INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTROINCS; MECHANICAL and MECHATRONICS ENGINEERING Vol.3 Num 2 pp.(571-577)

FORMATION OF WATERSIDES ON THE AND SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT OF BOSPORUS WATERSIDE GARDENS

Petek JAWDET ABDULLA

Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture, Aydin University, Florya, Istanbul/

E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract- As one of the unique beauties of Bosporus, Bosporus watersides have been composed and formed through long ages along the Bosporus. Not only an architectural form and a residential type, the Bosporus watersides also were being a part of the culture in which they were built. They project the life traditions of the ages in which they were built. Their users were using those buildings as summer resorts, comprised of a hall, wide rooms, kitchen and other components. The gardens of the watersides also have had their own characteristics, and they were setting out unique beauties. The gardens of the watersides in Bosporus were beyond comparison by their organizational schemes and landscape designs. The watersides were designed with a garden within the bounds of spatial possibilities. The gardens were decorated with colorful flowery plants. Many watersides, which were built in Bosporus, have reached until today. As a type of residences, these buildings are among the most important buildings of Bosporus. The Bosporus watersides have unique architectural samples and features and they need to be well preserved. However, it has been identified that some of those structures have disappeared in time. There are many causes for such a removal. By analyzing these causes, we need to preserve these buildings better nowadays. Bosporus watersides and their gardens today need a better protection by effective policies to be produced. Having unique architectural features and styles, those buildings also are a part of our culture. We must better protect our historical and cultural patterns. This is a must to respect our history and culture too.

Keywords: Bosporus watersides, Bosporus, Architectural form, Residence, Culture, Gardens of watersides.

1. FORMATION OF WATERSIDES ON were increasing, Bosporus became a preferred THE BOSPORUS AND FEATURES OF location for the and leading statesmen. WATERSIDE GARDENS Summer places, watersides and mansions on the Bosporus had become resort areas of Bosporus watersides are one of the unique senior officers of the government. The beauties of İstanbul. Waterside structuring on wooden ones located on the shores on the the Bosporus dates back to the depths of Bosporus were called watersides, while the history. After the conquest of İstanbul, many wooden ones in gardens in the resort areas of watersides in various sizes were built along Istanbul and the masonry constructions with both sides of the Strait. These watersides built harem and selamlık (the portion of a house on both sides of the Strait have national reserved for men) were called pavilion and characteristics and quite attracted foreigners mansion, respectively [1]. From the Bosporus [1]. In the fifteenth century, Bosporus watersides, the Strait could be watched with watersides were the dense residential area all its glory. İstanbul had gone through many outside of Beşiktaş walls. In the Ottoman, periods in history. At the beginning of the watersides were usually places where pashas seventeenth century, it was influenced by and sirs resided in summer. These gave an westernization efforts. At that time, İstanbul appearance disconnected from the city and the met with the “beautiful city” concept. In this public. The watersides leading the original process, the Tulip Era was experienced and Bosporus life were the ones owned by construction of fountains, open public spaces dignitaries, officers and merchants along the and gardens were intensified [10]. On the Strait. With the construction activities carried Bosporus, while waterside structuring towards out over time, many settlements were formed the Black Sea was intensifying, also waterside on the Bosporus. Baltalimanı, Emirgân, structuring in Beşiktaş, Tophane and Fındıklı Tarabya, Rumeli Kavağı, Anadolu Kavağı and was observed. Navy and trade had influenced Vaniköy settlements were established in this the waterside structuring in these regions. In way [17]. While new settlement areas along the middle of the seventeenth century, the Strait were forming and their populations important watersides began to be built. In the FORMATION OF WATERSIDES ON THE BOSPORUS AND SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT OF BOSPORUS WATERSIDE GARDENS (Petek JAWDET ABDULLA) coastal area of Beşiktaş, watersides of integration and living in these places during important statesmen, kazasker (udge of the the entire year [13][1]. army) and muftis have been found []. Watersides built on the Bosporus were very The Bosporus watersides have their own adversely affected by the First World War and unique architectural form. The Bosporus the War of Independence. Watersides that watersides are wooden structures. The have been abandoned and left to decay were Bosporus watersides, which can be defined as seen. Thus, continuity of the spatial texture of a type of residence used as resort area by their the Bosporus began to be damaged. Until residents, also transfer us the living traditions 150s, the Bosporus has deprived of the nature of their time. Watersides located in the coastal of urban structure []. However, residential area of İstanbul are one of the housing types structures kept their old forms and watersides resulting from the socio-economic structure in continued to exist dominantly in the area. the historical process. These structures Spatial changes in the Bosporus have been describe life style of an era and the influenced by the economic and social community. changes. In the periods when the Bosporus Until mid-way through the eighteenth century, was far away from the city, watersides of the the Bosporus watersides were built in the upper income group were located along the classical style. Construction of Rococo style shores of the Strait. Today, interactions among and the Empire-style watersides had begun by the spatial, economic and social facts have the end of this period and during the reign of changed the social and cultural structure in the Mahmud II, respectively. The Tanzimat Bosporus. Bosporus had been detached from reform era, on the other hand, has brought a the city for a long time and kept its nature of new understanding of architecture. Tanzimat being an area of small village settlements. dignitaries had large wooden watersides to be Different ethnic communities in the Strait also constructed on the shores of the Bosporus. had an impact on shaping the area. Other than Foreign architects, who were brought for the Turks, Jews, Armenians and Greeks were also first time in the seventeenth century, have led living here [11]. to a new architecture in the construction of the Bosporus watersides have unique architectural watersides and other buildings. In this era, and functional characteristics. Watersides on Italian Fossati, English Smith, French Gerner, the Bosporus are composed of several units. Bourgeois, German Bernrarnodi and aranko Bosporus watersides are built with large halls were among the famous architects who came and rooms within the bounds of spatial to Istanbul. With this new understanding of possibilities. Kitchen was another important architecture, palaces and watersides of the part in the waterside. Meals were cooked and statesmen started to be built according to the served here. It is observed that all units and European taste [7]. functions required to be in an average Citys trend of development along the Strait residence were included in the watersides. beginning in the seventeenth century has made Gardens of the Bosporus watersides also have progress towards integration of the area with their own characteristics. These were adorned the city in the eighteenth century. Residential with diverse and rich plant varieties offering a areas, where waterside structuring was unique beauty to the beholders. Gardens of the developed on the Bosporus, have been Bosporus watersides were areas where differentiated from other residential areas with functionality was brought to the forefront with the urban character created by its socio- the organizational schemes. Landscaping was economic structure [2]. Westernization remarkable. The gardens were decorated with movement that has begun in architecture in colorful flowering plants. Watersides were general in the seventeenth century continued designed to have a garden. Spatial possibilities in the eighteenth century. were decisive on the size of the gardens. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, spatial changes occurred on the Bosporus. On . CURRENT NEED OF BETTER the other hand, this area gained importance. PROTECTION OF THE BOSPORUS Throughout the nineteenth century, eclectic- WATERSIDES style and large-size palaces, mansions and watersides were built on the Bosporus. The Watersides are the pearls and the most architectural character of the Bosporus has important structures of the Bosporus. Many of changed and gained prestige. On the other the watersides built on the Bosporus have hand, it has entered into the process of urban survived until today. However, some of them have disappeared. There are samples detached 572 572 FORMATION OF WATERSIDES ON THE BOSPORUS AND SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT OF BOSPORUS WATERSIDE GARDENS (Petek JAWDET ABDULLA) from their functions by changing their Monuments (GEEAK) in 170. In this functionality. These watersides are currently context, it has been renewed on May 13, 172 used for other purposes. Such samples bring and pieces of first degree, 20 pieces of the requirement of better protection of the second degree and 7 pieces of third degree Bosporus watersides on the agenda. Because historical artifact structures have been of the changing life style and desires over identified []. time, some of the Bosporus watersides lost In 171, first planning was made on protection their original functions and began to serve for of the Bosporus and 1/5000 scaled Bosporus other purposes. Some of them began to Coastline Protection plan was created. In this become nonfunctional and entered in the plan aiming protection of the current process of vanishing [1]. watersides on the Bosporus, for the vacant In the development of structuring on the plots in the coastline, construction of new Bosporus, enforced laws are determinant. buildings consistent with the registered Structuring of the Bosporus is directed by buildings and maximum at the height of .5 these laws. Watersides, mansions and village meters was proposed. However, this decision settlements in the course of history were was widely criticized for its consequences on developed by this way. However, recent laws the watersides. Conservation planning efforts are found to be serving more to improve the for the Bosporus region has started in 10s. building stock in the region. Criticisms in this The first study on protection of the watersides respect have increased and consequently, a constituting the identity of the Bosporus was protection approach in the Bosporus has begun carried out with the Registration of İstanbul to be adopted in 170s. Protection Bosporus Coastline Watersides by GEEAK understanding that began on a structure basis []. has started to gain a spatial nature by the Bosporus watersides have unique architectural formation of a new protection approach in the samples and features, and need to be well 170s. With the adoption of protection preserved. However, it has been identified in approach by the decision taken in 170 for the study that some of those structures have preservation of the remaining ones in the disappeared in time. There are many causes destroyed Bosporus, the Bosporus Coastline for such a removal. By analyzing these causes, Protection plan at 1/5000 scale has been the today, we need to preserve these buildings first study on July 15, 171. This plan has better. Rapid urbanization is one of the main been important for protection of coastal reasons. Rapid urbanization has been observed watersides but insufficient for the Bosporus in in İstanbul, particularly since 150s. There general. An important decision affecting the have been massive migrations from the rural silhouette was taken in the plan. To provide areas to İstanbul. Unplanned urbanization has continuity of the coastline on the vacant lands revealed itself by destroying green areas and between the watersides, construction of new building non-zoned structures. Green spaces in buildings on the empty spots so as not to the city have rapidly turned into built-up areas. exceed .50 meters height has been permitted Bosporus watersides have been very adversely [1]. affected by these developments [12]. With the Due to structuring limitations on the Bosporus failure of effective enforcement of the relevant by the Bosporus Law No. 20, rent increase laws, unplanned structuring in the Bosporus brought by the constraints has created an has been overlooked for many years and intensive pressure on the historical structures Bosporus watersides have been adversely located in the area and caused failure of affected by this. Some social and cultural retaining most of them with their original factors, legislation and laws, the development features. In this regard, it is expressed that, for of road and sea transportation have been preservation of the significant historical effective on the changes in terms of spatial use watersides and other civil architectural of the gardens and watersides on the examples on the coastline within the area, a Bosporus. As a result, watersides and gardens protectionist planning approach must be in the Bosporus are being subect to changes supported by holistic decisions and sub-scales in use. Some watersides have disappeared due also need to be addressed [1]. to reasons such as fire etc., and some have The first study conducted to protect the been destroyed by changing their functions. historical integrity of the Bosporus was As the Bosporus watersides cannot be regarding registration of the watersides in the protected, it is not possible to see their coastline of İstanbul Bosporus by the Supreme unmatched landscape. et, the Bosporus Council of Real Estate Antiquities and watersides were magnificent also with their 573 573 FORMATION OF WATERSIDES ON THE BOSPORUS AND SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT OF BOSPORUS WATERSIDE GARDENS (Petek JAWDET ABDULLA) gardens. Gardens were adorned with diverse and rich plant varieties. We can still see the richness in the samples being able to survive until today. Gardens of the Bosporus watersides have undergone spatial changes in the history due to some factors. In this respect, development of road and sea transportation constitutes a significant factor. When road transportation was undeveloped, the Bosporus was a resort area and sea transportation was in the forefront []. With the development of road transportation, traffic congestion began to be faced in the region; one of the precautions to relieve traffic was construction of causeways along the coastline, which affected the Bosporus watersides very adversely. Gardens Picture . View of pailed road in Sarıyer, of many watersides have been destroyed. In 21/01/201 171, when 1/5000 scaled structural plan studies of the Bosporus were carried out, together with the Bosporus villages, planning of the watersides and the coastline was also addressed. An important decision affecting the silhouette was taken in the plan. To provide continuity of the coastline on the vacant lands between the watersides, construction of new buildings on the empty spots so as not to exceed .50 meters height has been permitted [5]. Constructed causeways cut off the sea connection of the watersides and led to loss of their originality. Examples to these changes can be seen from picture 1,2,3. Picture . View of on a piled road in eniköy region, 21/01/201

Today, there are watersides with damaged and detached connections with the sea because of the causeways. Many examples of damaged watersides and gardens in this way are available in the history. For instance, the main axle connecting Hidiv ismail Paşa (Khedive Ismail Pasha) alısı to the garden and parts of the garden up to the main entrance have disappeared and its connection with the sea has been lost. The part of the main axle within the boundaries of Woods and the part other than interferences with paving were preserved [3]. Analyzing the gardens of the Bosporus Picture 1. The Fuad Pasha Waterside and its watersides, it is seen that these gardens were relationship with the piled road, 21/01/201 designed as large as possible, and that a wide variety of garden flowers and tree species is included. Thus, a unique beauty is demonstrated to the beholders. Organization schemes are also remarkable. The presence of a pool in the garden is noticeable in the first 574

57 FORMATION OF WATERSIDES ON THE BOSPORUS AND SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT OF BOSPORUS WATERSIDE GARDENS (Petek JAWDET ABDULLA) place. Thus, connection of the gardens with Their interiors had also their own unique water is established. The pools have fountains features. They had large halls and rooms. so that an aesthetic view is provided as well as They also drew attention with the interior an element that relaxes people. As the decorations. Bosporus watersides were built adacent to the Gardens of the Bosporus watersides had a Strait, one of their fronts is facing the sea. The unique beauty with their organization schemes garden establishes the connection of the and landscaping. Mostly water was used in the waterside with the sea. Boathouses can be side and rear gardens of the watersides. seen in the coast section of the garden. In the Benefiting from the aesthetic and visual history, each of the watersides located on the potential of the water in the gardens was Bosporus had its own boathouse. intended. Islam religion also has an influence Gardens of the Bosporus watersides dazzle on this. In Islam, water makes connotations of people with their colorful flowers and these cleanliness and therefore stands out as an gardens have a unique beauty. Gardens of the indispensable element of garden Bosporus watersides are decorated with arrangements. Water, at the same time, is a colorful flowering plants offering an relaxing factor. It psychologically relaxes incomparable beauty. people. For such reasons, water was heavily used in the gardens. Ponds were built in the . CONCLUSION gardens of the watersides and movements were given to the water with fountains. Thus, Bosporus watersides are the pearls and the aesthetic appearances were obtained. There unique beauties of the İstanbul Strait. They were pergolas and sitting places in the back have been formed and shaped on the Bosporus yards. Garden could also be used as a for many years. Watersides are the most separator. By this way, a function was added important structures of the Bosporus. They to it. Harem section of the watersides was have unique examples of architecture and sometimes separated from the Selamlık by the features. However, in the historical process, garden and courtyards. The watersides were some of these watersides were destroyed. designed with a garden within the bounds of Architectural influence of different eras can be spatial possibilities. Large watersides were seen on the Bosporus watersides. The built in a garden. Around these watersides, influence of Turkish civil architecture starting from the seafront, sets of gardens were continued until the middle of the eighteenth rising after flowerbeds, wisterias, lilacs and century. After this date, the Western influence roses. Since the lands of watersides were has started. Bosporus watersides have taken its sloping, there were watersides having many fair share from reform decisions of the sets of gardens. These sets were built in the Ottoman due to various reasons. After this, backyards of the watersides. There were similar to other buildings the Western garden pavilion (sitting area) and pines at their influence has begun to be seen on the peaks. These set gardens seen in the Bosporus watersides. watersides constitute a garden type. Some Bosporus watersides are not only an examples of such watersides are located on the architectural form or a housing type but also a Bosporus. By taking the shape of a half circle, part of the culture in which they were built. retaining walls in the gardens of the Besides their unique architecture and watersides were ensured to become more decoration, they reflect the living tradition of resistant to static load and have a better grip of their times. People were using these locations the garden in front of them. This kind of as places of resort. They had components such garden example is also included in the thesis as Turkish baths, pools and kitchens, etc. study. There were also boathouses in the front Mostly, they were built of wood on a stone yards of the watersides. They were in a nature floor and had one or 2 floors. Windows were that allows entrance of the water inside the positioned to face the Strait. Watersides were waterside. offering the pleasure of viewing the Bosporus Gardens of the Bosporus watersides were to their users. For this purpose and making being designed with colorful flowering plants more use of the daylight in the interior spaces, so that they were giving a great pleasure of windows were kept large. Watersides were viewing. Tree species used for garden designed integrated with nature. Their contact arrangements were various. There were those with the water on the one hand and with the built in woods consisting of oaks, sycamores greens on the other hand was ensured. Thus, and laurel trees. they were designed and made eco-friendly. 575 575 FORMATION OF WATERSIDES ON THE BOSPORUS AND SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT OF BOSPORUS WATERSIDE GARDENS (Petek JAWDET ABDULLA)

Due to various factors, gardens of the There are samples of the Bosporus watersides Bosporus watersides have been changed over that have disappeared today. The list of long years. Social and cultural factors had watersides, which are not present today or influences on these changes. Development of undergone functional changes, is given in road and sea transportation along the Strait table 1. In the presence of all these examples, also had an impact on spatial changes of the today, there is a need for better preservation of Bosporus waterside gardens. Other than these, the Bosporus watersides. Conversions of the effects of legal regulations and laws on the watersides have been examined and the spatial changes of the Bosporus waterside watersides that have been changed and do not gardens can be discussed. exist today are listed in table 1.

Tale 1. Watersides located in the European side and undergone through functional changes

NAME DISAPPEARANCE REASON STATUS

THE MNİRE It is used as Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University. Certain WATERSIDE parts of the garden have been destroyed and utilized for universitys canteen. THE It is used as Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University. Certain WATERSIDE parts of the garden have been destroyed and utilized for universitys canteen. THE ESMA SULTAN It is used as a hall for meetings, parties and events. The WATERSIDE garden has disappeared.

THE It burned during a fire. It is not used today. WATERSIDE

THE HATİCE SULTAN Due to construction of the Bosporus bridge, certain WATERSIDE parts of the waterside have disappeared. Restoration works for a hotel are in progress. THE MUHSİNİADE MEHMED It is used as Hotel Les Ottomans. The side garden has PASHA WATERSIDE disappeared.

THE EMİNE VALİDE PASHA It is used as the Embassy of Egypt. Its garden has WATERSIDE undergone restoration and refurbishment.

THE ERİFLER WATERSIDE It is used as the Museum of Turkish and Islamic Arts.

THE SAİD HALİM PASHA It is used as a hotel and restaurant. Certain parts of the WATERSIDE garden have been renovated. The woods at the backside have disappeared. THE FUAT PAA WATERSIDE It is used as a hotel and restaurant.

THE İHMALAN WATERSIDE Its restoration by a private institution continues.

THE EGPTIAN USUF İA It is used as the head office of a private company. PASHA WATERSIDE

THE MEDİHA SULTAN-GROOM Harem section is used as Baltalimanı Osteopathic FERİD PASHA WATERSIDE Hospital; Selamlık section is used as social facilities of İstanbul University. THE HUBER WATERSIDE Its garden has been renovated. It is used as the presidential summer mansion.

576 57 FORMATION OF WATERSIDES ON THE BOSPORUS AND SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT OF BOSPORUS WATERSIDE GARDENS (Petek JAWDET ABDULLA)

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