9ב Parsing Nouns

Parsing Nouns 2 ב10 Finding the Lexical Form. ָה The Directional He

John C. Beckman 2016-09-23 Goal: Learn to Find the Lexical Form of Nouns 2 Vowel changes with accent shifts • Changes with loss of accent • Propretonic reduction

Finding the lexical form • Undoing vowel changes from movement of accent • Undoing vowel changes from loss of dagesh • Segolate nouns • Base change

( ָה ) Directional He Vowel Changes with Accent Shifts A Syllable Loses Its Accent When: 4 Adding a maqqaf מ לְֶך־  מ ֶ֫ לְֶך •

Adding a suffix מְ לָכ ֶ֫ ים  מ ֶ֫ לְֶך •

But, replacing one suffix with another does not typically shift the accent מ לְ כָמֶ֫ ֹות  מ לְ כָמֶָ֫ ה • An Accented Vowel May Change When It Becomes Unaccented 5 Might Accented Become when Vowel Unaccented Example (is qamats qatan ֶָ ) וַיֶָ֫קֶָם  קֶ֫ ּום ֶָ ֶ֫ ּוֶ/ ֶֶֻ֫

(is qamats qatan ֶָ ) כָ ל־  כֶֹ֫ ל/כֶ֫ ֹול ֶָ/ ֶֻ ֶֹ֫ ֶ/ ֶ֫ ֹו

בֶן־  .בֵֶֶ֫ן ֶ ֵֶֶ֫

עֵֶ יֶַַ֫֫יֶם  .עֶֶַ֫ יֶן ֵי ֶַ֫ יֶ

תֹוְך־  . תֶָ֫ וְֶך ◌ֹו ֶָ֫ וֶ Reverse the Change to Find the Lexical Form 6

Unaccented Might Have Vowel Been Example (is qamats qatan ֶָ ) וַיֶָ֫קֶָם  קֶ֫ ּום ֶ֫ ּוֶ/ ֶֶֻ֫ ֶָ

(is qamats qatan ֶָ ) כָ ל־  כֶֹ֫ ל/כֶ֫ ֹול ֶֹ֫ ֶ/ ֶ֫ ֹו ֶָ/ ֶֻ

בֶן־  .בֵֶֶ֫ן ֵֶֶ֫ ֶ

עֵֶ יֶַַ֫֫יֶם  .עֶֶַ֫ יֶן ֶַ֫ יֶ ֵי

תֹוְך־  . תֶָ֫ וְֶך ֶָ֫ וֶ ◌ֹו Propretonic Reduction of Qamats and Tsere 7 Propretonic syllable is 2 syllables in front of the accent דֶָ ׀ֶבָ ֶ׀ֶר ֶ֫ ים* = דָ בָר ֶ֫ ים* • ( ֳֶ , ֱֶ , ֲֶ , ְֶ Qamats & Tsere in a propretonic syllable reduce (vocal shva דְ בָ ֶ׀ֶר ֶ֫ ים No longer propretonic דְ ֶבָר ֶ֫ ים  דֶָבָר ֶ֫ ים*  דָ בֶָ֫ ר • לְֶבָבֶ֫ ֹות  לֵֶבָבֶ֫ ֹות*  לֵבֶָ֫ ב • ֵֶ When removing syllables, a reduced vowel may  ֶָ or Qamats is far more common דָ בֶָ֫ ר  דְ בֶָ֫ ר*  דְ בָרים • לֵבֶָ֫ ב  לְבֶָ֫ ב*  לְבָבֶ֫ ֹות • Finding the Lexical Form To Find the Lexical Form, Remove Stuff and Adjust Vowels 9 1. Remove any prefixes, suffixes, and any non-singular noun ending • Some prefixes and suffixes are covered in future chapters ַַ֫פְ ש  לְ ַַ֫פְ שֹֹֽׁ תֵיכם ,.E.g • if needed ת or ָה or the FS endings ה Add the MS ending .2

פָ ַ֫ ֶ֫ה  .פֶָן*  . פַָ֫ ֶ֫ים ,.E.g • מ לְחָמֶָ֫ ה  מלְחֶָם* מ לְחָמֶ֫ ֹות ,.E.g • חַטֶָאת  חַטֶָא*  חַטֶָאֹות ,.E.g • 3. Adjust the vowels and dageshes as needed to get to the lexical form … Changing to Lexical Form May Move Accent 10 Lexical form may have accent in a different syllable than inflected form

דְ בֶָ֫ ר*  . דְ בָר ֶ֫ ים Normally happens if lexical form has no ending • • If so, then the accent moved! Undo Reduction of Formerly Propretonic Syllable 11 Lexical form may have accent in a different syllable than inflected form

דְ בֶָ֫ ר*  . דְ בָר ֶ֫ ים Normally happens if lexical form has no ending • • If so, then the accent moved! ֵֶ Reduced vowel in formerly-propretonic-syllable may  ֶָ or

דֶָבֶָ֫ ר  דְ ֶבֶָ֫ ר*  . דְ ֶבָר ֶ֫ ים ,.E.g •

מֶָקֶ֫ ֹום  . מְֶקֶ֫ ֹום*  מְֶקֹומֶ֫ ֹות ,.E.g • Newly Accented Vowel May Change 12 Lexical form may have accent in a different syllable than inflected form

דְ בֶָ֫ ר*  . דְ בָר ֶ֫ ים Normally happens if lexical form has no ending • • If so, then the accent moved! Vowel in newly accented syllable may change (see table on slide 6)

ֶַ֫ יֶן was probably ֵי word-internal עֶֶַ֫ יֶן  .עֵֶֶ֫ין*  . עֵֶ יֶַַ֫֫יֶם ,.E.g • ֶָ֫ וֶ may have been ֹו • ֵֶֶ֫ may have been ֶ • ֶּ֫ו / ֶֶֻ֫ / ֶֹ֫ו / ֶֶֹ֫ qamats qatan) may have been) ֶָ • Loss of Dagesh May Change Vowel 13 Doubling dagesh lost if no vowel follows

עֶַם  . עֶַ םֶ*  .עֶַ ּמים ,.E.g •

Preceding vowel MIGHT change when doubling dagesh is lost לֵ ב  לב*  ל בֹות ,. ◌ ֵֶ E.g ֶ •

יֶָם  יֶַ םֶ*  . יַּמים ,. ◌ ֶָ E.g ַ ֶ • Segolate Nouns Are Defined by their Lexical Form 14 The lexical form of a segolate noun • Two syllables • Accented on the penult מֶָ֫ ות ,עֶֶַ֫ יֶן ,בֶַ֫ ית E.g., not ֶָ֫ וֶ or ֶַ֫ יֶ Does not have • Vowel pattern ל ֶ֫חֶם ,ד ֶֶ֫רְך ,ַ֫ ֶ֫פש ,ע ֶֶ֫ בד ,א ֶֶ֫ ֶרץ ,מ ֶ֫ לְֶך ֶ֫ ֶ Usually • ֶֶַַ֫֫עֶַר ,שֶֶַ֫עֶַר ע Usually ֶַ ֶַ֫ if middle consonant is •

ז ֶ֫בַ ח ,פ ֶ֫תַ ח ,ז ֶ֫רֶַע ח or .ע Usually ֶַ ֶ֫ if last consonant is • שֵֶ֫בט ,אֶֶֹ֫ הל , קֶֹ֫דש Occasionally first vowel differs • 15 Are Usually Segolate Nouns ְ ֶָ◌ֹות and . ְ ָ ים Plurals מ ֶ֫ לְֶך מְ לָכים • א ֶֶ֫ ֶרץ אֲֶרָ וֹות • ע ֶֶ֫ בד עֲֶ בָדים • ַ֫ ֶ֫פש ְַ֫פָ שֹות • ד ֶֶ֫רְך דְ רָ כים • But sometimes not segolate דָ בָ ר דְ בָרים • אֶיש אֲֶ ַָ֫שים • Some Plurals Change the Base from the Singular (‘Irregular’) 16 Sometimes just a vowel change Sometimes a bigger change אֶיש אֲֶ ַָ֫שים • בֵֶן בַָ֫ים • אֶּׁשָ ה ַָ֫שים • יֹום יָמים • בֶַ֫ ית בָתים • רֶֹאש רֶָא שים • בַ ת בָ ַֹ֫ות • עֶיר עֶָ רים • פה פ יֹות •

Memorize these plurals ( ָה ) Directional He 18 ָה Directional He is Unaccented (at the end of a noun (or certain adverbs ָה Unaccented • Never accented. Never written defectively. • Often preceded by shva • Never occurs on an adjective, a pronoun, or a verb Usually indicates direction of motion

FS+Directional to a land .א ֶֶ֫ ֶרץ = אַ ַ֣רְ וָ ה •

Directional to Egypt+ . מ וְרֶַ֫ יֶם = מ וְרַַ֔ יְמָ ה • Sometimes location without motion

MS+Directional (on) the west side .יֶָם = יַָּ֔מָ ה •