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Alternative Bus Technologies August, 2018 Produced By: C40 Cities Finance Facility in Collaboration with Grütter Consulting

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Alternative Bus Technologies August, 2018 Produced By: C40 Cities Finance Facility in Collaboration with Grütter Consulting Ciudad de México, México Alternative Bus Technologies August, 2018 Produced by: C40 Cities Finance Facility in collaboration with Grütter Consulting 1 Alternative Bus Technologies 2 Alternative Bus Technologies Table of Content List of Acronyms 10 Summary 11 1 Introduction 14 2 Methodology 14 2.1 Introduction 14 2.2 Operating Conditions 15 2.3 Environmental Criteria 16 2.3.1 Parameters 16 2.3.2 Energy Use 16 2.3.3 Green House Gas (GHG) Emissions 17 2.3.3.1 Combustion Emissions 17 2.3.3.2 Black Carbon Emissions 18 2.3.3.3 Emissions from Electricity 18 2.3.3.4 Upstream Fuel Emissions 19 2.3.3.5 Emissions by Vehicles and their Components 19 2.3.3.6 Parameters and Values Used 19 2.3.4 Local Emission 20 2.4 Financial Criteria 21 2.5 Economic Criteria 24 2.6 Risk Criteria 25 2.7 Summary 25 3 Baseline Bus 26 4 Alternative Bus Technologies 29 5 Gas Buses 30 5.1 Description of the Technology 30 5.2 Environmental Impact 32 5.2.1 GNC Buses. 32 5.2.2 LNG Buses 35 5.3 Summary and Conclusions 37 6 Hybrid Buses 37 3 Alternative Bus Technologies 6.1 Description of the Technology 37 6.2 Environmental Impact. 40 6.3 Financial and Economic Impact 44 6.4 Risk and Use of the Technology in Fleet. 46 6.5 Summary and Conclusions 47 7 Plug-in Hybrid Buses 48 7.1 Description of the Technology 48 7.2 Environmental Impact 49 7.3 Financial and Economic Impact 51 7.4 Risk and Use of the Technology in Fleet 53 7.5 Summary and Conclusions 53 8 Opportunity Charging Systems 54 8.1 Description of the Technology 54 8.1.1 Barcelona. 55 8.1.2 London. 55 8.1.3 Stockholm. 56 8.1.4 Geneva. 57 8.2 Environmental Impact 59 8.2.1 System 1: Opportunity Charging for Hybrid 12m Buses 59 8.2.2 Opportunity charging for 18m buses. 61 8.3 Financial and Economic impact 62 8.4 Risk and Use of the Technology in Fleets 64 8.5 Summary and Conclusions 65 9 Battery Electric Buses (BEB) 66 9.1 Description of the Technology 66 9.1.1 Slow Charge 67 9.1.2 Fast Charging 68 9.1.3 Battery Exchange Systems 68 9.2 Environmental Impact 70 9.3 Financial and Economic Impact 75 9.4 Risk and Use of the Technology in Fleets 79 4 Alternative Bus Technologies 9.5 Summary and Conclusions 80 10 Trolleybuses. 81 10.1 Description of the Technology 81 10.2 Environmental Impact. 82 10.3 Financial and Economic Impact 83 10.4 Risk and Use of Technology in Fleets 86 10.5 Summary and Conclusion 86 11 Fuel Cell/Hydrogen Buses 87 11.1 Description of the Technology 87 11.2 Environmental Impact. 88 11.3 Summary and Conclusions 90 12 Comparison of Technologies 90 13 Conclusions 97 14 Bibliography. 99 5 Alternative Bus Technologies Table of Figures Tables Table 1 Operating Conditions .................................................................................................................. 15 Table 2 Environmental Parameters ......................................................................................................... 16 Table 3 Values to Determine CO2 Emissions ......................................................................................... 19 Table 4 meters to Determine Local Emissions ...................................................................................... 21 Table 5 Parameters to Determine WACC ................................................................................................ 22 Table 6 Parameters for Financial Calculations ...................................................................................... 23 Table 7 Parameters for Economic Calculations..................................................................................... 25 Table 8 Summary of Parameters Studied ............................................................................................... 25 Table 9 General Conditions of Operation ............................................................................................... 26 Table 10 General Conditions of the Baseline Bus ................................................................................. 27 Table 11 Baseline Bus Environmental Impact ....................................................................................... 27 Table 12 Alternative Bus Technologies .................................................................................................. 30 Table 13 Comparisons of Energy Consumption Diesel Buses and CNG Buses ................................ 32 Table 14 CNG Bus Euro VI emissions ..................................................................................................... 33 Table 15 Sensitivity Analysis (12m Bus) ................................................................................................ 35 Table 16 LNG Euro VI Bus Emissions ..................................................................................................... 36 Table 17 Hybrid-Diesel Fuel Savings Compared to Conventional Diesel Bus ................................... 41 Table 18 Hybrid Bus Emissions-Diesel Euro VI ..................................................................................... 42 Table 19 Annual Environmental Impact of a Hybrid Bus (relative to a diesel base bus) (t / a) ......... 42 Table 20 Additional Investments for a Hybrid-Diesel Bus .................................................................... 44 Table 21 Financial Profitability of Hybrids ............................................................................................. 45 Table 22 Sensitivity of FIRR of Hybrids .................................................................................................. 46 Table 23 Economic Profitability of Hybrids ............................................................................................ 46 Table 24 Hybrid Bus Summary ................................................................................................................ 47 Table 25 Plug-in Hybrid Cases................................................................................................................. 49 Table 26 Euro VI Plug-in Hybrid Bus Emissions ................................................................................... 50 Table 27 Annual Environmental Impact of a Plug-in Hybrid Bus (relative to a diesel baseline bus, t/a) ........................................................................................................................................................ 50 Table 28 Additional Investment of a Plug-in Hybrid Bus ...................................................................... 51 Table 29 Recharge System Parameters .................................................................................................. 51 Table 30 Plug-in Hybrids Financial Profitability .................................................................................... 52 Table 31 Sensitivity of FIRR Hybrid Plug-in ........................................................................................... 52 6 Alternative Bus Technologies Table 32 Economic Profitability of Hybrids ............................................................................................ 52 Table 33 Summary Plug-in Hybrid Buses ............................................................................................... 53 Table 34 Barcelona Opportunity charging System ............................................................................... 55 Table 35 London Opportunity Charging Systems ................................................................................. 56 Table 36 Stockholm Opportunity Charging Systems ............................................................................ 57 Table 37 TOSA System ............................................................................................................................. 58 Table 38 Features of Opportunity Charging System Option 1 (Buses 12m) ....................................... 60 Table 39 Opportunity Charging Systems Emissions ............................................................................ 60 Table 40 Annual Environmental Impact per Bus with Opportunity Charging System Buses 12m (t/a)....................................................................................................................................................... 61 Table 41 Opportunity Charging system Option 2 (18m buses) Emissions ......................................... 61 Table 42 Annual Environmental Impact of 18m buses by Opportunity Charging System Buses (t / a) .......................................................................................................................................................... 62 Table 43 Opportunity Charging Systems Additional Costs .................................................................. 62 Table 44 Financial Profitability of Opportunity Charging Systems ..................................................... 63 Table 45 Sensitivity of FIRR Opportunity Charging Systems .............................................................. 64 Table 46 Economic Profitability of Opportunity Charging Systems .................................................... 64 Table 47 Opportunity Loading Systems Summary ................................................................................ 65 Table 48 BEB Systems ............................................................................................................................. 66 Table 49 Electricity Consumption of 12m BEB with AC ....................................................................... 71 Table 50 12m BEB emissions .................................................................................................................
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