DOCSLIB.ORG

9ב Parsing Nouns

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
9ב Parsing Nouns Reading Biblical Hebrew Parsing Nouns 2 ב10 Finding the Lexical Form. ָה The Directional He John C. Beckman 2016-09-23 Goal: Learn to Find the Lexical Form of Nouns 2 Vowel changes with accent shifts • Changes with loss of accent • Propretonic reduction Finding the lexical form • Undoing vowel changes from movement of accent • Undoing vowel changes from loss of dagesh • Segolate nouns • Base change ( ָה ) Directional He Vowel Changes with Accent Shifts A Syllable Loses Its Accent When: 4 Adding a maqqaf מ לְֶך־ מ ֶ֫ לְֶך • Adding a suffix ְמָל ֶ֫כים מ ֶ֫ לְֶך • But, replacing one suffix with another does not typically shift the accent מְלָכֶ֫מֹות מְלָכ ֶָ֫מה • An Accented Vowel May Change When It Becomes Unaccented 5 Might Accented Become when Vowel Unaccented Example (is qamats qatan ֶָ ) וַיֶָ֫קֶָם ֶ֫קּום ֶָ ֶ֫ ּוֶ/ ֶֶֻ֫ (is qamats qatan ֶָ ) כָ ל־ כֶֹ֫ ל/ ֶ֫כֹול ֶָ/ ֶֻ ֶֹ֫ ֶ/ ֶ֫ ֹו בֶן־ .בֵֶֶ֫ן ֶ ֵֶֶ֫ ֵעֶ ֶַ֫יַ֫ יֶם . עֶֶַ֫יֶן ֵי ֶַ֫ יֶ תֹוְך־ . ֶָ֫ת וְֶך ◌ֹו ֶָ֫ וֶ Reverse the Change to Find the Lexical Form 6 Unaccented Might Have Vowel Been Example (is qamats qatan ֶָ ) וַיֶָ֫קֶָם ֶ֫קּום ֶ֫ ּוֶ/ ֶֶֻ֫ ֶָ (is qamats qatan ֶָ ) כָ ל־ כֶֹ֫ ל/ ֶ֫כֹול ֶֹ֫ ֶ/ ֶ֫ ֹו ֶָ/ ֶֻ בֶן־ .בֵֶֶ֫ן ֵֶֶ֫ ֶ ֵעֶ ֶַ֫יַ֫ יֶם . עֶֶַ֫יֶן ֶַ֫ יֶ ֵי תֹוְך־ . ֶָ֫ת וְֶך ֶָ֫ וֶ ◌ֹו Propretonic Reduction of Qamats and Tsere 7 Propretonic syllable is 2 syllables in front of the accent ֶָד ׀ֶָבֶ׀ ֶֶ֫רים* = ָדָב ֶ֫רים* • ( ֳֶ , ֱֶ , ֲֶ , ְֶ Qamats & Tsere in a propretonic syllable reduce (vocal shva ְדָבֶ׀ ֶֶ֫רים No longer propretonic ְֶד ָב ֶ֫רים ֶָד ָב ֶ֫רים* ָד ֶָ֫בר • ְלֶ ָבֶ֫בֹות לֵֶ ָבֶ֫בֹות* לֵבֶָ֫ ב • ֵֶ When removing syllables, a reduced vowel may ֶָ or Qamats is far more common ָד ֶָ֫בר ְד ֶָ֫בר* ְדָב רים • לֵבֶָ֫ ב ְל ֶָ֫בב* ְלָבֶ֫בֹות • Finding the Lexical Form To Find the Lexical Form, Remove Stuff and Adjust Vowels 9 1. Remove any prefixes, suffixes, and any non-singular noun ending • Some prefixes and suffixes are covered in future chapters ַַ֫פְ ש לְ ַַ֫פְ שֹֹֽׁ תֵיכם ,.E.g • if needed ת or ָה or the FS endings ה Add the MS ending .2 פָ ַ֫ ֶ֫ה .פֶָן* . פַָ֫ ֶ֫ים ,.E.g • מ לְחָמֶָ֫ ה מלְחֶָם* מ לְחָמֶ֫ ֹות ,.E.g • חַטֶָאת חַטֶָא* חַטֶָאֹות ,.E.g • 3. Adjust the vowels and dageshes as needed to get to the lexical form … Changing to Lexical Form May Move Accent 10 Lexical form may have accent in a different syllable than inflected form ְד ֶָ֫בר* . ְדָב ֶ֫רים Normally happens if lexical form has no ending • • If so, then the accent moved! Undo Reduction of Formerly Propretonic Syllable 11 Lexical form may have accent in a different syllable than inflected form ְד ֶָ֫בר* . ְדָב ֶ֫רים Normally happens if lexical form has no ending • • If so, then the accent moved! ֵֶ Reduced vowel in formerly-propretonic-syllable may ֶָ or ֶָדבֶָ֫ ר ְֶדבֶָ֫ ר* . ְֶד ָב ֶ֫רים ,.E.g • מֶָ ֶ֫קֹום . ְמֶ ֶ֫קֹום* ְמֶ ֶ֫קֹומֹות ,.E.g • Newly Accented Vowel May Change 12 Lexical form may have accent in a different syllable than inflected form דְ בֶָ֫ ר* . דְ בָר ֶ֫ ים Normally happens if lexical form has no ending • • If so, then the accent moved! Vowel in newly accented syllable may change (see table on slide 6) ֶַ֫ יֶן was probably ֵי word-internal עֶֶַ֫ יֶן .עֵֶֶ֫ין* . עֵֶ יֶַַ֫֫יֶם ,.E.g • ֶָ֫ וֶ may have been ֹו • ֵֶֶ֫ may have been ֶ • ֶּ֫ו / ֶֶֻ֫ / ֶֹ֫ו / ֶֶֹ֫ qamats qatan) may have been) ֶָ • Loss of Dagesh May Change Vowel 13 Doubling dagesh lost if no vowel follows ַעֶם . ַעֶ םֶ* . ַעֶ ּמים ,.E.g • Preceding vowel MIGHT change when doubling dagesh is lost לֵ ב לב* לבֹות ,. ◌ ֵֶ E.g ֶ • ָיֶם ַיֶ םֶ* . ַי ּמים ,. ◌ ֶָ E.g ַ ֶ • Segolate Nouns Are Defined by their Lexical Form 14 The lexical form of a segolate noun • Two syllables • Accented on the penult מֶָ֫ ות , עֶֶַ֫יֶן ,בֶַ֫ ית E.g., not ֶָ֫ וֶ or ֶַ֫ יֶ Does not have • Vowel pattern ל ֶ֫חֶם , ֶ֫ד ֶרְך ,ַ֫ ֶ֫פש ,ע ֶֶ֫ בד ,א ֶֶ֫ ֶרץ ,מ ֶ֫ לְֶך ֶ֫ ֶ Usually • ֶֶַַַ֫֫עֶר ,שֶֶַַ֫עֶר ע Usually ֶ ַ ֶַ֫ if middle consonant is • ז ֶ֫בַ ח ,פ ֶ֫תַ ח , ֶ֫ז ֶַרע ח or .ע Usually ֶ ַ ֶ֫ if last consonant is • שֵֶ֫בט ,אֶֶֹ֫ הל , ֶֹ֫ק דש Occasionally first vowel differs • 15 Are Usually Segolate Nouns ְ ָ ֶ◌ֹות and . ְ ָ ים Plurals מ ֶ֫ לְֶך ְמָל כים • א ֶֶ֫ ֶרץ ֲאֶ ָרוֹות • ע ֶֶ֫ בד ֲעֶ ָב דים • ַ֫ ֶ֫פש ְַ֫פָ שֹות • ֶ֫ד ֶרְך ְדָר כים • But sometimes not segolate ָדָבר ְדָב רים • אֶיש ֲאֶ ַָ֫ שים • Some Plurals Change the Base from the Singular (‘Irregular’) 16 Sometimes just a vowel change Sometimes a bigger change אֶיש ֲאֶ ַָ֫ שים • בֵֶן בַָ֫ים • אֶּׁשָ ה ַָ֫ שים • יֹום ָי מים • בֶַ֫ ית ָב תים • ֶר ֹאש ֶָרא שים • בַ ת בָ ַֹ֫ות • עֶיר ָעֶ רים • פה פיֹות • Memorize these plurals ( ָה ) Directional He 18 ָה Directional He is Unaccented (at the end of a noun (or certain adverbs ָה Unaccented • Never accented. Never written defectively. • Often preceded by shva • Never occurs on an adjective, a pronoun, or a verb Usually indicates direction of motion FS+Directional to a land .א ֶֶ֫ ֶרץ = ַאְַ֣רָוה • Directional to Egypt+ . מְו ֶַ֫ר יֶם = מְו ַַ֔רְיָמה • Sometimes location without motion MS+Directional (on) the west side . ָיֶם = יַָּ֔מָ ה • .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • ב Bet ה Heh ו Vav ט Tet י Yod ך מ Mem ם
    Exercise 1A: Writing the Hebrew Square Script Using the examples at the right, practice writing out the Hebrew characters on the lines provided for you. Be sure to accurately reflect the position of the letter in relation to the base line. Boxes are used to indicate final forms. Letter Name aleph א aleph bet ב bet gimel ג gimel dalet ד dalet heh ה heh vav ו vav zayin ז zayin .het ח ḥet tet ט tet yod י kaph כ yod ך kaph final kaph lamed ל mem מ lamed ם mem 3 Exercise 1A: Writing tHe Hebrew SquAre Script final mem Letter Name nun נ ן nun final nun samek ס samek ayin ע pe פ ayin ף pe final pe tsade צ ץ tsade final tsade qoph ק qoph resh ר resh שׂ sin sin shin ׁש shin tav ת tav NAme: __________________________________________________ Exercise 1A: Writing tHe Hebrew SquAre Script 4 Exercise 1B: Reading Proper Names In this exercise you will practice identifying the Hebrew consonants by reading familiar proper names. Write the English name in the space to the left of the Hebrew name. Since the alphabet has no vowels, you will have to provide vowel sounds to recognize each word. Start by trying an “a” vowel between each con- sonant. The “a” vowel is the most common vowel in Hebrew and, while it will not always be the correct one, it should help you recognize these names. לבן Laban יעקב אסתר אברהם עבדיה יצחק יחזקאל יׂשראל דוד רבקה נחמיה נבכדנאזר ירבעם ירדן מרדכי מׁשה דברה גלית יׁשמעאל עׂשו 5 Exercise 1B: ReAding Proper NAmes Exercise 1C: Hebrew Cursive (Optional) Using the examples shown, practice writing out the cursive Hebrew characters on the lines provided for you.
    [Show full text]
  • The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew, Volume I
    Cambridge Semitic Languages and Cultures The Tiberian Pronunciation Khan Tradition of Biblical Hebrew (Vol. I) The Tiberian Pronunciation Geoffrey Khan Tradition of Biblical Hebrew The form of Biblical Hebrew that is presented in printed edi� ons, with vocaliza� on and Tradition of Biblical Hebrew Vol. I accent signs, has its origin in medieval manuscripts of the Bible. The vocaliza� on and Volume I accent signs are nota� on systems that were created in Tiberias in the early Islamic period The Tiberian Pronunciation The by scholars known as the Tiberian Masoretes, but the oral tradi� on they represent has roots in an� quity. The gramma� cal textbooks and reference grammars of Biblical Hebrew in use today are heirs to centuries of tradi� on of gramma� cal works on Biblical Hebrew in GEOFFREY KHAN Europe. The paradox is that this European tradi� on of Biblical Hebrew grammar did not have direct access to the way the Tiberian Masoretes were pronouncing Biblical Hebrew. In the last few decades, research of manuscript sources from the medieval Middle East has made it possible to reconstruct with considerable accuracy the pronuncia� on of the Tiberian Masoretes, which has come to be known as the ‘Tiberian pronuncia� on tradi� on’. This book presents the current state of knowledge of the Tiberian pronuncia� on tradi� on of Biblical Hebrew and a full edi� on of one of the key medieval sources, Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ ‘The Guide for the Reader’, by ʾAbū al-Faraj Hārūn. It is hoped that the book will help to break the mould of current gramma� cal descrip� ons of Biblical Hebrew and form a bridge between modern tradi� ons of grammar and the school of the Masoretes of Tiberias.
    [Show full text]
  • HEADS HEBREW Graml\Iar
    HEADS OF HEBREW GRAMl\iAR HE1tDS OF IIEilRE\V GRAJ\ilJ\lAR CONTAINING ALL THE PRINCIPLES NEEDED BY A LEARNER. BY S. PRIDEAUX TREGELLES, LL.D. TWENTY-THIRD IMPRESSION SAMUEL BAGSTER & SONS LTD. 80 WIGMORE STREET LONDON WI NEW YORK: HARPER AND BROTHERS ..?'RINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN PREFACE. - THE object of these Heads of Hebrew Grammar is to furnish the learner of that language with all that is noedful for him in his introductory studies, so that he may be thoroughly grounded in all that is elementary. In teaching, the present writer has been wont to give oral imtruction as to all the elements, commonly making use of some short Hebrew grammar ;--marking tl,e rules which re­ quire attent10n, and adding others which are not to be found in elementary grammars in general. In this way he has had a kind of oral Hebrew grammar for learners; and the same grammatical instruction which he has thus communicated to those whom he has thus taught, is here given w-ritten down for use or reference. He is well aware that the number of Hebrew grammars,­ both of those called elementary, and of those called critical, -is very great; this consideration made him long feel reluc­ tant to commit his oral grammatical instruction to writing; but, if the mass of He\Jrew grammars be examined, it will be found that very few of them possess any distinctive features; and he is not aware of one which he has been able to use as thoroughly adapted to the want,s of learners.
    [Show full text]
  • Hebrew Language
    A HISTOI'{Y OF TFIE HEBREW LANGUAGE ANGEL SAENZ-BADILLOS Translated by IOHN ELWOLDE Department of BtuIical Sludies' Uniaer s i t y of Shellizl d CavrnRrDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Acknozaledgements progressed and prepared a prelirninary version of the Index, and Chapter F{EBREW {I{ T E CCb{TEXT OF THE SEMITIC I-ANGT-TAGES '1.1 ASB Flehrezu, a Semitic language Madrid F{ebrew is a Semitic dialect or tranguage which developed in the northvsestern part of the Near East between the River jordan and the Mediterranean Sea during the latter half of tl'te second milienniurn tsCE. The country cornprising this area was known as Canaan, a nan'ne that is aiso associated witl'l the language in its earLiest written sources: Jllp nDq 6"p^! kena'an) 'the language of Canaan' (Xs 19:18). Eisewhere, the language is called n'Tln1 (ye-lru{i!) 'judaean, Judahite' (2Kn8:26,28, etc.). In the Hellenistic period, writers refer to it by the Greek terwv Hebraios, Hebrar'sti (Josephus, Antiquities tr, 1:2 etc.),1 and under the Rornan Ernpire it was known as fillJJ ('ibrr!) 'F{ebrew' or (f"l)'lJ$ litU! (la6on 'ibri[!l) 'Hebrew language' (Mishnah, Gittin 9:8, etc.), terms that recalled Eber (Gn 77:14), ancestor of the people that would become known,like Abraharn (Gn 74:73), by the narne'Flebrew'.2 Frorn a cultural perspective, this language was to ptray an extremely important r6le, not only in the history of the peoptre rvkro spoke it, but also wifhin Western culture in general. It was fo be 1 .l) How"u"r, C.H.
    [Show full text]
  • Beginning Biblical Hebrew
    Beginning Biblical Hebrew Beginning Biblical Hebrew Mark D. Futato Winona Lake, Indiana Eisenbrauns 2003 ç Copyright 2003 by Mark D. Futato. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Futato, Mark David Beginning Biblical Hebrew / Mark D. Futato. p. cm. ISBN 1-57506-022-1 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Hebrew language—Grammar. I. Title. PJ4567.3.F88 2003 492.4u82421—dc21 2003054970 The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. †‘ 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 To my wife, Adele Many women do noble things, but you surpass them all. (Proverbs 31:30 [29]) Wnl: alø hw;hy] Wnl: alø d/bK: ˆTE Úm}v¥l}AyKI ÚT<mIa“Al[" ÚD]s}j"Al[" (Psalm 115:1) CONTENTS INTRODUCTION . ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . xi 1. THE ALPHABET . 1 2. THE VOWELS . 7 3. SYLLABLES, SHEVA, AND STRONG DAGESH . 13 4. THE NOUN: BASIC FORMS . 18 5. PRONOUNS AND THE DEFINITE ARTICLE . 24 6. THE VERB: QAL PERFECT . 29 7. SENTENCES WITH VERBS . 36 8. THE NOUN: VOWEL CHANGES . 42 9. PREPOSITIONS AND VAV CONJUNCTION . 49 10. THE ADJECTIVE . 56 11. THE VERB: QAL IMPERFECT . 63 12. CONSTRUCT RELATIONSHIP: SINGULAR . 68 13. CONSTRUCT RELATIONSHIP: PLURAL . 75 14. QAL PERFECT AND IMPERFECT: WEAK ROOTS . 81 15. QAL PERFECT AND IMPERFECT: I NUN AND III HEY .
    [Show full text]
  • Phonemic Conversion As the Ideal Romanization Scheme for Hebrew
    Judaica Librarianship Volume 19 43-72 4-26-2016 Phonemic Conversion as the Ideal Romanization Scheme for Hebrew: Implications for Hebrew Cataloging Uzzi Ornan Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, [email protected] Rachel Leket-Mor Arizona State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://ajlpublishing.org/jl Part of the Bilingual, Multilingual, and Multicultural Education Commons, Computational Linguistics Commons, Information Literacy Commons, Jewish Studies Commons, and the Reading and Language Commons Recommended Citation Ornan, Uzzi & Rachel Leket-Mor. 2016. "Phonemic Conversion as the Ideal Romanization Scheme for Hebrew: Implications for Hebrew Cataloging." Judaica Librarianship 19: 43-72. doi:10.14263/2330-2976.1169. Phonemic Conversion as the Ideal Romanization Scheme for Hebrew: Implications for Hebrew Cataloging Author Biography & Related Information Uzzi Ornan (born 1923) is a professor of Hebrew linguistics and natural language processing at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and the Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, and a member of the Academy of the Hebrew Language. In 1944, Ornan was detained in a British detention camp in Eritrea, where he taught Hebrew grammar to his fellow detainees from Erets Israel. In 1947, still in the camp, he published his Grammar of Mouth and Ear. After the detainees were freed in 1948 the book was reprinted in abridged edition several times in Israel. In 2016, Ornan completed a thoroughly revised edition of the book, compatible with current progress of linguistics (Jerusalem: The eH brew University Magnes Press). Associated with the Canaanite movement, Ornan established the League against Religious Coercion (1950) and has been active in the separation of church and state movement in Israel ever since.
    [Show full text]
  • Heads of Hebrew Grammar
    H ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN PRODUCTION NOTE University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Library Brittle Books Project, 2012. COPYRIGHT NOTIFICATION In Public Domain. Published prior to 1923. This digital copy was made from the printed version held by the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. It was made in compliance with copyright law. Prepared for the Brittle Books Project, Main Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign by Northern Micrographics Brookhaven Bindery La Crosse, Wisconsin 2012 rr rlr --aT THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY T9\k iSi"2 ~ :i~nt" j ~s~P." uiye r) ~e~s R~: ' 4 A '4" iLBil'* *I xtD'~ :4~ n 4 y- t j- • . e¢, s SAMUEL BAGSTER AND SONS, 15, PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON, Issue GRATUITOUSLY, AND SEND FREE BY POST, Catalogues of their tfarious Bibles in different languages, for pocket, study, or family use; also of the New Testa- ment, and Book of Common Prayer, as well as Concordances and Lexicons Grammars,Psalters, and Biblical Works in great variety. SELECTIONS FROM THE CATALOGUE. THE ANALYTICAL HEBREW AND CHALDEE LEXICON; THE WORDS OF THE ENTIRE HEBREW SCRIPTURES ARRANGED JUST AS THEY ARE FOUND IN THE SACRED TEXT, ALPHABETICALLY, AND ARE GRAMMATICALLY EXPLAINED. The ANALYTICAL LEXICON is- I. A Lexicon in the ordinary sense of supplying the various meanings of the roots. II. A Dictionary of every derivative and modification of every root, in alpha- betical order, with analysis. III. A storehouse of the anomalies of the language, carefully arranged, and referred to from all parts of the work. IV. A Concordance of the least easily understood words.
    [Show full text]
  • A Concise Historical Morphology of Biblical Hebrew
    appendix A Concise Historical Morphology of Biblical Hebrew We have considered the most important sound changes from Proto-Northwest-Semitic to Biblical Hebrew. This appendix reviews the consequences of these developments for the historical morphology of the inflected word classes of Biblical Hebrew: pronouns, nouns and adjectives, numerals, and verbs. Frequent reference is made to the chapters discussing individual sound changes. 1 Pronouns The personal pronouns, both independent and suffixed, are discussed in detail in Chap- ter 8. :derives from the old genitive *ḏī ֶזה The masculine near demonstrative pronoun word-final stressed *-ī > *-ē and word-final *-ē > *-ɛ̄. The associated nominative *ḏū and the accusative *ḏā developed to the זוּ regularly yields the rare relative pronoun ,is difficult to reconstruct ֵ֫אֶלּה due to the Canaanite Shift.The plural זוֹ/זֹה demonstrative with different Semitic languages showing irreconcilable forms.The Hebrew form seems to go back to *ʔillay: the unstressed diphthong contracted to *-ē and then participated in the shift to *-ɛ̄ in word-final position. , ֶזה < does not show the same shift as *ḏī ִמי As the animate interrogative pronoun it should not be reconstructed with word-final *-ī, but as *mīya. The inanimate inter- with gemination of the following consonant) goes ַמה־ normally) ָמה rogative pronoun back to *mah. © koninklijke brill nv, leiden, 2020 | doi:10.1163/9789004390263_011 Benjamin D. Suchard - 9789004390263 Downloaded from Brill.com09/30/2021 07:59:23AM via free access 232 appendix 2 Nouns and Adjectives1 2.1 Roots with One or Two Radicals also used before , ִפּי mouth’ has only one radical.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Hebrew Linguistics (‘Inleiding Hebreeuwse Taalkunde’) Uva, Weeks 10-11
    Introduction to Hebrew Linguistics (‘Inleiding Hebreeuwse Taalkunde’) UvA, Weeks 10-11 Morphology Tamás Biró 1 Morphology • Morphology: studies the inner structure of words. Well, what is a word? •Word: No general definition – Syntactic word: basic unit of a sentence. – Phonological word: domain of some phonological processes (e.g., stress assignment, vowel harmony). – Orthographic word: between two spaces. – Clitic: part of the phonological word, but syntactically an independent unit (e.g., articles, French preverbal pronouns, etc.). 2 Example: Kaleb-letters ?כ ,ל ,ב What is the status of Hebrew prepositions • • Orthography: single word. Not a linguistic argument. • Syntax: preposition is an autonomous unit. Merges with article (be+ha = ba), similarly to French du, German vom. • Phonology: – Take a phenomenon that depends on word beginning: begat-kefat allophony: [stop] → [fricative] / V__ .[Tiberian H [bevayit], colloquial Israeli H [bebayit :בבית – – > TH/BH: clitic + word = single phonological word. – > Colloquial IH: two phonological words, and begad- kefat rule does not apply across word boundary. – [bevakaša]: lexicalized unit: diachronically complex, but synchronically in IH monomorphemic. 3 Morphology • Morphology: studies the inner structure of words. Well, what is a word? No general definition Morpheme: Smallest linguistic unit with meaning. (Well, what is meaning?) Free morphemes: can stand alone. Bound morphemes: affixes and “cranberry”-morphemes. Null morpheme: no phonemic material (e.g., Sg. masc.) Allomorph: alternative forms of the same morpheme. • Morphology: studies the way morphemes are combined. – Morpho-phonology: sound changes during morpheme combination (e.g., 't kofschip, V harmony). – Morpho-syntax: morpheme combinations in order to enter a sentence (e.g. cases, agreement). 4 Morphological processes Inflection: feminine, plural, construct, binyanim, mishkalim..
    [Show full text]
  • Sound Changes in the (Pre-)Masoretic Reading Tradition and the Original Pronunciation of Biblical Aramaic
    SOUND CHANGES IN THE (PRE-)MASORETIC READING TRADITION AND THE ORIGINAL PRONUNCIATION OF BIBLICAL ARAMAIC Benjamin D. Suchard Leiden University For nearly a thousand years, the texts of the Hebrew Bible were transmitted both in writing, as consonantal texts lacking much of the information about their pronunciation, and orally, as an accompanying reading tradition which supplied this information. During this period of oral trans- mission, sound changes affected the reading tradition. This paper identifies a number of sound changes that took place in the reading tradition by comparing their effects on Biblical Hebrew to those on Biblical Aramaic, the related but distinct language of a small part of the biblical corpus. Sound changes that affect both languages equally probably took place in the reading tradition, while those that are limited to one language probably preceded this shared oral transmission. Drawing this distinction allows us to reconstruct the pronunciation of Biblical Aramaic as it was fixed in the reading tradition, highlighting several morphological discrepancies between the dialect underlying it and that of the consonantal texts. 1. INTRODUCTION The Biblical Aramaic corpus as it has reached us, like the rest of the Hebrew Bible, is a hybrid.1 The texts were originally composed in the second half of the first millennium BCE (Gzella 2011: 583). Due to the largely consonantal nature of the script, however, much of the phonetic information needed to actually pronounce even a single word was missing from these texts. Readers either had to supply this missing information based on their knowledge of the language – as modern- day readers of (unvocalized) Hebrew or Arabic do without too much trouble – or had to rely on an orally transmitted reading tradition, which allowed them to memorize the pronunciation of each verse and in that way compensate for the orthography’s deficiencies.
    [Show full text]
  • Intermediate Biblical Hebrew Grammar
    INTERMEDIATE BIBLICAL HEBREW GRAMMAR Press SBL R ESOURCES FOR BIBLICAL STUDY Editor Marvin A. Sweeney, Old Testament/Hebrew Bible Number 89 Press SBL INTERMEDIATE BIBLICAL HEBREW GRAMMAR A Student’s Guide to Phonology and Morphology E ric D. Reymond Press SBL Atlanta C opyright © 2018 by E ric D. Reymond A ll rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by means of any information storage or retrieval system, except as may be expressly permit- ted by the 1976 Copyright Act or in writing from the publisher. Requests for permission should be addressed in writing to the Rights and Permissions Office,S BL Press, 825 Hous- ton Mill Road, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Reymond, Eric D., author. Title: Intermediate biblical Hebrew grammar : a student’s guide to phonology and mor- phology / by Eric D. Reymond. Description: Atlanta : SBL Press, [2017] | Series: Resources for biblical study ; number 89 | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers:LCCN 2017037103 (print) | LCCN 2017037346 (ebook) | ISBN 9780884142492 (ebook) | ISBN 9781628371895 (pbk. : alk. paper) | ISBN 9780884142508 (hardcover : alk. paper) Subjects: Hebrew language—Phonology. | Hebrew language—Morphology. Classification: LCC PJ4576 (ebook) | LCC PJ4576 .R49 2017 (print) | DDC 492.45/9— dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017037103 Press Printed on acid-free paper. SBL T o Robin, Lucy, and Oliver ἀρχὴ γὰρ αὐτῆς ἡ ἀληθεστάτη παιδείας ἐπιθυμία “The beginning of wisdom is open yearning for instruction” (Wis 6:17).
    [Show full text]
  • Modern Hebrew Stress Phonology and Phonetics
    Brill’s Journal of Afroasiatic Languages and Linguistics 11 (2019) 96–118 brill.com/aall Modern Hebrew stress Phonology and phonetics Outi Bat-El Tel-Aviv University [email protected] Evan-Gary Cohen Tel-Aviv University [email protected] Vered Silber-Varod The Open University [email protected] Abstract The paper provides a comprehensive description of the phonology and phonetics of Hebrew stress. The distribution of the stress patterns draws a categorial distinc- tion between verbs and nouns, and enhances the typologically uncommon disparity between the most common pattern (final stress) and the default pattern (penultimate stress). As the acoustic studies reveal, the main cue for Hebrew stress is duration, though the duration contrast is eliminated between a phrase final unstressed syllable and the preceding stressed syllable. A second important result of the acoustic studies is that there is no evidence for secondary stress. Keywords Hebrew stress – default stress – acoustic cues 1 Introduction Hebrew primary stress resides within the trisyllabic window, i.e. on one of the right-most three syllables in the word, with final stress being the most com- © koninklijke brill nv, leiden, 2019 | doi:10.1163/18776930-01101008 modern hebrew stress 97 mon pattern (Bolozky 1982, Bat-El 1989, 1993, 2018, Graf 1999, Becker 2002, Graf and Ussishkin 2002, Cohen 2010, Pariente and Bolozky 2014, Cohen and Ussishkin 2013). Secondary stress has been claimed to reside on every other syl- lable away from the main stress (Bolozky 1982, Kadmon 1986, Bat-El 1993, Graf and Ussishkin 2002, Cohen and Ussishkin, 2013, Bolozky 2015), but this claim is not acoustically supported (Becker 2002, Bolozky 2015, Cohen et al.
    [Show full text]