Introduction to Hebrew Linguistics (‘Inleiding Hebreeuwse Taalkunde’) Uva, Weeks 10-11
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Representation of Inflected Nouns in the Internal Lexicon
Memory & Cognition 1980, Vol. 8 (5), 415423 Represeritation of inflected nouns in the internal lexicon G. LUKATELA, B. GLIGORIJEVIC, and A. KOSTIC University ofBelgrade, Belgrade, Yugoslavia and M.T.TURVEY University ofConnecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06268 and Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, Connecticut 06510 The lexical representation of Serbo-Croatian nouns was investigated in a lexical decision task. Because Serbo-Croatian nouns are declined, a noun may appear in one of several gram matical cases distinguished by the inflectional morpheme affixed to the base form. The gram matical cases occur with different frequencies, although some are visually and phonetically identical. When the frequencies of identical forms are compounded, the ordering of frequencies is not the same for masculine and feminine genders. These two genders are distinguished further by the fact that the base form for masculine nouns is an actual grammatical case, the nominative singular, whereas the base form for feminine nouns is an abstraction in that it cannot stand alone as an independent word. Exploiting these characteristics of the Serbo Croatian language, we contrasted three views of how a noun is represented: (1) the independent entries hypothesis, which assumes an independent representation for each grammatical case, reflecting its frequency of occurrence; (2) the derivational hypothesis, which assumes that only the base morpheme is stored, with the individual cases derived from separately stored inflec tional morphemes and rules for combination; and (3) the satellite-entries hypothesis, which assumes that all cases are individually represented, with the nominative singular functioning as the nucleus and the embodiment of the noun's frequency and around which the other cases cluster uniformly. -
ב Bet ה Heh ו Vav ט Tet י Yod ך מ Mem ם
Exercise 1A: Writing the Hebrew Square Script Using the examples at the right, practice writing out the Hebrew characters on the lines provided for you. Be sure to accurately reflect the position of the letter in relation to the base line. Boxes are used to indicate final forms. Letter Name aleph א aleph bet ב bet gimel ג gimel dalet ד dalet heh ה heh vav ו vav zayin ז zayin .het ח ḥet tet ט tet yod י kaph כ yod ך kaph final kaph lamed ל mem מ lamed ם mem 3 Exercise 1A: Writing tHe Hebrew SquAre Script final mem Letter Name nun נ ן nun final nun samek ס samek ayin ע pe פ ayin ף pe final pe tsade צ ץ tsade final tsade qoph ק qoph resh ר resh שׂ sin sin shin ׁש shin tav ת tav NAme: __________________________________________________ Exercise 1A: Writing tHe Hebrew SquAre Script 4 Exercise 1B: Reading Proper Names In this exercise you will practice identifying the Hebrew consonants by reading familiar proper names. Write the English name in the space to the left of the Hebrew name. Since the alphabet has no vowels, you will have to provide vowel sounds to recognize each word. Start by trying an “a” vowel between each con- sonant. The “a” vowel is the most common vowel in Hebrew and, while it will not always be the correct one, it should help you recognize these names. לבן Laban יעקב אסתר אברהם עבדיה יצחק יחזקאל יׂשראל דוד רבקה נחמיה נבכדנאזר ירבעם ירדן מרדכי מׁשה דברה גלית יׁשמעאל עׂשו 5 Exercise 1B: ReAding Proper NAmes Exercise 1C: Hebrew Cursive (Optional) Using the examples shown, practice writing out the cursive Hebrew characters on the lines provided for you. -
Reduplication in Distributed Morphology
Reduplication in Distributed Morphology Item Type text; Article Authors Haugen, Jason D. Publisher University of Arizona Linguistics Circle (Tucson, Arizona) Journal Coyote Papers: Working Papers in Linguistics, Linguistic Theory at the University of Arizona Rights http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/ Download date 27/09/2021 03:15:12 Item License Copyright © is held by the author(s). Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/143067 The Coyote Papers 18 (May 2011), University of Arizona Linguistics Department, Tucson, AZ, U.S.A. Reduplication in Distributed Morphology Jason D. Haugen Oberlin College [email protected] Keywords reduplication, Distributed Morphology, allomorphy, reduplicative allomorphy, base-dependence, Hiaki (Yaqui), Tawala Abstract The two extant approaches to reduplication in Distributed Morphology (DM) are: (i) the read- justment approach, where reduplication is claimed to result from a readjustment operation on some stem triggered by a (typically null) affix; and (ii) the affixation approach, where reduplica- tion is claimed to result from the insertion of a special type of Vocabulary Item (i.e. a reduplica- tive affix–“reduplicant" or \Red") which gets inserted into a syntactic node in order to discharge some morphosyntactic feature(s), but which receives its own phonological content from some other stem (i.e. its \base") in the output. This paper argues from phonologically-conditioned allomorphy pertaining to base-dependence, as in the case of durative reduplication in Tawala, that the latter approach best accounts for a necessary distinction between \reduplicants" and \bases" as different types of morphemes which display different phonological effects, including \the emergence of the unmarked" effects, in many languages. -
University of California Santa Cruz Minimal Reduplication
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SANTA CRUZ MINIMAL REDUPLICATION A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in LINGUISTICS by Jesse Saba Kirchner June 2010 The Dissertation of Jesse Saba Kirchner is approved: Professor Armin Mester, Chair Professor Jaye Padgett Professor Junko Ito Tyrus Miller Vice Provost and Dean of Graduate Studies Copyright © by Jesse Saba Kirchner 2010 Some rights reserved: see Appendix E. Contents Abstract vi Dedication viii Acknowledgments ix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Structureofthethesis ...... ....... ....... ....... ........ 2 1.2 Overviewofthetheory...... ....... ....... ....... .. ....... 2 1.2.1 GoalsofMR ..................................... 3 1.2.2 Assumptionsandpredictions. ....... 7 1.3 MorphologicalReduplication . .......... 10 1.3.1 Fixedsize..................................... ... 11 1.3.2 Phonologicalopacity. ...... 17 1.3.3 Prominentmaterialpreferentiallycopied . ............ 22 1.3.4 Localityofreduplication. ........ 24 1.3.5 Iconicity ..................................... ... 24 1.4 Syntacticreduplication. .......... 26 2 Morphological reduplication 30 2.1 Casestudy:Kwak’wala ...... ....... ....... ....... .. ....... 31 2.2 Data............................................ ... 33 2.2.1 Phonology ..................................... .. 33 2.2.2 Morphophonology ............................... ... 40 2.2.3 -mut’ .......................................... 40 2.3 Analysis........................................ ..... 48 2.3.1 Lengtheningandreduplication. -
Morphological Sources of Phonological Length
Morphological Sources of Phonological Length by Anne Pycha B.A. (Brown University) 1993 M.A. (University of California, Berkeley) 2004 A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Sharon Inkelas (chair) Professor Larry Hyman Professor Keith Johnson Professor Johanna Nichols Spring 2008 Abstract Morphological Sources of Phonological Length by Anne Pycha Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics University of California, Berkeley Professor Sharon Inkelas, Chair This study presents and defends Resizing Theory, whose claim is that the overall size of a morpheme can serve as a basic unit of analysis for phonological alternations. Morphemes can increase their size by any number of strategies -- epenthesizing new segments, for example, or devoicing an existing segment (and thereby increasing its phonetic duration) -- but it is the fact of an increase, and not the particular strategy used to implement it, which is linguistically significant. Resizing Theory has some overlap with theories of fortition and lenition, but differs in that it uses the independently- verifiable parameter of size in place of an ad-hoc concept of “strength” and thereby encompasses a much greater range of phonological alternations. The theory makes three major predictions, each of which is supported with cross-linguistic evidence. First, seemingly disparate phonological alternations can achieve identical morphological effects, but only if they trigger the same direction of change in a morpheme’s size. Second, morpheme interactions can take complete control over phonological outputs, determining surface outputs when traditional features and segments fail to do so. -
The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew, Volume I
Cambridge Semitic Languages and Cultures The Tiberian Pronunciation Khan Tradition of Biblical Hebrew (Vol. I) The Tiberian Pronunciation Geoffrey Khan Tradition of Biblical Hebrew The form of Biblical Hebrew that is presented in printed edi� ons, with vocaliza� on and Tradition of Biblical Hebrew Vol. I accent signs, has its origin in medieval manuscripts of the Bible. The vocaliza� on and Volume I accent signs are nota� on systems that were created in Tiberias in the early Islamic period The Tiberian Pronunciation The by scholars known as the Tiberian Masoretes, but the oral tradi� on they represent has roots in an� quity. The gramma� cal textbooks and reference grammars of Biblical Hebrew in use today are heirs to centuries of tradi� on of gramma� cal works on Biblical Hebrew in GEOFFREY KHAN Europe. The paradox is that this European tradi� on of Biblical Hebrew grammar did not have direct access to the way the Tiberian Masoretes were pronouncing Biblical Hebrew. In the last few decades, research of manuscript sources from the medieval Middle East has made it possible to reconstruct with considerable accuracy the pronuncia� on of the Tiberian Masoretes, which has come to be known as the ‘Tiberian pronuncia� on tradi� on’. This book presents the current state of knowledge of the Tiberian pronuncia� on tradi� on of Biblical Hebrew and a full edi� on of one of the key medieval sources, Hidāyat al-Qāriʾ ‘The Guide for the Reader’, by ʾAbū al-Faraj Hārūn. It is hoped that the book will help to break the mould of current gramma� cal descrip� ons of Biblical Hebrew and form a bridge between modern tradi� ons of grammar and the school of the Masoretes of Tiberias. -
Morphological Well-Formedness As a Derivational Constraint on Syntax: Verbal Inflection in English1
Morphological Well-Formedness as a Derivational Constraint on Syntax: Verbal Inflection in English 1 John Frampton and Sam Gutmann Northeastern University November 1999 ::: the English verb and its auxiliaries are always a source of fascination. Indeed, I think we can say, following Neumeyer (1980), that much of the intellectual success of Chomsky (1957) is due precisely to its strikingly attractive analysis of this inflectional system. (Emonds, 1985, A Unified Theory of Syntactic Categories) The now well-known differences between verb raising in English and French that were first explored by Emonds (1978), and later analyzed in more depth by Pollock (1989), played an important role in the early development of Chomsky's (1995) Min- imalist Program (MP). See Chomsky (1991), in particular, for an analysis in terms of economy of derivation. As the MP developed, the effort to analyze verb raising largely receded. Lasnik (1996), however, took the question up again and showed that fairly broad empirical coverage could be achieved within the MP framework. One important empirical gap (which will be discussed later) remained, and various stipulations about the feature makeup of inserted lexical items were required. In this paper we hope both to remove the empirical gap and to reduce the stipulative aspects of Lasnik's proposal. The larger ambition of this paper is to support the effort, begun in Frampton and Gutmann (1999), to reorient the MP away from economy principles, particularly away from the idea that comparison of derivations is relevant to grammaticality. Here, we will assume certain key ideas from that paper and show how they provide a productive framework for an analysis of verb raising. -
HEADS HEBREW Graml\Iar
HEADS OF HEBREW GRAMl\iAR HE1tDS OF IIEilRE\V GRAJ\ilJ\lAR CONTAINING ALL THE PRINCIPLES NEEDED BY A LEARNER. BY S. PRIDEAUX TREGELLES, LL.D. TWENTY-THIRD IMPRESSION SAMUEL BAGSTER & SONS LTD. 80 WIGMORE STREET LONDON WI NEW YORK: HARPER AND BROTHERS ..?'RINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN PREFACE. - THE object of these Heads of Hebrew Grammar is to furnish the learner of that language with all that is noedful for him in his introductory studies, so that he may be thoroughly grounded in all that is elementary. In teaching, the present writer has been wont to give oral imtruction as to all the elements, commonly making use of some short Hebrew grammar ;--marking tl,e rules which re quire attent10n, and adding others which are not to be found in elementary grammars in general. In this way he has had a kind of oral Hebrew grammar for learners; and the same grammatical instruction which he has thus communicated to those whom he has thus taught, is here given w-ritten down for use or reference. He is well aware that the number of Hebrew grammars, both of those called elementary, and of those called critical, -is very great; this consideration made him long feel reluc tant to commit his oral grammatical instruction to writing; but, if the mass of He\Jrew grammars be examined, it will be found that very few of them possess any distinctive features; and he is not aware of one which he has been able to use as thoroughly adapted to the want,s of learners. -
Hebrew Language
A HISTOI'{Y OF TFIE HEBREW LANGUAGE ANGEL SAENZ-BADILLOS Translated by IOHN ELWOLDE Department of BtuIical Sludies' Uniaer s i t y of Shellizl d CavrnRrDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Acknozaledgements progressed and prepared a prelirninary version of the Index, and Chapter F{EBREW {I{ T E CCb{TEXT OF THE SEMITIC I-ANGT-TAGES '1.1 ASB Flehrezu, a Semitic language Madrid F{ebrew is a Semitic dialect or tranguage which developed in the northvsestern part of the Near East between the River jordan and the Mediterranean Sea during the latter half of tl'te second milienniurn tsCE. The country cornprising this area was known as Canaan, a nan'ne that is aiso associated witl'l the language in its earLiest written sources: Jllp nDq 6"p^! kena'an) 'the language of Canaan' (Xs 19:18). Eisewhere, the language is called n'Tln1 (ye-lru{i!) 'judaean, Judahite' (2Kn8:26,28, etc.). In the Hellenistic period, writers refer to it by the Greek terwv Hebraios, Hebrar'sti (Josephus, Antiquities tr, 1:2 etc.),1 and under the Rornan Ernpire it was known as fillJJ ('ibrr!) 'F{ebrew' or (f"l)'lJ$ litU! (la6on 'ibri[!l) 'Hebrew language' (Mishnah, Gittin 9:8, etc.), terms that recalled Eber (Gn 77:14), ancestor of the people that would become known,like Abraharn (Gn 74:73), by the narne'Flebrew'.2 Frorn a cultural perspective, this language was to ptray an extremely important r6le, not only in the history of the peoptre rvkro spoke it, but also wifhin Western culture in general. It was fo be 1 .l) How"u"r, C.H. -
Beginning Biblical Hebrew
Beginning Biblical Hebrew Beginning Biblical Hebrew Mark D. Futato Winona Lake, Indiana Eisenbrauns 2003 ç Copyright 2003 by Mark D. Futato. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Futato, Mark David Beginning Biblical Hebrew / Mark D. Futato. p. cm. ISBN 1-57506-022-1 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Hebrew language—Grammar. I. Title. PJ4567.3.F88 2003 492.4u82421—dc21 2003054970 The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. †‘ 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 To my wife, Adele Many women do noble things, but you surpass them all. (Proverbs 31:30 [29]) Wnl: alø hw;hy] Wnl: alø d/bK: ˆTE Úm}v¥l}AyKI ÚT<mIa“Al[" ÚD]s}j"Al[" (Psalm 115:1) CONTENTS INTRODUCTION . ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . xi 1. THE ALPHABET . 1 2. THE VOWELS . 7 3. SYLLABLES, SHEVA, AND STRONG DAGESH . 13 4. THE NOUN: BASIC FORMS . 18 5. PRONOUNS AND THE DEFINITE ARTICLE . 24 6. THE VERB: QAL PERFECT . 29 7. SENTENCES WITH VERBS . 36 8. THE NOUN: VOWEL CHANGES . 42 9. PREPOSITIONS AND VAV CONJUNCTION . 49 10. THE ADJECTIVE . 56 11. THE VERB: QAL IMPERFECT . 63 12. CONSTRUCT RELATIONSHIP: SINGULAR . 68 13. CONSTRUCT RELATIONSHIP: PLURAL . 75 14. QAL PERFECT AND IMPERFECT: WEAK ROOTS . 81 15. QAL PERFECT AND IMPERFECT: I NUN AND III HEY . -
JOSAR, Vol. 2 No. 1 March, 2017; P-ISSN: 2502-8251
JOSAR, Vol. 2 No. 1 March, 2017; p-ISSN: 2502-8251; e-ISSN: 2503-1155 Copyrights@ Balitar Islamic University, Blitar-Indonesia http:josar.unisbablitar.ejournal.web.id MORPHEME ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE SilviNuril M*1, AisyaBrilian G.K *2, MahudaSafitri*3, RahmaniaFirdaus*4, Rama GarethaEvansam*5, Ahmad Siswanto*6 1,2Islamic University of Balitar; Jl. Majapahit No. 04, Telp. (0342)813145 3Program StudiPendidikanBahasaInggris,FKIP Universitas Islam Balitar, Blitar e-mail: *[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected],[email protected],[email protected] Abstract Morphology is the study of words. Morphemes are the minimal units of words that have a meaning and can not be subdivided further. There are two main types: free and bound. Morpheme is article includes a listof references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient.Therefore the researchers conducted the research about morpheme. The research methode that was used is decriptive qualitative method. To gain the data the researchers used literature review in which the data gained from dictionary. Every morpheme can be classified as either free or bound. Bound morphemes can be further classified as derivational or inflectional. These categories are mutually exclusive, and as such, a given morpheme will belong to exactly one of them. Free morphemes can function independently as words. Bound morphemes appear only as part us of words, always in conjunction with a root and sometimes with other bound morphemes. Keywords: linguistic, classification of morpheme, derivational, inflectional, free and bound. 37 JOSAR, Vol. 2 No. 1 March, 2017; p-ISSN: 2502-8251; e-ISSN: 2503-1155 Copyrights@ Balitar Islamic University, Blitar-Indonesia http:josar.unisbablitar.ejournal.web.id 1. -
Lexical Level
Lexical Level Data for the lexicon – how to acquire all forms of words, a relation between those forms and the canonical form, and the relation to additional information. Morphological analysis – given the inflected form, how to get its syntactical features, the canonical form, and the decomposition into morphemes (a morphological synthesis is also possible). Data structures – how to create and store a lexicon so that it takes little space, and so that it guaranties fast access to information. Jan Daciuk, DIIS, ETI, GUT Natural Language Processing 2. Morphology: Concatenation of Morphems (15 / 31) Morphemes (1/2) A morpheme is (in a simplification) a part of a word. There are free morphemes and bound morphemes. A free morpheme can appear on its own as a word. They do not have to be accompanied by other morphemes. A bound morpheme does not have that property. A root is a basic morpheme of a word, to which affixes (both flectional and derivational) can be glued. A root is a lexical morpheme. Example: dodatkowy. A word stem is that part of a word that remains after flectional affixes have been stripped. It carries the meaning of the word. It does not have to be a single morpheme. Example: dodatkowy. Jan Daciuk, DIIS, ETI, GUT Natural Language Processing 2. Morphology: Concatenation of Morphems (16 / 31) Morphemes (2/2) Affixes are bound morphemes that have grammatical functions. They are divided into prefixes, suffixes, infixes, postfixes, and circumfixes. The null morpheme carries only grammatical information, but it has no textual representation. For example, the singular nominative of the Polish word słoń (elephant) can be analyzed as słoń+;, i.e.