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Studies in the Historical Geography of Japan, 1988-1995

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Studies in the Historical Geography of Japan, 1988-1995 Geographical Review of Japan Vol. 69 (Ser. B), No. 1, 21-41, 1996 Studies in the Historical Geography of Japan, 1988-1995 Tsunetoshl MIZOGUCHI Department of Geography, Univ. of Toyama, Toyama 930, Japan Abstract: This paper reviews major studies in historical geography in Japan published after 1988. After a brief summary of the recent trends in historical geography in Japan, the studies are reviewed under five headings: 1) Changes of rural landscape, 2) Urban transformation, 3) Population and migration, 4) Traffic and transportation, and 5) Religious and imagined world. Key words: historical geography, landscape, transformation, pictorial maps, imagined world at the following three periods: 1) at the begin Recent Trends in the Historical Geogra ning of the eighth century when the ancient phy of Japan capitals were planned, 2) during the late fif teenth and the early seventeenth century when "Geography always has been , and must con the castle towns were constructed, and 3) in the tinue to be, an historically grounded enterprise" twentieth century when industrial towns ap proclaimed Alan R. H. Baker in the Kyoto Uni peared. Kinoshita (1991) viewed the periods of versity Geographical Conference in 1995, and transformation as the times when political and stressed the importance of historical geogra administrative transformations took place. In phy, citing L. Rodwell Jones who said "All ge contrast, Mizoguchi (1991) emphasized that the ography is historical geography." In Japan, the transformation of agriculture and the rural journal Historical Geography was founded as community can occur even in peaceful and early as 1959 by the Association of Historical stable times when agricultural innovations Geographers of Japan, and has published many took place as well as in times of political change worthy papers. This paper reviews major when a new land and tax system was intro studies published after 1988, for Kobayashi and duced by a new government. Kinda (1988) had reviewed those published in Two large areas, the northeast and southwest 1978-1987. regions of Japan have been distinguished, and The Association of Historical Geographers of their distinct regional characteristics have been Japan sponsors a symposium on a special theme the focus of discussions. Tanioka (1993) identi every year. Scholars interested in the theme fied some landmarks of spatial organization present their studies, and most of them are such as the ancient jori system in the paddy published in the next year's Historical Geogra fields, myo and zaike as the component units of phy. Recent special themes have been: histori the medieval manor, in order to clarify the dis cal geography of administration (1987); histori tinct characteristics of the northeast and south cal geography of basins (1988); historical geog east regions of Japan. Landform characteristics raphy of the periods of transformation (1989 are related to living, cultural and economic ac and 1990); northeast and southwest Japan tivities of the inhabitants. Nakayama (1992) (1991 and 1992); and environment in historical presented a basis for the division of Japan into geography (1993 and 1994). Therefore, trans northeast Japan and southwest Japan in terms formation, regionality and environment can be of landform characteristics and proposed a considered key words of the recent historical boundary determined on this basis. The bound geography in Japan. ary of the two regions divided according to Ashikaga (1991a) theorized that the transfor landform characteristics is the line from Tsu mation of Japanese urban morphology occurred ruga Bay to the Suzuka Mountains. Motoki 22 T. Mizoguchi (1993) summarized the diffusion of rice cultiva are used for the Japan's historical periods: 1) tion throughout Japan, and investigated the Ancient period (around 300-1192): Increasing process in terms of the regional distribution of stratification within local groups fueled con rice cultivation down to the present day. As the flicts among large clans in western Japan immediate condition that hindered diffusion (Kofun period), and after the beginning of the and settlement of rice cultivation on a national eighth century the new aristocratic state cen scale, the geographical environment of north tered at Nara, and then Kyoto; 2) Medieval eastern Japan, in particular its cold climate was times (1192 to 1600): With the decline of the mentioned. aristocratic elite, central authority fragmented Many historical geographers have begun to during centuries of struggle among military pay more attention to environment. Kusaka houses; 3) Early modern period or the Toku (1991) reconstructed the ancient landscape and gawa period (1600 to 1868): In the early seven places for living, paying special attention to the teenth century, the entire country was con physical environment. M. Takahashi (1994) dis solidated under the bureaucratic-feudal rule of cussed the geomorphologic environment and the Tokugawa shoguns, 4) Modern period or reclamation in coastal plains after the end of Meiji, Taisho and Showa period: The first part ancient period from a physical geographical of Japan's modernity before World War 11(1868 point of view. Analyzing pictorial maps in the -1945) was characterized by nation-state build Tokugawa period, Onodera (1995), Iwasaki ing, capitalist industrialization and imperial ex (1995) and Arizono (1994) tried to reconstruct pansion, and ended in the country's defeat in the landscape and environment of those days. World War II. In the latter part of its modern Takizawa (1995) used Meiji cadastre maps and period (after 1945), Japan recovered from the drew the land allocation, land use of every plot wartime devastation and since then has grown of the maps. rapidly into one of the world's largest economic Apart from these topics, a new trend is seen giants. in studies that explore the imagined world of old days. Senda (1991) tried to explain the Changes of Rural Landscape perceived spatial structures of ancient times through a semiotic approach. He considered Ancient landscape that the structure of geographical space is formed as a system of square, vertical and an The interaction between human activities orientation which originates in the pattern of and vegetation in the prehistoric Jomon period mandala. He examined the layout of the old (1000-300 BC) and Yayoi period (300 BC-AD capitals, and interpreted the religious meaning 300) have been uncovered by archaeological of their spatial patterns. Kanasaka (1995) re excavations and pollen analysis. Nukata (1993) viewed three kinds of new approaches in histor studied the conditions of location of Suna Site ical geography concerning the environment, in the northeastern part of Osaka Plain and place and spatial perception, and investigated deduced the geomorphologic environment of the ancient Japanese language and place names those days by restoring the environment by by extracting more than 1,000 nouns and geomorphic and geological methods. He dis makura kotoba (pillow words). Katsuragawa covered much pollen of broad-leaved trees from Ezu Kenkyukai (1988, 1989), the study group of black silt layer of the late Jomon period by young historical geographers who are interest pollen analysis. ed in pictorial maps, teaches how to read and Sano (1995) clarified the range and social understand the world of maps. Onodera (1991) stratification of political territories in the an and Iwahana (1992), who are members of this cient Kofun period. Assuming that the extent group, published books on river maps of the of irrigation reflects the range of the territory of Tokugawa period and on the distribution of a powerful clan, and that the dispersion of the Dewasanzan pilgrims respectively. ancient tombs (kofun) showed the movement of Throughout this paper the following terms clans, she analyzed the relation between the Historical Geography 23 positions of ancient tombs and irrigation area Aoyama (1994) examined the border line be and inferred that the prototype of the cities in tween Arakawa-no-ho and Okuyama-no-sho in Kinai region had already been completed in the medieval Echigo Province (now Niigata Pref.) sixth century. Nakatsuka (1989) classified 99 with special reference to the dispute map. Re kofun into four groups by investigating their analysis of pictorial manor maps has enabled shape, length, location, date, altitude, and visi him to reconstruct landscape of medieval rural bility from the tombs. area. Koyama (1987) formulated the process of Some of the grid pattern land and roads in reclamation in the Hineno Hill area (in Shiga the present day originated in the ancient jori Pref.), H. Kuroda (1987) investigated the agri system. Kinda (1993a), who has written many culture and water troubles among the manors outstanding papers on this system for the last in Yamashiro Province (now Kyoto Pref.). two decades, recently discussed the appearance The location of settlements and arable land is and transformation of the grid pattern, and restricted by subtle differences of landform be tried to represent the ways the ancient people cause paddy field agriculture required water in thought by analyzing many pictorial maps. Re every small part of the field. Kinda (1993b) search on jori system has progressed in various reconstructed the landscape of medieval times, regions. Suzuki (1989) reported the distribu i.e. location of the settlements, reclamation and tion of jori in Aizu Province (now Fukushima agricultural land use, occupations of the people, Prefecture), Nakano (1989) examined the jori etc. by analyzing the relation between micro system in Kui Province (now Wakayama Pref.) topography and land use. Throughout medie and T. Ito (1994) considered agricultural land val times, the poor conditions improved and the reclamation and jori system in Yamato Prov ratios of harvest to cultivation gradually in ince (now Nara Pref.). A valuable textbook was creased. In order to intensify land use, Kinda published by Kusaka (1991) who attempted to says, it was necessary not only to provide irri restore the ancient landscape concerned with gation ponds, canals and shimabata (dry field the spaces of activity where ancient people en surrounded by paddy field), but also to intro gaged in producing and consuming.
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