y ,

t . i lt 1 20 . 58 . n e g , pp THE EVOLUTION OF THE MONEY MARKET (1 385 An H ist o ri c an d An alyti c al St u dy o f t h e R i se an d D e v e lo pm e n t o f Fi n an ce as

- l r r I LL . B Lo r P O E . n t i o i o e B E S T . Ce n a se Co nat e F c . d , d d y LL W LL , ( d - - L a I e n L n l ar s er at w . n d S c . E co n . e d o th e er T em e B ri t D . n I n ( , ) , f p ; v o cl o h i lt 4 n e t 8 t 7 8 . . 1 08 . 6d , g , pp . SE CR ETA R IAL WO RK

’ P R T R S V DE MECUM E it e b P I I T O V E THE COM ANY SEC E A Y A . d d y H L P i e l ar e n d r e i se I n o o l sca 8 v o clo t S e c o n E i t o n n a . d d , g d v d f p , 24 t 7 . 25. n e . pp , ’ E R T R DB Prac ti cal G ui e t o th e o rk an d u ti S C E A Y S HAN OOK . A d W D i n c o nn e cti o n w ith t h e Po si ti o n o f S e cre t ai y t o a M e m be r Of P arli am e r a Co u n t r G e n tl e m an w ith a lan e e st at e a Ch ari t a le I n stit uti o n w i y d d , b , a se cti o n d e vo t e d t o th e w o rk o f a Lady S e cre t ar y and a ch apte r d e ali AI I n e m 8 v r i e H E B . cr r r i e n e al E t b . . w ith S e e t a i al w o k n g . d d y L N d y

clo th i lt 1 68 38 (id. n e t . g , p , . RET R Practic al M anu al an d W0 GUIDE FOR THE OMPANY SEC A Y . A I E F C . . S e i e tar B A T COL S . O f R e e re n ce fo r th e Co m an e . f p y y y R HUR , e m 8 v o c lO S e co n E iti o n E nlar e an d th o ro u hl R e i se . I n d d , g d g y v d d y , ilt 4 32 Wi th 7 5 iacsi m i le o r m s an d th e ull t e x t o f th e Co m ani g , pp , f , f p

Ac t 1 8 45 n e t . ct s 1 908 an d 1 9 1 3 an d th e Co m ani e s Cl ause s 58 . A , , p , ,

ECONOMI CS

ECO OMIC GE R P B M C FA A E L OG H . . M A M Co m ec urer i n R N . . . t N A Y y J L , , Geo ra h i n th e Uni versi M a t o . n s er I m v o clo th ilt che t . n e 8 g p y y f d y , g , 568 . i th 1 8 ill ustrati o ns pp W , 78 . (i ll . n et . OUT I ES OF THE ECO OMIC HISTOR F E D Stu in L N N Y O NGLAN . A dy S o ci al e e lo m en t B H E I T . O . M F . M o m ello w R ED H C . o D v p y , , f ’ ’ K i n s Co lle e Camb ri d e P ro esso r o E co no mi cs uee n s Universi t g g , g , f f , Q y , B el as I t . n e m 8 v o clo tli ilt 3 76 . n e t 58 . f d y , g , pp . THE HI STOR AND E CO OMI F TR P RT B DA . Y N CS O AN S O . y A M W K I R K AL Y M A i D B L . x r . . M r . tt O o Co m Bi min h am P ro esso r o , , , f d ; . . , g ; f f F i nance i n the Universi t o B i rmin ham an d F R E D U D E E V AN S y f g AL D L Y ,

.9ecretar o th e B i rmi n ham E x han e I n e m vo c lo t h il 34 c 8 t 8 . y f g g . d y , g , pp , d n e t 78 . 6 . ' THE ECO OMICS OF TE E R P AND TE P B O LE E G HS E HO ES. HN N L A L N y J , M T ra A. M . i c ana er P o st O ce T e e ra s I n cr n 8 v cl o th ilt l h . o w o , ﬁ g , fﬁ g p , g , 92 28 . 6d n et . pp , . CREDIT I DUSTR AND THE WAR B ein R e o rts an d o th er m att er N Y . g p pre se n t e d t o th e E co no m i c S ci en ce an d St ati sti cs S ecti o n o f th e Bri ti sh sso ci ati o n fo r th e n ce m e nt o f S ci e n c ch es r a e m e eti n at M an te 1 9 1 5 . A Adv g , E i te A K I R K ALD Y M A t r M m B ir ~ . it x o . Co . D M . B . L O d d by A W , f d , , min h m r a . i h a P c 1 i t e a e b P i tt . . R . S C O T M . A. h . L D . T D . g W f y W , , , , an d c o nt ri utio n s b o t h e r e mi nen t au th o rit i e s I n e m 8 v o b y . d y , r l h 2 . c o t 78 28 . 6d. n e t . q , p , FI CE AND THE WAR B e in t h e R esult s o f I n uiri es BOUR NAN , . g q LA , arrang e d by t h e S e ct i o n o f E co no mi c S ci ence an d Stati sti cs o f th e B riti sh sso ci ati o n fo r th e an ce ment o f S ci en ce uri n t h e e ars 1 9 1 5 and A Adv , d g y 1 9 i Lit t 1 6 . E t r L B . e a i th a e c A I R K A D Y M . n d w P a e D M . K d d f by A W , A

Ox o rd M Co m B irm co tri i o s o t h r e mi n ent auth o riti es . . and n ut n e f , . , b by I n e 8 vo 350 et d n . m . 38 . 6 . d y , pp

ADVERTI SI NG AND SALE SMANSHI P

THE R FT OF I E T A E M SHIP Gui e t o e rti sem ent C A S L N S L S AN . A d Adv r i o F I Si e o st u ct n A WE T R E U R T H A . . S . C . M X G and C n . B R NG y LL J W z , i c l i ill r i s n et b 9 i n . o t h 9 . w th u st at o n . d . 6 7 n . 8 3S . 6 . } y } , , pp , D I B A T E D i LL THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF A VERTI S NG. y W L R r i h 6 1 illu trati o ns 240 S CO T T Ph D . I n la e cro w n 8 v o cl o th w t s , . g , , , pp

(is. n et . THE P H F D ERTI I Si m le Ex o siti o n o f th e Princi les SY C OLOGY O A V S NG. A p p p c er isin B th e sam e o f Psy ch o lo g y and th e ir R e latio n t o S u c e ssful Adv t g . y 2 u th o r I n lar e cro w n 8 vo clo th w ith 67 illustrati o n s 28 . 68 . n et . A . g , , , pp r i PRI I I IT T h e Art o f e ti s n . THE NC PLES OF PRACTICAL PUBL C Y . Adv g A WE E E I n l ar e cro w 8 vo clo th w i th 4 3 ull - a e B T RUM N . D E S . n y A g , , f p g

i llustrati o n s 266 8 . (id. n e t . , pp , 7 D RTI I A I R E Co m ilati o n o f E x eri e n ce A VE S NG S A BUS NESS FO C . A p p e c r s B P T C E I T O I nstructo r i n Co mmerci al Or ani sati o n R o . . . H R NG N d y , g

i n a h o o 0 B usi n ss Admi ni strati o n H arvard Universi t . the Gradu te S c l / e , y

I n e m 8 vo clo th ilt 586 . 78 . 6d. n e t . d y , g , pp , B F THE PRINCIPLES OF ADVERTI SING ARRANGEMENT. y . A . A i ed Ar PAR S O N S P resi dent o th e N ew Yo rk S ch o o l o F i ne and l t. , f f pp

i h 1 2 i h n i llustrati o ns 68 . n e t . Si e 7 n 1 I clo t 8 . w t m a b 0 n . z . y } , , pp , y , AD AND ES stu o f erti si n an d S e lli n ro m th e stan o i nt S SAL . A dy Adv g g f dp

r f c t B H E E T N . CAS S O . o f th e n ew p i nciple s o S i en tiﬁc M an ag e m en . y RB R N cl 16 n et I n e m 8 v o o th 7 . 68 . . d y , , pp , E SI ESS H an o o k e ali n w it h th e Princi l f THE N W BU N . A db d g p es o Adve r lli r k t in H A T I E P t i sin S e n an d M a e . B RR R resi dent Adv , , Y PP , erti si n g g g y , ’ ﬂ /l en 3 Lea ue N ew Yo rk L ectu rer o n Advertzszn N ew Yo rk Universi g , , g ty o c lo h il 4 e t . I n e m 8 v t t 06 . 78 . 6d. n d y , g , pp , S ESM SHIP t re ati se o n th e Art o f S elli n PRACTICAL AL AN . A g G o o ds F O E nr ssist e tw e n t - nine x e r C . . E t B N . R S alesm e n S ale W , y L J A d by y p , rs r m ine n usi ne ss e n cro M an a e an d o t m n . I wn 8 v o clo th 337 g , p b , , pp.

38 . 6d. ne t . R I TR E I G G ui e to th e Pro essi o n fo r re se nt COMME C AL AV LL N . A d f p an ” r cti e S al e s e n o n h r E ' P o s e m t e o a B T E . B . I n CI p v d y ALB R ULL . O W1 h il 1 4 e 8 vo clo t t 7 . 28 (id n t . , g , pp , . .

LAW

B AT E B A LL r i cal S . B act ex I E LA . . . o si i MER T W . R t o C . AN L y J A L , A p p fo r Law S tu e n ts B usi ne ss M e n an d ance Classes i n Co mm e rci d , , Adv d Co ll e g e s an d S ch o o ls T h ir E d it io n R e i se I n e m 8 v o clo t d , v d . d y , ilt 4 64 ne t 59 . g , pp . MP IES AND COMP LAW T o e th er w ith th e Co m ani e s Co r CO AN ANY . g p ( i ct 1 9 8 a c f B L so li at o n A 0 nd th e A t o 1 9 1 3 C . CO E L . . NN . d ) , , y A LL , M i m l a i e r- a - La S c n E itio o th e ddle T e e B rr st t w . e o / p , d d i e I n e m y o c lo i 34 t . R e s d d 8 t h lt 8 . ne . 58 . v y , g , pp , A L B F H EA B . D . . ate lassi A . C c COMP C SE L W. D ANY A y , ’ ’ Exh ib iti ne r o ueen 5 lle e o Li n o ln s I n n arrister- at- Law I o Co c B . f Q g , f

e m 8 vo clo th i lt 3 1 4 7s. 6d ne t d y , g , pp R S T E E h M i d B . . S o t e d A RRI . E THE L W OF C GE. H N A A y J P , f i - a Law e v o Clo h il 4 T em le arr s r t . I n m 8 t t 32 n e t B te 58 . p , d y , g , . THE LAW RELATING TO THE CARRIAGE BY LAND OF ASSENGER D B S \V C A K E o th e M i ddle T em le an IM S AN GOODS. . . R AN AL , y L , / p h e N h Eas rn i r u it arri er - d - Law I n e m 8 vo clo th il t o rt te C c B st l . , d y , g 3 d n e t 50 . 78 (i . . p , . INC I AX SUPER TAX AND I H BITED HOUSE DUT LAW ’ , N A Y AN gASESI S e e ) THE LAWRELATINGTO SECRET COMMISSIONS AND BRIBES (CHRIS A BO ES R T IT ES TIPS ETC THE PRE E TI M S G U . V O O X A I ’, , ) N N ‘ ’ NA 1 0 n E T C EW o Gra s I nn and v CORRUPTIO CI 9 6. B R R , y AL , / y , i ’ S o uth E astern C rcu it B arri ste r- at- Law Lee P rizeman o Gra s I n , ; / y e m v c lo t h i lt 1 98 n e I n 8 o . t 58 . d y , g , pp , . B KRUPTC DEEDS OF RR GEME T AND BI S OF SA E ” B AN Y, A AN N , LL L ’ A E T I E B A M A an I B A b o t L n o l d G M S . . h o i n I n . N N . . . c W V L LL , , LL , , f arr s s- —L w I e m v c h i e r B i ter a a n 8 o lo t lt 364 . n t T hi t . 53 . . d y , g , pp , E iti o n E nlar e an d Re i se i n acco r ance w it h t h e B an kr u tc Ac d , g d v d d p y 1 9 4 an th e e e s o f rr n e e nt Ac t 1 9 1 4 1 d a m . , D d A g , P I IP E F M RI A B LA E CE D UCK WO R I‘ ‘ H o t) R C S O E L W. R N N L A N y W , / M i ddle T em le B arri ster- at- Law T h ir E iti o n R e i se I n d e m p , . d d , v d . 8 vo clo th i lt a u t 400 e t o 7S . 6d n . , g , b . G IDE TO THE LA F LICE I G T h e H an o o k fo r all Lic en e U W O NS N . db h l e rs B E T ATC E arri e r - a - Law I n e m v o . B st t 8 . S H H R . d y J W LL , d y clo th ilt 200 n e t g , , 58 . . I e B G E O B LI S S E N D E N . n d m R I W RE pgE E A . B S C S L . A L AY ( ) A W. y v o clo t ilt 4 5 n e 8 h 0 . t 1 08 Cd . , g , pp , . . THE LAW RE TI G TO THE CHI D : Its Protection Education 3 LA N L , ,

Em lo ment. i th I n tro u cti o n o n th e Law s o f S ai n G erm an p y W d p , F rance an I tal an Bi lio ra h B R O E T H O A M A d . . . B R ND , d y ; b g p y y W LL , M S c LL h - - L w I e m v . M 8 m le ar ister at a . . D o t e i ddle T e B r n f p , d y clo th i lt 1 66 n e t . 58 . g , pp , . ' 8 PITMAN 8 BUSINES S HANDBOOK S

B S AT E B A LL B H SEH D LA . . . . . I n e m 8 v OU O W. R . L y J A L , , d y clo th ilt 3 1 6 n e t 58 . g , p . B T CAT O WO R F O L THE LAW OF RE IRS AND DI PID TI . S A LA A ON S. y M A LL D I n cro w n y c 1 4 . . . 8 o lo th ilt 0 . n . d e t 38 . 6 . . , , g , pp , I B E - i R L THE LA F E DE . N A Il E L Lo T D . n W O V CE. MBH RD B B . N y W , ( d B arri ster at Law o th e NI i ddle T em le S e co n E iti o n R e i se f p . d d v d cr w n 8 v o clo th ilt 1 2 n e t o d . 6 . 38 . 6 . , g , pp , TH D R B th e sam e u th o r I n e m 8 v o clo AW F PR E E . E L O OC U . y A d y , ilt 1 22 n e t 5S . g , IpP , .

BI S CHE UES AND OTES. S e e a e LL , O , N ( p g THE HI STOR LAW AND PR CTI CE OF THE STOCK EXCHANG Y, , A (S e e pag e

B USI NE SS R E FE R ENCE BOO KS

COMMERCI E C C OP EDI AND DICTI R B I E AL N Y L A A ONA Y OF US N SS. re li able and co m pre h e n siv e w o rk o f re fe ren ce o n all co m m erci al su bj e e S e ci all e si n e an d wr i tt e n fo r t h e u s m e rc h an t t h e co mm e rci p y d g d b y , s tu e n t d h e m o e rn m an o f a ai rs E i t e AT E B an t . . . S R . d , d ff d d by J A L , LL B Le n d o he M i ddle T em le and N orth - E astern i r i ar i s . . t C cu t B r t ( ) , f p , a Law ssi st e u w ar s o f 50 S e ci ali sts as co ntri u o rs Wi t . t A d by p d p b . n u m e ro us m a s illu st rati o n s acsi mil e u si n e ss o rm s and le al d o c p , , f b f g m en t s i a ram s et c I n 4 o ls lar e c ro w n 4 to e ach 4 50 clo , d g , . v g ( - h r il il e t . H al le at e t et t £ I 1 08 . n £ 2 23 . n . g , f g , ’ B I IDE S ix th R e i se E iti o n ith F re nch G e rm a US ESS M S GU . . N AN v d d W , n S i h i l en ts f r t h e rc ial r er s i a d pan s eq u va o e Co mm Wo ds an d T m . Ed t S A E A LL B T h e r k in cl u e B . w o s o er . . T R . . . by J A L , , d v art ic le s I cr w n v o c l il 2 n e n o 8 o t h t 5 0 . d t . 38 6 . , g , pp , . . ’ PUB I M IDE H an o o k fo r all w h o t ak e an i n t e rest i n u L C AN S GU . A db q t io n s o f h i te AT E B A LL B t e a . . S . . d . E R . . y d d by J A L , , cro w n v o cl t h ilt 4 4 4 n e d t . 8 o . 38 . C . , g , pp , ’ THE R D MMER I PR D e scri t i e acco u nt o f t WO L S CO C AL O UCTS. A d p v c f h w rl ir e rci l e s B co n o mi Plant t e o an f th e Co m m a U s . E s o d d o y W . A B S c S u eri n ten den Co lon i al E co n o m ic o llecti or F R E E M N . . t C , , p ,

S c . A ai n i u L n S E C A E B . ssi st m erial I st t te o n do an d . I . H ND R p , , L , , a L n do n Wi Co lo n i al E co no mi c Co llecti o n s I m e ri l I nsti tute o . , p , c o n t ri uti o n s m an S e ci ali st s l n e m 4t o clo th i lt 400 b by y p . d y , g , p 4 20 illust rat io n s fro m ph o t o graph s an d 1 2 co lo u re d plat e s and m a t 1 08 . 6d. n e . DICTIONARY OF COMMERCIAL CORRESPON DENCE IN EN GLI S

FRE CH GERMA SP ISH AND IT I . S e co n d R e i se a N , N , AN , AL AN v d i i e v c 2 n e t h e a e r t o n I n m S o lo t h 50 . . C E . 58 . p d d y , , pp ,

’ CO III PLE T E LI S T P F R E E ON AP P L I CAT I ON

mer ondon me CO L . Sir I saac Pitman 8: Sons I A n . E