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age at marriage Akasaka Keiko, 133 Aizu mountainous district, 311–12, 313 Aki province, 153–8 estimates, 1886, 354–5 ‘amusement quarters’, 38–9 late 19th century, 349–59 ane-katoku, 296 Mino province, six villages, 207–10 Arioshinden village, 204–205 Nishijo¯ village, 346–7 Asama, Mount, 54, 120 Northeast Japan, 285–6 Ashikaga Shogunate, 15 regional differences, 284, 287–8, 345–7, 354, 359 bakufu surveys, 134–5, 137, 141–2 Southwest Japan, 290–1 Beppu village, age distribution, Suwa Country, 265–7 80–1 Tohoku village, 347 Bingo province, 153–8 Yokouchi village, 271, 274, 346 brewing industry, 37 agriculture 18th century, 116 cadastral surveys, 49 developments during Tokugawa period, calendar, 184 115–17 Cambridge Model, 317–18 fertilizer, 60 castle towns, 47, 106 ‘great transformation’, 115–16 census data horse-power to man-power change, 60, defects, 103 65–7 late 19th century, 347–9 ‘industrious revolution’, 116 Central region of Japan, 288–90 livestock changes, 67–9 Dekasegi rate, 289–90 vertical land use, 116 Ch’ing China, 3, 117 Ainu tribe, 40 ‘Chinese World Order’, 11, 15, 17 Aizu mountainous district cholera, 109–10, 143, 151 age at first marriage, 311–12, 313 Christianity age structure, 309, 310 hostility towards, 6–7, 16, 17–18, 75, fertility, 312, 314 166–7 household dynamics, 315–29 Portuguese influence, 15–16 Ishibushi village, 304 rebellion, 1637, 166 Kanaizawa village, 304 class differences Kuwanohara village, 304 allocation of families to Classes, marriage, 309–11 206–207 mortality, 314–15 marriage and fertility, 204–18 people with living spouses, 312 cotton industry, 27, 37 population trends, 308–309 currency debasement, 32–3, 58–9 sex ratio, 309, 310 total marital fertility rate, 312, 314 daimyo¯ To¯nosu village, 304 18th century changes, 34 Aizu region controlled through own families, 19–20 demography, 305–15 Edo visits, 47–8 population trends, 307–308 postings, 15

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demography ‘Great Land Reclamation Period’, 23, 30 Aizu region, 305–15 guns, introduction of, 13 ‘centre of gravity’, 139–42, 150 population enumeration, 1721, 76 Hajnal, John, 349 regional differences, 280–302 Hanley, Susan B, 106, 137 religious faith recording, 75–6 hansatsu, 32–3 Tokugawa period, beginning, 75–6 harvests, bad, 54, 105, 115, 119, 305 Yokouchi village, 185–203 Haushofer, Max, 373–4 desired fertility, 138–9 Hayami county Dewa province, 121 assumptions made in estimates, 93–5 population by sex and sex ratio, 124–5, population calculations, 80–98 128 population change, 1721–1846, ‘Dutch Studies’, 369 103–105 heirship succession principles, 303 economic development vs population land survey, 77 growth, 132, 145, 158–60 Higashikaiden village, 204–205 Edo Himeji Castle, 21 daimyo¯ visits, 47–8 Horeki famine, 105, 110, 122, 123, Mitsui store, 25, 26 305 Edo Shogunate, 33–4 household size ‘Edo sickness’, 36 Suwa Country, 239–79 Edo, Cotton wholesale dealer, 25 household structures, 69–70 epidemics, 108, 110, 110, 115, 142 household structures – Aizu mountainous Ester Boserup thesis, 113 district EurAsia Project on Population and Family Cambridge Model, 317–18 History, 283 conjugal family units, 316 Europeans, contact with, 5–7 cycle duration and timing, 327–9 Examination of the Sects, The, 6–7 cycle frequencies, 324–7 cycles and patterns, 323–4 family nuclearization, 101 differences by social class, 320–1 family patterns flexibility of heir choice, 338–9 regional differences, 280–302 headship change, reasons, 331–2 family structures heir choice, 332–6 diversity of norms, 297–8 heir choice by class, 336–8 European comparison, 297 household numbers, 315–17 Hayami county, 84–8 household sizes, 315–17 not constant, 281–3 Modified Cambridge Model, 318–20 female infanticide, 128 opportunity for estate transfer, 330–1 fertility stem family households, standard Aizu mountainous district, 312, percentage, 320 314 succession and inheritance, 330–9 Mino province, six villages, 213–17 transfers between categories, 321–3 Northeast Japan, 287 Suwa County, 263–5 ie system, 303 Yokouchi village, 197–201, 271–2, illegitimacy, 177 274 distance from Osaka, 367–8 fishing industry, 31–2 Osaka, 364 food processing industry, 28 overview, 362–8 forestry industry, 28–9 rates, 1887, 1897, 364–6 FRF (family reconstruction forms) statistics, 362–4, 367–8 analysis, 198–201, 205–206, 239 Tokyo, 362–4 urban and rural areas, 366–7 genin, 97, 224 industrial revolution – ‘industrious German statistics, 373–4 revolution’, 64–72

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