Reading Biblical Hebrew Parsing Nouns 2 ב10 Finding the Lexical Form. ָה The Directional He John C. Beckman 2016-09-23 Goal: Learn to Find the Lexical Form of Nouns 2 Vowel changes with accent shifts • Changes with loss of accent • Propretonic reduction Finding the lexical form • Undoing vowel changes from movement of accent • Undoing vowel changes from loss of dagesh • Segolate nouns • Base change ( ָה ) Directional He Vowel Changes with Accent Shifts A Syllable Loses Its Accent When: 4 Adding a maqqaf מ לְֶך־ מ ֶ֫ לְֶך • Adding a suffix ְמָל ֶ֫כים מ ֶ֫ לְֶך • But, replacing one suffix with another does not typically shift the accent מְלָכֶ֫מֹות מְלָכ ֶָ֫מה • An Accented Vowel May Change When It Becomes Unaccented 5 Might Accented Become when Vowel Unaccented Example (is qamats qatan ֶָ ) וַיֶָ֫קֶָם ֶ֫קּום ֶָ ֶ֫ ּוֶ/ ֶֶֻ֫ (is qamats qatan ֶָ ) כָ ל־ כֶֹ֫ ל/ ֶ֫כֹול ֶָ/ ֶֻ ֶֹ֫ ֶ/ ֶ֫ ֹו בֶן־ .בֵֶֶ֫ן ֶ ֵֶֶ֫ ֵעֶ ֶַ֫יַ֫ יֶם . עֶֶַ֫יֶן ֵי ֶַ֫ יֶ תֹוְך־ . ֶָ֫ת וְֶך ◌ֹו ֶָ֫ וֶ Reverse the Change to Find the Lexical Form 6 Unaccented Might Have Vowel Been Example (is qamats qatan ֶָ ) וַיֶָ֫קֶָם ֶ֫קּום ֶ֫ ּוֶ/ ֶֶֻ֫ ֶָ (is qamats qatan ֶָ ) כָ ל־ כֶֹ֫ ל/ ֶ֫כֹול ֶֹ֫ ֶ/ ֶ֫ ֹו ֶָ/ ֶֻ בֶן־ .בֵֶֶ֫ן ֵֶֶ֫ ֶ ֵעֶ ֶַ֫יַ֫ יֶם . עֶֶַ֫יֶן ֶַ֫ יֶ ֵי תֹוְך־ . ֶָ֫ת וְֶך ֶָ֫ וֶ ◌ֹו Propretonic Reduction of Qamats and Tsere 7 Propretonic syllable is 2 syllables in front of the accent ֶָד ׀ֶָבֶ׀ ֶֶ֫רים* = ָדָב ֶ֫רים* • ( ֳֶ , ֱֶ , ֲֶ , ְֶ Qamats & Tsere in a propretonic syllable reduce (vocal shva ְדָבֶ׀ ֶֶ֫רים No longer propretonic ְֶד ָב ֶ֫רים ֶָד ָב ֶ֫רים* ָד ֶָ֫בר • ְלֶ ָבֶ֫בֹות לֵֶ ָבֶ֫בֹות* לֵבֶָ֫ ב • ֵֶ When removing syllables, a reduced vowel may ֶָ or Qamats is far more common ָד ֶָ֫בר ְד ֶָ֫בר* ְדָב רים • לֵבֶָ֫ ב ְל ֶָ֫בב* ְלָבֶ֫בֹות • Finding the Lexical Form To Find the Lexical Form, Remove Stuff and Adjust Vowels 9 1. Remove any prefixes, suffixes, and any non-singular noun ending • Some prefixes and suffixes are covered in future chapters ַַ֫פְ ש לְ ַַ֫פְ שֹֹֽׁ תֵיכם ,.E.g • if needed ת or ָה or the FS endings ה Add the MS ending .2 פָ ַ֫ ֶ֫ה .פֶָן* . פַָ֫ ֶ֫ים ,.E.g • מ לְחָמֶָ֫ ה מלְחֶָם* מ לְחָמֶ֫ ֹות ,.E.g • חַטֶָאת חַטֶָא* חַטֶָאֹות ,.E.g • 3. Adjust the vowels and dageshes as needed to get to the lexical form … Changing to Lexical Form May Move Accent 10 Lexical form may have accent in a different syllable than inflected form ְד ֶָ֫בר* . ְדָב ֶ֫רים Normally happens if lexical form has no ending • • If so, then the accent moved! Undo Reduction of Formerly Propretonic Syllable 11 Lexical form may have accent in a different syllable than inflected form ְד ֶָ֫בר* . ְדָב ֶ֫רים Normally happens if lexical form has no ending • • If so, then the accent moved! ֵֶ Reduced vowel in formerly-propretonic-syllable may ֶָ or ֶָדבֶָ֫ ר ְֶדבֶָ֫ ר* . ְֶד ָב ֶ֫רים ,.E.g • מֶָ ֶ֫קֹום . ְמֶ ֶ֫קֹום* ְמֶ ֶ֫קֹומֹות ,.E.g • Newly Accented Vowel May Change 12 Lexical form may have accent in a different syllable than inflected form דְ בֶָ֫ ר* . דְ בָר ֶ֫ ים Normally happens if lexical form has no ending • • If so, then the accent moved! Vowel in newly accented syllable may change (see table on slide 6) ֶַ֫ יֶן was probably ֵי word-internal עֶֶַ֫ יֶן .עֵֶֶ֫ין* . עֵֶ יֶַַ֫֫יֶם ,.E.g • ֶָ֫ וֶ may have been ֹו • ֵֶֶ֫ may have been ֶ • ֶּ֫ו / ֶֶֻ֫ / ֶֹ֫ו / ֶֶֹ֫ qamats qatan) may have been) ֶָ • Loss of Dagesh May Change Vowel 13 Doubling dagesh lost if no vowel follows ַעֶם . ַעֶ םֶ* . ַעֶ ּמים ,.E.g • Preceding vowel MIGHT change when doubling dagesh is lost לֵ ב לב* לבֹות ,. ◌ ֵֶ E.g ֶ • ָיֶם ַיֶ םֶ* . ַי ּמים ,. ◌ ֶָ E.g ַ ֶ • Segolate Nouns Are Defined by their Lexical Form 14 The lexical form of a segolate noun • Two syllables • Accented on the penult מֶָ֫ ות , עֶֶַ֫יֶן ,בֶַ֫ ית E.g., not ֶָ֫ וֶ or ֶַ֫ יֶ Does not have • Vowel pattern ל ֶ֫חֶם , ֶ֫ד ֶרְך ,ַ֫ ֶ֫פש ,ע ֶֶ֫ בד ,א ֶֶ֫ ֶרץ ,מ ֶ֫ לְֶך ֶ֫ ֶ Usually • ֶֶַַַ֫֫עֶר ,שֶֶַַ֫עֶר ע Usually ֶ ַ ֶַ֫ if middle consonant is • ז ֶ֫בַ ח ,פ ֶ֫תַ ח , ֶ֫ז ֶַרע ח or .ע Usually ֶ ַ ֶ֫ if last consonant is • שֵֶ֫בט ,אֶֶֹ֫ הל , ֶֹ֫ק דש Occasionally first vowel differs • 15 Are Usually Segolate Nouns ְ ָ ֶ◌ֹות and . ְ ָ ים Plurals מ ֶ֫ לְֶך ְמָל כים • א ֶֶ֫ ֶרץ ֲאֶ ָרוֹות • ע ֶֶ֫ בד ֲעֶ ָב דים • ַ֫ ֶ֫פש ְַ֫פָ שֹות • ֶ֫ד ֶרְך ְדָר כים • But sometimes not segolate ָדָבר ְדָב רים • אֶיש ֲאֶ ַָ֫ שים • Some Plurals Change the Base from the Singular (‘Irregular’) 16 Sometimes just a vowel change Sometimes a bigger change אֶיש ֲאֶ ַָ֫ שים • בֵֶן בַָ֫ים • אֶּׁשָ ה ַָ֫ שים • יֹום ָי מים • בֶַ֫ ית ָב תים • ֶר ֹאש ֶָרא שים • בַ ת בָ ַֹ֫ות • עֶיר ָעֶ רים • פה פיֹות • Memorize these plurals ( ָה ) Directional He 18 ָה Directional He is Unaccented (at the end of a noun (or certain adverbs ָה Unaccented • Never accented. Never written defectively. • Often preceded by shva • Never occurs on an adjective, a pronoun, or a verb Usually indicates direction of motion FS+Directional to a land .א ֶֶ֫ ֶרץ = ַאְַ֣רָוה • Directional to Egypt+ . מְו ֶַ֫ר יֶם = מְו ַַ֔רְיָמה • Sometimes location without motion MS+Directional (on) the west side . ָיֶם = יַָּ֔מָ ה • .