Preliminary evaluation of different insecticides against Philaenus spumarius
Dongiovanni E., Di Carolo M., Fumarola G., Tauro D., CAVALIERI v., Altamura G., Saponari M., Porcelli F. TRIAL: A B C FIELD LOCATION: Ruffano Cisternino Locorotondo (Le) (Br) (Ba) CULTIVAR: Cellina di Cerasola Ogliarola Nardò DISTANCE BETWEEN ROWS 6 x 6 5 x 5 5 x 5 (m):
European Conference on Xylella fastidiosa 2017: finding answers to a global problem 2 The Trial Active substances Concentration s.a. Rate sis Comercial (a.s.) products (g/L or %) (g or mL/hL) A B C N. 2 Deltamethrin Decis Evo (2,42%) EWO 80 x x 3 Imidacloprid Confidor 200 O-Teq (200 g/L) OD 112 x x (2 trt) 4 Buprofenzin Applaud Plus (25%) PB 150 x x 5 Kaolin -- (95%) PB 4 x x x (2 trt) [Clinoptinolite + mordenite (65%) 6 Rock dust (zeolite) Microlit Ultra 600 x x Quarzo + calcite + feldspato (35%)] 7 Sweet citrus oil Prev-AM (6%) L 800 x x (2 trt)
European Conference on Xylella fastidiosa 2017: finding answers to a global problem 3 - Treated area/treatment: 4 plot of: 20 m2 - In each plot were identified a sub-plot of 1 m2 (Trial A) or 0.25 m2 (Trial B and C) and were determined: - The percentage of infested weeds; - Number of spittle/single unit; - Number of juveniles of P. spumarius/single unit; 20 20 20
15 15 15
10 10 10
N. of spittle/m2 of N.
N. of spittle/0.25 m2 spittle/0.25 of N. N. of instars/0.25 m2 instars/0.25 of N. 5 5 5
0 0 0 before applications before applications before applications Untreated Imidacloprid (1 trt) Imidacloprid (2 trt) Kaolin (1 trt) Untreated Deltamethrin Buprofenzin Kaolin Zeolite Untreated Deltamethrin Imidacloprid Buprofenzin Kaolin Zeolite Sweet citrus oil Kaolin (2 trt) Sweet citrus oil (1 trt) Sweet citrus oil (2 trt) 45 45 30 40 40
35 35 25
30 30 20 25 25
15
20 20 N. of instars/ m2 instars/ of N.
15 15
N. of instars/0.25 m2 instars/0.25 of N. 10
10 10 5 5 5
0 0 0 before applications before applications before applications No statisticalUntreated diferrencesDeltamethrin (p=0.01)Buprofenzin hasKaolin been observedZeolite amongUntreated treatments,Deltamethrin Imidacloprid in eachBuprofenzin trials (AKaolin – BZeolite – andSweet C) citrus before oil Untreatedstart the applicatImidaclopridions, (1 trt) about:Imidacloprid 1) number (2 trt) Kaolin of (1 trt) European Conference on Xylella fastidiosa 2017: finding answers to a global problem Kaolin (2 trt) Sweet citrus oil (1 trt) Sweet citrus oil (2 trt) spittle/single observed unit; 2) number of instars/single observed unit; 5 30 100
90 25 80
70 20 60
15 50
40 N. of spittle/m2 of N.
10 (%) index Abbott's 30
20 5 A A A A A A B A A A A B A A A 10
0 0 before applications 3 DAT 7 DAT 3 DAT 7 DAT
70 Untreated Deltamethrin Buprofenzin Kaolin Zeolite 100 Untreated Deltamethrin Buprofenzin Kaolin Zeolite
90 60 80 50 70
40 60
50 30
N. of instars/ m2 instars/ of N. 40 Abbott's index (%) index Abbott's 20 30
20 10 A A A A A A B A AB A A B A AB A 10
0 0 before applications 3 DAT 7 DAT 3 DAT 7 DAT Untreated Deltamethrin Buprofenzin Kaolin Zeolite Untreated Deltamethrin Buprofenzin Kaolin Zeolite European Conference on Xylella fastidiosa 2017: finding answers to a global problem 6 20 100
90
80 15 70
60
10 50
40 Abbott's index (%) index Abbott's N. of spittle/0.25 m2 spittle/0.25 of N. 30 5 20
A A A A A A A A D D AB C BC BC A B C B B B B 10
0 0 70 before applications 3 DAT 7 DAT 100 3 DAT 7 DAT Untreated Deltamethrin Imidacloprid Buprofenzin Kaolin Zeolite Sweet citrus oil Untreated Deltamethrin Imidacloprid Buprofenzin Kaolin Zeolite Sweet citrus oil 90 60 80
50 70
60 40 50 30
40
N. of instars/0.25 m2 instars/0.25 of N. Abbott's index (%) index Abbott's 20 30
20 10 10 A A A A A A A A C BC A AB AB ABC A D D CD C AB BC 0 0 before applications 3 DAT 7 DAT 3 DAT 7 DAT Untreated Deltamethrin Imidacloprid Buprofenzin Kaolin Zeolite Sweet citrus oil Untreated Deltamethrin Imidacloprid Buprofenzin Kaolin Zeolite Sweet citrus oil
European Conference on Xylella fastidiosa 2017: finding answers to a global problem 7 30 100
90 25 80
70 20 60
15 50
40 10
N. of instars/0.25 m2 instars/0.25 of N. 30 Abbott's index (%) index Abbott's
20 5 10 A A A A A A A A CD D AB BC AB A A C C AB AB AB B 0 0 before applications 3 DAT 7 DAT 3 DAT 7 DAT Untreated Imidacloprid (1 trt) Imidacloprid (2 trt) Kaolin (1 trt) Untreated70 Imidacloprid (1 trt) Imidacloprid (2 trt) Kaolin (1 trt) 100 Kaolin (2 trt) Sweet citrus oil (1 trt) Sweet citrus oil (2 trt) Kaolin (2 trt) Sweet citrus oil (1 trt) Sweet citrus oil (2 trt) 90 60 80
50 70
60 40 50 30 40
N. of instars/0.25 m2 instars/0.25 of N. 30 20 (%) index Abbott's 20 10 10 A A A A A A A A CD D AB BC AB AB A CD D AB AB AB BC 0 0 before applications 3 DAT 7 DAT 3 DAT 7 DAT Untreated Imidacloprid (1 trt) Imidacloprid (2 trt) Kaolin (1 trt) Untreated Imidacloprid (1 trt) Imidacloprid (2 trt) Kaolin (1 trt) Kaolin (2 trt) Sweet citrus oil (1 trt) Sweet citrus oil (2 trt) Kaolin (2 trt) Sweet citrus oil (1 trt) Sweet citrus oil (2 trt)
European Conference on Xylella fastidiosa 2017: finding answers to a global problem 8 FIELD LOCATION: Taurisano San Nicola Taurisano Alezio (Le) Cisternino (Le) (Le) (Le) (Br) CULTIVAR: Leccino Cellina di Leccino Cellina di Cerasola Nardò Nardò AGE OF PLANTS 20 100 20 100 18 TRAINING Open centre tree SYSTEM: DISTANCE 5 x 5 6 x 6 5 x 5 7 x 7 5 x 5 BETWEEN ROWS: REPLICATIONS: 6 (each replication was a single olive branch on which a pre- fixed number of insects were confined in a net cage); N. OF 2 PLANTS/PLOT: DATE OF June 8, July 27, June 29, October 2, June 26, APPLICATION: 2015 2015 2015 2015 2017 WATER VOLUME: 1500 (2000) L/Ha European Conference on Xylella fastidiosa 2017: finding answers to a global problem 9 Active substances Concentration a.s. Trial: Commercial products (a.s.) (g/L or %) A B C D E Acetamiprid Epic SL 50 g/L S* S Azadiracthin Neemazal 10 g/L S S Buprofenzin Applaud Plus 25% S S Deltamethrin Decis Jet 15 g/L S S S Chlorpyrifos-methyl Reldan 22 21,4% S Chlorpyrifos-ethyl Dursban 75 WG 75% S Perfektion 400 g/L S S S – E** Dimetoathe Rogor L 40 406 g/L S Etofenprox Trebon Up 280 g/L S S Imidacloprid Confidor 200 O-Teq 200 g/L S S S S S - E Lambda cyalothrin Karathe Zeon 1.5 15 g/L S S Pyrethrin Pyganic 12.91 g/L S S Spinosad Laser 44.2% S Sweet citrus oil Prev-AM 60 g/L S S Pimetrozine Plenum 25% S S Spirotetramat Movento 48 SC 4.35% S Thiamethoxam Actara 25 WG 25% S Thiamethoxam+chlorantraniprole Luzindo 20% + 20% S European Conference on Xylella fastidiosa 2017: finding answers to a global problem Mode of application: *spray; **endotherapy; 10 European Conference on Xylella fastidiosa 2017: finding answers to a global problem Mode of application: *spray; **endotherapy; 11 European Conference on Xylella fastidiosa 2017: finding answers to a global problem 12
First First
introduction
of
adults
cages
of
P. P.
spumarius
application
in a
Before after 3 7 days 10 days 15 days
application days
I
II
IV III
European Conference on Xylella fastidiosa 2017: finding answers to a global problem ASSESSMENTS 13
First First
introduction
of
adults
cages
of
P. P.
spumarius
application
in a
Before after 3 7 days 10 days 15 days
application days
I
II
IV III
European Conference on Xylella fastidiosa 2017: finding answers to a global problem ASSESSMENTS 14 100
80
60
40 Abbott's Index (%) Index Abbott's 20
0 3 DAT 7 DAT 10 DAT 15 DAT acetamiprid imidacloprid deltamethrin lambda-cyhalothrin etofenprox dimethoate pymetrozine buprofezin
European Conference on Xylella fastidiosa 2017: finding answers to a global problem 15 100
90
80
70
60
50
40
Abbott's index (%) index Abbott's 30
20
10
0 3 DAT 7 DAT 10 DAT 15 DAT Buprofenzin Dimetoato - Perfecktion Deltametrina Lambda cialotrina Imidacloprid Etofenprox Pymetrozine Acetamiprid Dimetoato - Dacol L 40 Spirotetramat European Conference on Xylella fastidiosa 2017: finding answers to a global problem 16 100
80
60
40 Abbott's Index (%) Index Abbott's 20
0 3 DAT 7 DAT 10 DAT 15 DAT Pyrethrins Azadirachtin Imidacloprid Sweeth citrus oil
European Conference on Xylella fastidiosa 2017: finding answers to a global problem 17
First First
introduction
of
adults
cages
of
P. P.
spumarius
application
in a
Before 3 days 7 days 10 days 15 days
application
I I
II II
IV IV III
European Conference on Xylella fastidiosa 2017: finding answers to a global problem ASSESSMENTS 18 100
80
60
40
20 Abbott's Index (%) Index Abbott's
0 3 DAT 7 DAT 15 DAT
-20 Pyrethrins Sweet citrus oil Imidacloprid
Azadirachtin Sweet citrus oil - 2000 L/ha Deltamethrin
European Conference on Xylella fastidiosa 2017: finding answers to a global problem 19
First First
introduction
of
adults
cages
of
P. P.
spumarius
application
in a
Before after 3 7 days 10 days 12 days 15 days 20 days
application days
V
I
II
Vi
IV III
European Conference on Xylella fastidiosa 2017: finding answers to a global problem ASSESSMENTS 20 100
80
60
40 Abbott's index (%) 20
0 3 DAT 6 DAT 9 DAT 12 DAT 15 DAT 20 DAT
-20 Imidacloprid Spirotetramat Chlorpyrifos-methyl Chlorpyrifos-ethyl Thiamethoxan Thiamethoxam+clorantraniprole dimethoato - ENDO Imidacloprid - ENDO Spinosad Dimethoato - SPRAY
European Conference on Xylella fastidiosa 2017: finding answers to a global problem 21 Content Trial Product Active a.s. (% or g/L) Formulate rate Mode of name substance A B C D and (kg/ha) application or code (a.s.) Pots in formulation Field the cages Untreated X X X X control Confidor 1.125 Imidacloprid (200 g/L) OD Spray X X X X 200 O-Teq -- Kaolin (80%) WG 40 Spray X X X X
European Conference on Xylella fastidiosa 2017: finding answers to a global problem 22 - Starting trial: 2016, young olive trees 3-years old; tested Xf-free;
- 3 replication; - 24 plants/treatments;
- Applied volume: 1000 mL/ha;
- Time applications: May to October (2015 – 2016);
- Plants left to natural vector infection;
European Conference on Xylella fastidiosa 2017: finding answers to a global problem 23 Untreated control Imidacloprid Kaolin
25
20
15
10
5 % of infected plants infected of%
0 Untreated check Imidacloprid Kaolin
October 2016 October 2017 European Conference on Xylella fastidiosa 2017: finding answers to a global problem 24 Trials A: cages in confined environment
Untreated control Imidacloprid Kaolin
- Starting trial: 2016; - 4 days AAP; - olive seedlings; - 50 infected Ph introduced in each cages; - Replicated 3 times (cages); - A single application, before Ph introduction; - 5 seedlings/treatments/cages; - 4 days IAP; European Conference on Xylella fastidiosa 2017: finding answers to a global problem - A single cages/treatments; - PCR analysis 3 months after IAP; activities ongoing 25 Trials B: cages in the external field
- Starting trial: 2016; - olive seedlings; - Replicated 3 times (cages); - 5 seedlings/treatments/cages; - A single cages/treatments; - 4 days AAP; - 50 infected Ph introduced in each cages; - A single application, before Ph introduction; - 4 days IAP; - PCR analysis 3 months after IAP; activities ongoing European Conference on Xylella fastidiosa 2017: finding answers to a global problem - 26 Trial C: cages in the external field
- Starting trial: 2016; - olive seedlings; - Replicated 3 times (cages); - 5 seedlings/treatments/cages; - All treatments in the same cages; - 4 days AAP; - 35 infected Ph introduced in each cages; - A single application, before Ph introduction; - 4 days IAP; - PCR analysis 3 months after IAP; Imidacloprid Kaolin
European Conference on Xylella fastidiosa 2017: finding answers to a global problem Untreated control 27 - Neonicotinoids and pyrethroids tested, showed the highest efficacy, by completely eliminating the spittles and the insects on the sprayed vegetation; - Applications of buprofenzin, reduced the nymphs-infested weeds, the number of spittles and nymphs, but proved to be less efficient and with inconsistent results; - Among the inert compounds, zeolite decreased the infestations of about 20%; more effective is kaolin as compared to zeolite in decreasing the number of spittles and instars, with an effectiveness values that reach 60 to 70%, respectively; - Extract of citrus oil, reducing the infestation nymphs up to 50%.
- No evident positive effects were observed increasing the number of application from 1 to 2;
European Conference on Xylella fastidiosa 2017: finding answers to a global problem 28 Among the synthesis tested products:
- neonicotinoids (acetamiprid, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam), thiamethoxam in mixture with clorantraniprole, pyretroids (deltametarin and lambda-cyhalothrin) showed a good knockdown effects and high mortality rates against adult of meadow spittlebug; - etofenprox gave similar results even with slower action; - generally the action of dimethoate was poor and slow in the time; - similarly action, as dimethoate, showed the others two phosphoric ester tested; chlorpyrifos- methyl and chlorpyrifos-ethyl; - Buprofenzin, pymetrozine and spirotetramat proved to be not effective;
- Neonicotinoids, pyrethroids and etofenprox showed a persistence ranged to 7-10 days up to 2 weeks;
- Imidacloprid applied in endotherapy do not increasing the efficacy, but showed similarly results as imidacloprid in spray, while dimehoathe in endotherapy has more efficacy and persistent as dimethoate in spray;
European Conference on Xylella fastidiosa 2017: finding answers to a global problem 29 Among the organic compounds tested:
- Spinosad give the best results with high prompt effects and a persistence up to 1 week;
- Sweet Citrus Oil showed a good knockdown effect when applied at highest volume to wetting completely the canopy;
- Very low was the efficacy obtained with the formulation based on natural pyrethrins;
- No persistence was recorded for sweet citrus oil and natural pyrethrins;
- Kaolin tested in open field reduced the percentage of infected plants as control, after 2 years of the exposure of healing plants to the natural infection of P. spumarius;
European Conference on Xylella fastidiosa 2017: finding answers to a global problem 30 These results provide preliminary evidence on the efficacy of different formulations for their potential use for the control of P. spuramius and useful for the implementation of the containment strategies against P. spumarius.
7,00 30,00
6,00 25,00
5,00 20,00
4,00 15,00
3,00 10,00 2,00
5,00 N. medio adulti Philaenusmedio N. N. medio adulti Philaenusmedio N. 1,00
0,00 0,00
-1,00 -5,00
-2,00 -10,00
olivo infestanti mirto lentisco fillirea olivo infestanti mirto lentisco cipresso Bari district Lecce district
European Conference on Xylella fastidiosa 2017: finding answers to a global problem 31 European Conference on Xylella fastidiosa 2017: finding answers to a global problem 32