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Ÿþm I C R O S O F T W O R 第 26 卷 第 12 期 农 业 工 程 学 报 Vol.26 No.12 168 2010 年 12 月 Transactions of the CSAE Dec. 2010 黑龙江省种植业机械化发展情况分析 王金武,鞠金艳※,王金峰 (东北农业大学工程学院,哈尔滨 150030) 摘 要:为科学的分析种植业机械化发展情况,该文在分析现有农业机械化发展水平评价研究成果基础上,结合黑龙江 省实际情况,建立了种植业机械化发展水平评价指标体系,并利用德尔菲法确定了各评价指标的权重,同时参考黑龙江 省实现农业现代化时的发展目标,确定了各评价指标的标准值。最后,利用综合评价法测算 2001-2008 年黑龙江省种植 业机械化发展水平,测算结果表明黑龙江省种植业机械化水平从 2001 年的 45.91%增长到 2008 年的 63.24%,平均每年 增长 2.17%。通过各评价指标的对比研究,分析了阻碍种植业机械化水平发展速度的原因,为指导黑龙江省种植业机械 化发展提供科学依据。 关键词:农业工程,耕作,机械化,指标体系,综合评价,黑龙江省 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2010.12.028 中图分类号:S232.3 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1002-6819(2010)-12-0168-05 王金武,鞠金艳,王金峰. 黑龙江省种植业机械化发展情况分析[J]. 农业工程学报,2010,26(12):168-172. Wang Jinwu, Ju Jinyan, Wang Jinfeng. Development situation analysis of crop cultivation mechanization in Heilongjiang Province[J]. Transactions of the CSAE, 2010, 26(12): 168-172. (in Chinese with English abstract) 局的统计指标相衔接,与农业现代化的要求相一致。 0 引 言 本文在参考文献[1-14]的研究成果基础上,为更全 要发挥种植业机械化在农业现代化建设中的作用, 面、更准确的反映种植业机械化发展水平,结合种植业 正确引导种植业机械化的进一步发展,提高管理水平, 对排灌和植保要求较高,增设了排灌机械化程度和植保 首先必需正确认识现阶段种植业机械化发展情况,而正 机械化程度 2 个指标;原有的种植业机械化综合保障能 确的认识是建立在对种植业机械化科学评价的基础上。 力评价指标只体现农机总量的变化,没有考虑农机的配 随着社会经济的发展和农村产业结构变化,原有的一些 套情况,本文增设了大中型农机具配套比和小型农机具 评价指标和标准值难以客观、全面反映一个区域的种植 配套比来反映农机配备情况;同时采用农村百人农机人 业机械化发展水平[1-6]。因此,本文根据黑龙江省的实际 员拥有量来反映种植业劳动力中农机使用者所占比例, 情况,建立种植业机械化发展水平评价指标体系,确定 进而从农机人员素质和数量 2 个方面对农机人员进行全 各指标的标准值和权重。然后,根据统计数据计算出各 面评价;种植业机械化综合效益应从经济效益和社会效 指标的实际值,再通过数学模型转换成综合评价值,科 益综合考虑,经济效益主要体现在农机收入和种植业产 学的评价现阶段黑龙江省种植业机械化发展水平。评价 值的变化,社会效益体现在劳均播种面积的增加和种植 结果对健全黑龙江省种植业机械化宏观调控和微观指 业劳动力数量的减少,特别是种植业劳动力占全省总劳 导,发挥种植业机械化在建设农业现代化中的作用,具 动力比重是一个社会指标,种植业机械化的发展终将会 有十分重要的理论和现实意义。 使种植业劳动力减少,将其纳入二级指标。建立的种植 1 种植业机械化评价分析方法的改进 业机械化发展水平评价指标体系具体内容如下: 1)种植业机械化作业程度(B1):反映农业机械在种 1.1 评价指标的选择 植业生产中实际作用的大小,是种植业机械化评价的核 评价种植业机械化发展水平的实质就是对种植业机 心。下设农作物耕整地机械化程度(B11)、栽播机械化程 械化作业程度、机械化发展的潜力及社会效果进行科 度(B12)、排灌机械化程度(B13)、植保机械化程度(B14) 学、合理的评价。指标体系的设置要从实际需要出发, 和收获机械化程度(B15)5 个二级指标。 遵循“科学、全面、简便、实用”的原则,与国家统计 2)种植业机械化综合保障能力(B2):反映农机装备、 农机人员和农机社会化服务体系对提高种植业综合生产 收稿日期:2010-03-10 修订日期:2010-12-08 能力,实现发展目标的保障能力。下设种植业劳均农机 作者简介:王金武(1970-),男,黑龙江省庆安市人,教授,博士生导师, 原值(B21)、播面顷均农机动力(B22)、大中型农机具配 主要从事田间机械与机械可靠性方面的研究。哈尔滨 东北农业大学工程学 套比(B23)、小型农机具配套比(B24)、农机人员受教育 院,150030。Email: [email protected] 程度(B25)、农机社会化服务体系建设程度(B26)和农 ※通信作者:鞠金艳(1982-),女,黑龙江省齐齐哈尔人,博士,主要从事 村百人农机人员拥有量( ) 个二级指标。 农业机械化生产管理与系统工程。哈尔滨 东北农业大学工程学院,150030。 B27 7 Email: [email protected] 3)种植业机械化综合效益(B3):反映种植业机械化 第 12 期 王金武等:黑龙江省种植业机械化发展情况分析 169 的经济和社会效益。下设种植业劳均产值(B31)、种植业 机械排灌面积 B13 100% (3) 劳均播种面积(B32)、百元农机原值纯收入(B33)、千瓦 耕地总面积 动力农机作业收入(B34)和种植业劳动力占全省总劳动 机械植保面积 B14 100% (4) 力比重(B35)5 个二级指标。 播栽总面积 由上述 3 个一级指标和 17 个二级指标构成了种植业 机械收获面积 B15 100% (5) 机械化发展水平评价指标体系。其中,B35 为逆向指标, 收获总面积 指标数值越大,种植业机械化发展水平越低;其余各指 农业机械原值 B (元·人-1) (6) 标为正向变化指标,指标数值越大,种植业机械化水平 21 种植业劳动力数 越高。 农业机械总动力 B (kW∙hm-2) (7) 1.2 评价指标权重及标准值的确定 22 播栽总面积 对种植业机械化发展水平进行分层次多指标综合评 大中型拖拉机配套农具 B (8) 价时,应根据实际情况,并考虑引导性,对各个评价指 23 农用大中型拖拉机 [6-8] 标赋予不同的权重 。为此,本文通过调查研究、专家 小型拖拉机配套农具 B (9) 咨询,对各层次的各个指标的重要性进行打分,与农机 24 农用小型拖拉机 主管部门共同商定了各级指标权重,如表 所示。设定 1 初中以上文化程度农机人员数 标准值就是确定实现农业现代化时种植业机械化评价指 B25 100% (10) 农机人员总数 标体系中各指标应达到的基本标准值。参照《农业机械 乡镇农机管理服务站数 化水平评价方法》课题组的研究成果[1]及其他省市数据的 B 100% (11) 26 乡镇总数 基础上,结合黑龙江省实际情况,设定黑龙江省种植业 从事农机人员数 -1 机械化发展水平评价指标标准值如表 1 所示。 B27 100 (人∙百人 ) (12) 农村劳动力人数 表 1 黑龙江省种植业机械化发展水平评价指标权重及标准值 种植业总产值(当年价格) B (元∙人-1) (13) Table 1 Weight and standard values of evaluation indexes of crop 31 种植业劳动力数 cultivation mechanization level in Heilongjiang Province 栽播总面积 2 -1 一级指标 B (hm ∙人 ) (14) 二级指标名称 权重 标准值 32 名称及权重 种植业劳动力数 农机经营纯收入 耕整地机械化程度/% 0.23 100 B 100 (元∙百元-1) (15) 33 农业机械原值 种植业 栽播机械化程度/% 0.19 100 机械化 农机作业总收入 排灌机械化程度/% 0.18 100 B (元∙kW-1) (16) 作业程度 34 农业机械总动力 (B1,0.5) 植保机械化程度/% 0.19 100 收获机械化程度/% 0.21 100 种植业劳动力数 B35 100% (17) -1 全省总劳动力数 种植业劳均农机原值/(元∙人 ) 0.21 4 000 播面顷均农机动力/(kW∙hm-2) 0.2 6 2.2 一级评价指标和种植业机械化水平的计算方法 种植业 大中型农机具配套比 0.06 3 本文将各单项指标评价得到的各指标指数,采用加 机械化 综合保障 小型农机具配套比 0.04 4 权指数综合评分法转换成综合评价指数。其中,当 B35≤ 能力 农机人员受教育程度/% 0.22 100 15%时,达标程度为 100%,当 B35>15%时,每增加一个 (B2,0.25) 农机社会化服务体系建设程度/% 0.17 100 百分点,达标程度减少约 1.176%;其余各个指标的得分 农村百人农机人员拥有量/(人∙百人-1) 0.1 15 值实行封顶计算,指标实际值大于标准值时,只按标准 种植业劳均产值/(元∙人-1) 0.21 30 000 值计算,取比值为 1。种植业机械化发展水平 3 个一级指 种植业 种植业劳均播种面积/(hm2∙人-1) 0.21 3.5 标与综合评价值的计算公式如下: 机械化 百元农机原值纯收入/(元∙百元-1) 0.18 45 种植业机械化作业程度 B 综合效益 1 -1 (B3,0.25) 千瓦动力农机作业收入/(元∙kW ) 0.18 600 BB11 0.23 12 0.19 B13 0.18 B1 ( 种植业劳动力占全省总劳动力比重/% 0.22 <15 标准BBB标准 标准 11 12 13 (18) B 0.19 B 0.21 14 15 )100% 标准BB标准 2 评价指标的计算及综合评价方法 14 15 种植业机械化综合保障能力 B2 2.1 二级评价指标的计算 BBB0.21 0.2B 0.06 0.04 B ( 21 22 23 24 机械耕整地面积 2 标准BBBB21标准 22标准 23标准 24 B11 100% (1) 耕地总面积 BBB0.22 0.17 0.1 25 26 27 )100% 机械播栽面积 标准 标准 标准 B 100% (2) BBB25 26 27 12 播栽总面积 (19) 170 农业工程学报 2010 年 种植业机械化综合效益 B 3 3 黑龙江省种植业机械化发展水平评价与分析 BBBB31 0.21 32 0.21 33 0.18 34 0.18 B3 ( ) 标准BBBB31标准 32标准 33标准 34 3.1 黑龙江省种植业机械化发展水平评价 100% B35达标程度 0.22 按上述建立的指标体系及各指标的计算方法,收集 [19-20] (20) 整理 2001-2008 年各指标相关资料 ,利用计算公式 种植业机械化发展水平综合评价值 B (1)~(17),计算出黑龙江省 2001-2008 年种植业机 械化发展水平二级评价指标值如表 2 所示。 B B1 0.5 B2 0.25 B3 0.25 (21) 表 2 2001-2008 年黑龙江省种植业机械化水平二级评价指标值 Table 2 Values of the second level indexes of crop cultivation mechanization from 2001 to 2008 in Heilongjiang province 年 份 指标 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 B11 73.35 73.06 73.60 81.2 85.41 92.07 97.53 97.83 B12 71.64 72.65 71.11 83.28 77.94 83.15 83.91 87.70 B13 19.50 20.02 19.39 20.91 21.88 23.51 26.00 26.42 B14 31.24 36.32 34.92 64.31 48.63 59.42 56.37 66.90 B15 38.26 35.15 39.45 45.70 49.88 52.59 52.21 54.28 B21 1 782.16 1 846.33 1 943.10 2 236.01 2 610.05 3 094.40 3 615.76 4 005.19 B22 1.75 1.85 1.89 2.02 1.97 2.20 2.34 2.49 B23 2.42 2.28 2.02 1.74 1.47 1.26 1.24 1.23 B24 0.99 1.02 1.10 1.17 1.18 1.38 1.46 1.59 B25 54.61 62.31 65.15 82.65 81.18 81.77 67.36 70.31 B26 44.81 40.70 54.65 37.98 35.42 26.06 29.48 32.98 B27 7.39 9.16 9.97 9.74 9.48 9.49 11.10 11.59 B31 6 068.69 6 535.73 6 844.04 8 783.46 10 314.34 11 854.70 14 396.39 16 862.83 B32 1.27 1.26 1.30 1.37 1.63 1.69 1.76 1.78 B33 17.14 18.82 18.30 16.97 22.19 19.18 17.01 15.64 B34 320.79 306.16 301.73 288.97 353.17 307.28 294.73 318.91 B35 46.62 46.53 45.53 42.00 39.84 38.65 36.94 36.60 应用评价方法(18)~(21),分别计算出 2001-2008 械化耕、播、灌溉、植保、收获面积有了很大提高,在 年黑龙江省种植业机械化发展 3 个一级指标和综合水平 耕地面积没有很大提高的情况下,黑龙江省的种植业机 值如表 3 所示。 械化综合作业程度比 2003 年提高 11.23%,同时也带动了 表 3 2001-2008 年黑龙江省种植业机械化水平一级评价 黑龙江省种植业机械化综合保障能力提高 2.34%和综合 指标值和综合评价值 效益提高 1.76%,可见政府政策对种植业机械化发展有很 Table 3 Values of the first level indexes and synthetical 大的推动作用;2005-2008 年黑龙江省种植业机械化水 evaluation of crop cultivation mechanization from 2001 to 2008 in 平保持快速稳定的增长,到 2008 年种植业机械化水平为 Heilongjiang province % 63.24%,比 2001 年增长了 17.33%,平均每年增长约 年 份 指标 2.17%。 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 由表 3 中一级指标评价值可知,黑龙江省种植业机 B1 47.96 48.49 48.85 60.08 58.11 63.54 64.73 68.03 械化作业程度和综合保障能力发展水平较高、增长速度 B 45.58 48.18 51.92 54.26 54.59 56.25 57.95 62.18 2 较快,而种植业机械化综合效益发展水平较低、增长速 B3 42.15 42.69 43.06 44.82 52.01 51.23 52.62 54.72 B 45.91 46.96 48.17 54.81 55.71 58.64 60.01 63.24 度较慢。从下属二级指标的结构来看黑龙江省种植业机 械化水平的发展特点有: 3.2 结果与分析 1)种植业机械化作业程度在 3 个一级指标中发展水 由表 3 可知,自 2001 年以来黑龙江省种植业机械化 平最高,表明黑龙江省种植业机械化代替人力劳动取得 发展水平保持持续增长的势头,2001-2003 年种植业机 了一定的成就。机械化作业程度 5 个二级指标都呈现出 械化发展水平增长速度比较缓慢;2004 年,中央一号文 波动上升的趋势,耕整地机械化和播种机械化程度最高, 件和国家出台了“一免两补”政策,极大的调动了农民、 植保机械化程度发展速度最快,平均每年增长 4.45%,收 农业经营组织购买、使用农业机械的积极性,使黑龙江 获机械化程度发展速度较慢,发展程度较低,而灌溉机 省农机结构和装备水平有了很大的改善和提高,种植业 械化是黑龙江省种植业机械化发展的瓶颈,到 2008 年仅 机械化水平发生突破性增长比 2003 年提高了 6.64%,机 有 26.42%,严重阻碍了黑龙江省种植业全程机械化的发 第 12 期 王金武等:黑龙江省种植业机械化发展情况分析 171 展。主要原因是农机科研、制造技术跟不上,有些作业 围,提高农业生产全程的机械化程度。 环节没有相应合理的机具,比如水稻直播机、玉米收获 3)种植业机械化装备结构配置、机具配套比不合理 机、节水灌溉机械等,致作业环节机械化水平很低,因 及农机经营效益低的现象比较突出;大中型拖拉机配套 此必须进行技术创新,研制开发新型机具,特别是应该 农具数量急需增加,种植业农机管理体系和农机服务体 采取更积极的措施加大对黑龙江省灌溉农机具的研发和 系的建设急待完善,以保持与种植业机械装备发展的协 推广的支持力度。 调性,提高种植业机械化的经营效益。 2)种植业机械化综合保障能力一直呈现快速增长的 黑龙江省种植业机械化发展评价结果为农机职能部 趋势,从 2001 年的 45.58%增长到 2008 年的 62.18%,平 门对种植业机械化进行宏观调控和微观指导,实现黑龙 均每年增长约 2.1%。在 7 个二级指标中,种植业劳均农 江省千亿斤粮食工程、构筑国家“战略粮仓”有一定的 机原值、播面顷均农机动力、农村百人农机人员拥有量、 实际指导意义。同时,对国家和其他省份进行种植业机 小型农机具配套比 4 个指标呈上升趋势,种植业劳均农 械化发展水平的评价具有参考应用价值。 机原值水平和农村百人农机人员拥有量水平较高;而农 机人员受教育程度、农机社会化服务体系建设程度和大 [参 考 文 献] 白人朴.农业机械化发展水平评价指标体系及评价标准研 型农机具配套比却呈下降趋势,特别是农机社会化服务 [1] 究[G].农业部农业机械化管理司农业机械化软科学研究 体系建设程度年已由 2001 年的 44.81%下降到 2008 年的 成果汇编,2000. 32.98%。在农机动力增加的同时,对农民的技术培训和 [2] 白人朴,杨敏丽,刘清水.中国农业机械化发展水平地区 农机社会化服务建设相对滞后,导致了种植业机械化综 分类研究[J].中国农机化,1999(3):24-27. 合保障能力的下降,农机服务站的减少和盲目购买大型 [3] 杨敏丽,白人朴.中国农业机械化发展的不平衡性研究 种植业动力机械,不仅降低了种植业机械化综合保障能 [J].农业机械学报,2005,36(9):60-63. 力,也直接影响了综合效益的提高。 Yang Minli, Bai Renpu. Study on regional unbalance of 3)种植业机械化综合效益呈上升趋势,平均每年增 agricultural mechanization development in China[J]. 长 1.57%。机械化综合效益 5 个二级指标中,种植业劳均 Transactions of the CSAM, 2005, 36(9): 60-63. (in Chinese 年产值和劳均播种面积增长迅速;种植业劳动力占全省 with English abstract) 总劳动力的比重有所下降,但下降速度较慢,这与黑龙 [4] 何勇,冯雷,吴春霞.基于粗糙集与神经网络的农机化发 展水平评估方法 .农业机械学报, , : - 江省非农产业发展,农民恋土情结有很大的关系;百元 [J] 2004 35(2) 100 103. 农机原值纯收入和千瓦动力农机作业收入变化不大,表 He Yong, Feng Lei, Wu Chunxia. Evaluating methods of 现出小量的下降,这与近年燃油价格的上升、农机具配 agricultural mechanization based on the rough set theory and 套比不合理和农机社会化服务体系建设程度跟不上农机 neural network technology[J].
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