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Report on Diesel-And Alternative-Fuel Bus Trials Report on Diesel-and Alternative-Fuel Bus Trials December 2019 Report on Diesel- and Alternative-Fuel Bus Trials Prepared for: Department of Transport, Tourism & Sport Ref: 546-19X0091 Public Version December 2019 Byrne Ó Cléirigh, 30a Westland Square, Pearse Street, Dublin 2, D02 PN76, Ireland. Telephone: + 353 – 1 – 6770733. Facsimile: + 353 – 1 – 6770729. Email: [email protected]. Web: www.boc.ie Directors: LM Ó Cléirigh BE MIE CEng FIEI FIMechE; LP Ó Cléirigh BE MEngSc MBA CEng FIEI FEI; ST Malone BE MIE CEng FIEI; JB FitzPatrick FCA. Registered in Dublin, Ireland No. 237982. Byrne Ó Cléirigh Consulting Report on Diesel- and Alternative-Fuel Bus Trials DISCLAIMER This report has been prepared by Byrne Ó Cléirigh Limited with all reasonable skill, care and diligence within the terms of the Contract with the Client, incorporating our Terms and Conditions and taking account of the resources devoted to it by agreement with the Client. We disclaim any responsibility to the Client and others in respect of any matters outside the scope of the above. This report is confidential to the Client and we accept no responsibility of whatsoever nature to third parties to whom this report, or any part thereof, is made known. Any such party relies upon the report at their own risk. 546-19X0091 Public Version December 2019 Byrne Ó Cléirigh Consulting Report on Diesel- and Alternative-Fuel Bus Trials Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................. I ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................................................................................... VI 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 1 2 LEGISLATIVE & POLICY CONTEXT .......................................................................................... 2 2.1 Overview ....................................................................................................................... 2 2.2 National Development Plan ........................................................................................... 2 2.3 Energy White Paper ....................................................................................................... 2 2.4 Renewable Energy Directive (RED) ................................................................................. 3 2.5 Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Directive (AFID) ............................................................. 3 2.6 National Mitigation Plan ................................................................................................ 4 2.7 Air quality & vehicle emission standards ........................................................................ 4 2.8 Exemplary role of public bodies ..................................................................................... 6 2.9 Clean Vehicles Directive (CVD) ....................................................................................... 6 2.10 Climate Action Plan........................................................................................................ 7 3 THE IRISH TRANSPORT SECTOR ............................................................................................. 8 3.1 Energy consumption and CO2 emissions ......................................................................... 8 3.2 NOX Emissions ............................................................................................................. 10 3.3 Urban public bus services ............................................................................................. 10 4 HUMAN HEALTH & THE ENVIRONMENT .............................................................................. 13 4.1 Overview ..................................................................................................................... 13 4.2 NOX ............................................................................................................................. 13 4.3 Particulate Matter (PM10 & PM2.5) ................................................................................ 14 4.4 Examples from other countries and cities ..................................................................... 15 5 DTTAS BUS TRIALS ............................................................................................................. 17 5.1 Overview ..................................................................................................................... 17 5.2 Methodology ............................................................................................................... 17 5.3 Comparing energy efficiency and emissions results ....................................................... 21 5.4 Electric Bus Test Results ............................................................................................... 23 5.5 PEMS Test Results ........................................................................................................ 27 6 OTHER BUS STUDIES AND REPORTS .................................................................................... 42 6.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 42 6.2 The UK Low Emission Bus Scheme ................................................................................ 42 6.3 UK Transport Energy Model ......................................................................................... 43 6.4 Trends in Swedish public bus transport ........................................................................ 45 546-19X0091 Public Version December 2019 Byrne Ó Cléirigh Consulting Report on Diesel- and Alternative-Fuel Bus Trials 6.5 Gas for transport ......................................................................................................... 49 6.6 Electric buses in Iceland ............................................................................................... 50 6.7 Compare DTTAS bus trials with other studies & data .................................................... 50 7 CONTRIBUTION TO RENEWABLE ENERGY AND EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS ............................. 55 7.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 55 7.2 Comparison of Technologies ........................................................................................ 58 8 COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS ..................................................................................................... 63 8.1 Approach to Cost Benefit Analysis ................................................................................ 63 8.2 Cost-Benefit Analysis: SCR system ................................................................................ 69 8.3 Cost-Benefit Analysis: Alternative-Fuelled vs Diesel Buses ............................................ 76 9 CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................................... 88 9.1 DTTAS bus trials ........................................................................................................... 88 9.2 Contribution to renewable targets and emission reductions ......................................... 89 9.3 Air Quality ................................................................................................................... 90 9.4 Cost Benefit Analyses ................................................................................................... 90 APPENDIX 1: TEST VEHICLES ....................................................................................................... 91 APPENDIX 2: PHOTOGRAPHS ...................................................................................................... 93 APPENDIX 3: ELECTRIC BUS CHARGER SPECIFICATIONS ............................................................... 97 APPENDIX 4: INSTANTANEOUS EMISSIONS MAPS ....................................................................... 98 APPENDIX 5: INPUTS FOR CBA ON ALTERNATIVELY-FUELLED BUSES ............................................ 99 APPENDIX 6: SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS INPUTS FOR CBA ON ALTERNATIVELY-FUELLED BUSES ........ 100 APPENDIX 7: BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................... 102 546-19X0091 Public Version December 2019 Byrne Ó Cléirigh Consulting i Report on Diesel- and Alternative-Fuelled Bus Trials EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The National Development Plan commits Ireland to stop purchasing diesel-only buses for the urban public fleet by July 2019. To assist the Department of Transport, Tourism and Sport (DTTAS) with understanding the available alternative technologies and, importantly, the emissions generated under real-world conditions, trials were carried out on fifteen buses over a five-month period (December 2018 to April 2019) in Dublin and Cork using a portable emissions measuring system (PEMS). A mix of diesel, diesel hybrid, gas and electric buses were tested. Two of the diesel buses tested were retrofitted with selective catalytic reduction (SCR) technology, which is primarily aimed at reducing emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOX). Legislative & Policy Context There are several underlying drivers for examining the alternatives to diesel buses in the urban public fleet. The commitment in the National Development Plan to stop purchasing diesel-only buses for the urban public
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