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Mode of Action Classification

Insecticide Resistance Management 2nd Edition

The Resistance Action Committee

Mode of Action Classification Brochure

Second Edition - September 2010

1 2 Foreword

Effective insecticide resistance management (IRM) in conjunction with integrated pest management (IPM) is vital to global crop protection, sustainable and improved public health, and it is an essential element of responsible product stewardship.

The Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC) was formed in 1984 and works as a specialist technical group of the industry association CropLife International to provide a coordinated crop protection industry response to prevent or delay the development of resistance in and pests. There are now IRAC country group committees in many parts of the world researching, and responding to local resistance issues, as well as the parent IRAC International group that provides a coordinating and supporting role at the global level (see also www.irac-online.org).

Developing new is becoming increasingly difficult and costly, so it is vital to protect those effective products in the marketplace from the development of resistance. Moreover, with fewer new insecticides being discovered and regulatory pressures reducing the number of older commercial chemistries available, the ‘toolbox’ of usable insecticides is being reduced, making effective IRM more important than ever. The Mode of Action Classification scheme is a key part of IRAC’s global IRM strategy.

3 Mode of Action Classification IRAC promotes the use of a Mode of Action (MoA) Classification of insecticides and as the basis for effective and sustainable resistance management. Actives are allocated to specific groups based on their target site. Reviewed and re-issued periodically, the IRAC MoA classification list provides farmers, growers, advisors, extension staff, consultants and crop protection professionals with a guide to the selection of acaricides and insecticides in resistance management programs. Effective Resistance management of this type preserves the utility and diversity of available insecticides and acaricides. A complete list of the different MoA groups is shown, in the following pages, followed by a breakdown of MoAs available for lepidopteran, , , hoppers, and mosquitoes. For further information, please refer to the full IRAC MoA Classification scheme available from the IRAC website (www.irac-online.org).

What is Resistance?

Resistance to insecticides may be defined as ‘a heritable change in the sensitivity of a pest population that is reflected in the repeated failure of a product to achieve the expected level of control when used according to the label recommendation for that pest species’ (IRAC). Resistance arises through the over-use or misuse of an insecticide or against a pest species, and results in the selection of resistant forms of the pest and the consequent evolution of populations that are resistant to that insecticide or acaricide.

4 Effective IRM strategies: Sequences or alternations of MoA

All effective insecticide resistance management (IRM) strategies seek to minimise the selection of resistance to any one type of insecticide. In practice, alternations, sequences or rotations of compounds from different MoA groups provide sustainable and effective IRM for insect and mite pests. This ensures that selection from compounds in the same MoA group is minimised, and resistance less likely to evolve.

Example: MoA w MoA x MoA y MoA z MoA w MoA x

Sequence of insecticides through the season Applications are often arranged into MoA spray windows or blocks that are defined by the stage of crop development together with the biology and phenology of the species of concern. Local expert advice should always be followed with regard to spray windows and timing. Several sprays may be possible within each spray window, but it is generally essential that successive generations of the pest are not treated with compounds from the same MoA group. IRAC also offers specific recommendations for some MoA groups. Metabolic resistance mechanisms may give cross-resistance between MoA groups; where this is known to occur, the above advice should be modified accordingly. For further information on the use of MoA groups and sub-groups, please see the notes at the end of the brochure and in the full MoA Classification Scheme.

5 IRAC Mode of Action Classification Scheme (Version 7.0)

Main Group/Primary Chemical Subgroup or Active Ingredients Site of Action Exemplifying active

1 Alanycarb, , , Benfuracarb, , (AChE) inhibitors Butoxycarboxim, , , , , Nerve action 1A , , Furathiocarb, Isoprocarb, , , , , , , Thiodicarb, , See footnotes for Triazamate, Trimethacarb, XMC, Xylylcarb further information on use of compounds , , Azinphos-ethyl, Azinphos-methyl, Cadusafos, between sub-groups. , , Chlormephos, , Chlorpyrifos- methyl, , , -S-methyl, , / DDVP, , , Dimethylvinphos, , EPN, , , Famphur, , , , Fosthiazate, Heptenophos, Imicyafos, Isofenphos, Isopropyl O-(methoxyaminothio- 1B phosphoryl) salicylate, , , Mecarbam, , , , , , , Oxydemeton-methyl, , Parathion-methyl, , , , , , , Pirimiphos- methyl, , Propetamphos, Prothiofos, Pyraclofos, Pyridaphenthion, , , , Temephos, , , Thiometon, Triazophos, Trichlorfon, Vamidothion

2 GABA-gated 2A Cyclodiene , channel antagonists organochlorines Nerve action 2B Phenylpyrazoles (Fiproles) Ethiprole,

6 3 Sodium channel , Allethrin, d-cis-trans Allethrin, d-trans Allethrin, , modulators , Bioallethrin S-cylclopentenyl, Bioresmethrin, Cycloprothrin, Nerve action , beta-Cyfluthrin, , lambda-Cyhalothrin, gamma- Cyhalothrin, , alpha-Cypermethrin, beta-Cypermethrin, theta- See footnotes for 3A cypermethrin, zeta-Cypermethrin, [(1R)-trans- isomers], further information , , [(EZ)- (1R)- isomers], , , on use of compounds , , Flucythrinate, , tau-Fluvalinate, between sub-groups. Halfenprox, , Kadethrin, , [(1R)-trans- isomer], , Pyrethrins (), , , , , Tetramethrin [(1R)-isomers], ,

3B DDT DDT Methoxychlor

4 Nicotinic , , , , , 4A , (nAChR) 4B Nicotine Nerve action

5 Nicotinic acetyl- receptor (nAChR) allosteric Spinosyns Spinetoram, activators Nerve action

6 Chloride channel activators Avermectins, Milbemycins Abamectin, Emamectin benzoate, Lepimectin, Milbemectin Nerve and muscle action

7 Main Group/Primary Chemical Subgroup or Active Ingredients Site of Action Exemplifying active

7 Juvenile hormone 7A Juvenile hormone , Kinoprene, mimics analogues Growth regulation 7B Fenoxycarb

7C Pyriproxyfen

8 Miscellaneous non- 8A halides Methyl bromide and other alkyl halides specific (multi-site) inhibitors 8B Chloropicrin

8C Sulfuryl fluoride

8D Borax Borax

8E Tartar emetic Tartar emetic

9 Selective 9B Pymetrozine Pymetrozine homopteran feeding blockers 9C Flonicamid Flonicamid Nerve action

10 Mite growth 10A Clofentezine Clofentezine, inhibitors Hexythiazox Hexythiazox, Growth regulation Diflovidazin Diflovidazin See footnotes for further sub-grouping information

10B Etoxazole Etoxazole

8 11 Microbial disruptors or Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis of insect midgut Bacillus sphaericus Bacillus sphaericus membranes and the insecticidal Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai proteins they produce Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Tenebrionis Bt crop proteins: Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, Cry1Fa, Cry2Ab, mCry3A, Cry3Ab, Cry3Bb, Cry34/35Ab1

12 Inhibitors of 12A Diafenthiuron Diafenthiuron mitochondrial ATP synthase 12B Organotin miticides Azocyclotin, Cyhexatin, Fenbutatin oxide Energy 12C Propargite Propargite

12D Tetradifon

13 Uncouplers of Chlorfenapyr oxidative phosph- DNOC DNOC orylation via dis- Sulfluramid Sulfluramid ruption of the proton gradient Energy metabolism

14 Nicotinic acetyl- analogues Bensultap, Cartap hydrochloride, Thiocyclam, Thiosultap-sodium choline receptor (nAChR) channel blockers Nerve action

15 Inhibitors of Bistrifluron, Chlorfluazuron, , Flucycloxuron, , biosynthesis, type 0 Hexaflumuron, , Novaluron, Noviflumuron, Teflubenzuron, Growth regulation Triflumuron 9 Main Group/Primary Chemical Subgroup or Active Ingredients Site of Action Exemplifying active

16 Inhibitors of chitin Buprofezin biosynthesis, type 1 Growth regulation

17 Moulting disruptor, Cyromazine Dipteran Growth regulation

18 receptor Diacylhydrazines Chromafenozide, Halofenozide, Methoxyfenozide, agonists Growth regulation

19 Octopamine Amitraz receptor agonists Nerve action

20 Mitochondrial 20A Hydramethylnon complex III electron 20B Acequinocyl transport inhibitors Acequinocyl Energy metabolism 20C Fluacrypyrim Fluacrypyrim

21 Mitochondrial 21A METI acaricides and Fenazaquin, Fenpyroximate, Pyrimidifen, Pyridaben, , complex I electron insecticides Tolfenpyrad transport inhibitors Energy metabolism 21B Rotenone (Derris)

10 22 Voltage-dependent 22A Indoxacarb sodium channel blockers 22B Metaflumizone Nerve action See footnotes for further information on sub- grouping

23 Inhibitors of acetyl Tetronic and Tetramic acid Spirodiclofen, Spiromesifen, Spirotetramat CoA carboxylase. derivatives Lipid synthesis, growth regulation

24 Mitochondrial 24A , phosphide, Phosphine, phosphide complex IV electron transport inhibitors 24B Cyanide Energy metabolism

25 Mitochondrial Cyenopyrafen Cyenopyrafen complex II electron transport inhibitors Energy metabolism

28 receptor Diamides , modulators Nerve and muscle action

11 Main Group/Primary Chemical Subgroup or Active Ingredients Site of Action Exemplifying active UN Compounds of Azadirachtin unknown or uncertain mode of Benzoximate Benzoximate action Bifenazate Bifenazate

Bromopropylate Bromopropylate

Chinomethionat Chinomethionat

Cryolite

Cyflumetofen Cyflumetofen

Dicofol

Pyridalyl Pyridalyl

Sulfuramid Sulfuramid

Notes to be read in association with the classification:

Sub-groups: Sub-groups represent distinct structural classes believed to have the same mode of action. In principle, they provide a useful level of differentiation between compounds that may bind at the same target site but are nevertheless structurally different enough that the risk of metabolic cross-resistance is lower than for close chemical analogs. Subgroups are likely to be metabolized by different and may bind differently enough within the target site that the chance of selection for either metabolic or target-site resistance is reduced compared to close analogs. In the absence of other alternatives, it may be possible to rotate compounds between sub-groups if it is clear that cross resistance mechanisms do not exist in the target populations. By definition, subgroups are established to represent distinct chemical classes with a common mode of action. Whether they should be rotated or not will depend on knowledge and experience of cross-resistance patterns, resistance mechanisms, and on the pest, crop and region considered. 12 Notes to be read in association with the classification:

Sub-group Notes 1A & 1B If there are no other alternatives, compounds from groups 1A and 1B may be rotated in situations where cross- resistance mechanisms are known to be absent in the insect populations to be treated.

3A & 3B If there are no other alternatives, compounds from groups 3A and 3B may be rotated in situations where cross- resistance mechanisms (e.g., kdr) are known to be absent in the insect populations to be treated. Because DDT is no longer used in agriculture, this is only applicable for the control of disease vectors such as mosquitoes, because of a lack of alternatives.

10A Clofentezine and Hexythiazox have been grouped because they commonly exhibit cross-resistance even though they are structurally distinct, and the target site for neither compound is known.

22A & 22B Although these compounds are believed to have the same target site, they have been sub-grouped because they are chemically distinct, and current evidence indicates that the risk of metabolic cross-resistance is low..

General Notes: • Mode of action assignments will usually involve identification of the target protein responsible for the biological effect, although groupings can be made where compounds share distinctive physiological effects and have related chemical structures. • A compound with an unknown or controversial mode of action or an unknown mode of will be held in category ‘un’ until evidence becomes available to enable that compound to be assigned to a more appropriate mode of action class. • Inclusion of a compound in the list above does not necessarily signify regulatory approval • This leaflet has been prepared using the most up-to-date information available to IRAC (Based on the IRAC Classification Scheme version 6.3 - updated). It is provided to user groups, grower organisations, extension personnel, regulatory authorities such as the US EPA and all those involved in resistance management, as an agreed definitive statement by the agrochemical industry on the mode of action of insecticides currently in use. • Information is accurate to the best of our knowledge but IRAC and its member companies cannot accept responsibility for how this information is used or interpreted. Advice should always be sought from local experts or advisors and health and safety recommendations followed. 13 Lepidoptera Mode of Action Classification Nerve & Muscle Targets by Target Site Respiration Targets 1. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors 13. Uncouplers of oxidative phosphoryl- 1A Carbamates, 1B Organophosphates ation via disruption of the proton 2. GABA-gated chloride channel gradient antagonists 13 Chlorfenapyr 2A Cyclodiene Organochlorines 21. Mitochondrial complex I electron 2B Phenylpyrazoles transport inhibitors 3. Sodium channel modulators 21A Tolfenpyrad 3A Pyrethrins, Pyrethroids 4. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor Nerve and Muscle Targets (nAChR) agonists 4A Neonicotinoids Midgut Targets 5. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor 11. Microbial disruptors of insect midgut (nAChR) allosteric activators Respiration Targets membranes 5 Spinosyns 11 Bacillus thuringiensis, 6. Chloride channel activators Bacillus sphaericus 6 Avermectins, Milbemycins Midgut Targets 14. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) channel blockers Growth & Development Targets 14 Nereistoxin analogues Growth and Development Targets 22. Voltage-dependent sodium channel 7. Juvenile hormone mimics blockers 7B Juvenile hormone analogues 22A Indoxacarb, 22B Metaflumizone 15. Inhibitors of chitin biosynthesis, Type 0 28. modulators 15 Benzoylureas 28 Diamides Respiration TargetsUnknown or uncertain MoA 18. agonists Azadirachtin, Pyridalyl 18 Diacylhydrazines

14 Aphids, & Hoppers Mode of Action Classification by Target Site Nerve and Muscle Targets Respiration Targets 1. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors 12. Inhibitors of mitochondrial ATP 1A Carbamates, 1B Organophosphates synthase 12A Diafenthiuron 2. GABA-gated chloride channel antagonists 21. Mitochondrial complex I electron MoA 2A Cyclodiene Organochlorines Aphids Whiteflies Hoppers transport inhibitors Group 21A Tolfenpyrad, Pyridaben 2B Phenylpyrazoles 1A X X X 3. Sodium channel modulators 1B X X X Growth and Development Targets 3A Pyrethrins, Pyrethroids 2A X X X 4. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor 2B X 7. Juvenile hormone mimics (nAChR) agonists 3A X X X 7C Pyriproxyfen 4A Neonicotinoids 4A X X X 15. Inhibitors of chitin biosynthesis, Type 0 9. Selective homopteran feeding blockers 7C X 15 Benzoylureas 9B Pymetrozine 9C Flonicamid 9B X X X 16. Inhibitors of chitin biosynthesis, 22. Voltage-dependent sodium channel 9C X X X Type 1 blockers 12A X X 16 Buprofezin 22A Indoxacarb 15 X 16 X X 23. Inhibitors of lipid synthesis 21A X 23 Tetronic & Tetramic acid derivatives 22A X 23 X X

The table above lists the main mode of action groups for the control of aphids, whiteflies and hoppers. However, the availability may differ regionally due to registration status. 15 Mites Mode of Action Classification by Target Site

Nerve & Muscle Targets Respiration Targets 1. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors 12. Inhibitors of mitochondrial ATP 1A Carbamates, 1B Organophosphates synthase 2. GABA-gated chloride channel antagonists 12A Diafenthiuron 2A Cyclodiene Organochlorines 12B Organotin miticides 12C Propargite. 3. Sodium channel modulators 3A Pyrethrins, Pyrethroids 13. Uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation via disruption 6. Chloride channel activators of the proton gradient 6 Avermectins, Milbemycins 13 Chlorfenapyr 19. Octopamine receptor agonists 20. Mitochondrial complex III electron 19 Amitraz transport inhibitors 20B Acequinocyl, 20C Fluacrypyrim 21. Mitochondrial complex I electron transport inhibitors Growth & Development Targets 21A METI acaricides 10. Mite growth inhibitors 25. Mitochondrial complex II electron 10A Clofentezine, Hexythiazox transport inhibitors 10B Etoxazole 25 Cyenopyrafen 15. Inhibitors of chitin biosynthesis, Type 0 15 Benzoylureas Unknown or uncertain MoA 23. Inhibitors of lipid synthesis Benzoximate, Bifenazate, Dicofol, 23 Tetronic & Tetramic acid derivatives Chinomethionat, Cyflumetofen,

16 Mosquitoes Mode of Action Classification by Target Site

Nerve & Muscle Targets (larvae) Growth & Development Targets (larvae) 1. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors 7. Juvenile hormone mimics 1A Carbamates, 1B Organophosphates 7A Juvenile Hormone mimics 3. Sodium channel modulators 7C Pyriproxyfen 3A Pyrethrins, Pyrethroids 15. Inhibitors of chitin biosynthesis, 3B DDT Type 0 5. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) 15 Benzoylureas allosteric activators 17. Moulting disrupter, Dipteran 5 Spinosyns 17 Cyromazine

Midgut Targets (larvae) 11. Microbial disruptors of insect midgut membranes Nerve & Muscle Targets (adults) 11 Bacillus thuringiensis, 1. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors Bacillus sphaericus 1A Carbamates, 1B Organophosphates 3. Sodium channel modulators 3A Pyrethrins, Pyrethroids 3B DDT

17 Active Ingredients (Alphabetical Order) with MOA Classification

Abamectin 6 Bistrifluron 15 Cyanide 24B Empenthrin Acephate 1B Borax 8D Cyanophos 1B [(EZ)-(1R)-isomers] 3A Acequinocyl 20B Bromopropylate UN Cycloprothrin 3A Endosulfan 2A Acetamiprid 4A Buprofezin 16 Cyenopyrafen 25 EPN 1B Acrinathrin 3A Butocarboxim 1A Cyflumetofen UN Esfenvalerate 3A Alanycarb 1A Butoxycarboxim 1A Cyfluthrin 3A Ethiofencarb 1A Aldicarb 1A Cadusafos 1B Cyhalothrin 3A Ethion 1B Allethrin 3A 24A Cyhexatin 12B Ethiprole 2B alpha-Cypermethrin 3A Carbaryl 1A Cypermethrin 3A Ethoprophos 1B 24A Carbofuran 1A Cyphenothrin Etofenprox 3A Amitraz 19 Carbosulfan 1A (1R)-trans- isomers] 3A Etoxazole 10B Azadirachtin UN Cartap hydrochloride 14 Cyromazine 17 Famphur 1B Azamethiphos 1B Chinomethionat UN d-cis-trans Allethrin 3A Fenamiphos 1B Azinphos-ethyl 1B Chlorantraniliprole 28 DDT 3B Fenazaquin 21A Azinphos-methyl 1B Chlordane 2A Deltamethrin 3A Fenbutatin oxide 12B Azocyclotin 12B Chlorethoxyfos 1B Demeton-S-methyl 1B Fenitrothion 1B Bacillus Chlorfenapyr 13 Diafenthiuron 12A Fenobucarb 1A thuringiensis/sphaericus 11 Chlorfenvinphos 1B Diazinon 1B Fenpropathrin 3A Bendiocarb 1A Chlorfluazuron 15 Dichlorvos/ DDVP 1B Fenpyroximate 21A Benfuracarb 1A Chlormephos 1B Dicofol UN Fenthion 1B Bensultap 14 Chloropicrin 8B Dicrotophos 1B Fenvalerate 3A Benzoximate UN Chlorpyrifos 1B Diflovidazin 10A Fipronil 2B beta-Cyfluthrin 3A Chlorpyrifos-methyl 1B Diflubenzuron 15 Flonicamid 9C beta-Cypermethrin 3A Chromafenozide 18 Dimethoate 1B Fluacrypyrim 20C Bifenazate UN Clofentezine 10A Dimethylvinphos 1B Flubendiamide 28 Bifenthrin 3A Clothianidin 4A Dinotefuran 4A Flucycloxuron 15 Bioallethrin 3A Coumaphos 1B Disulfoton 1B Flucythrinate 3A Bioallethrin S- Coumaphos 1B DNOC 13 Flufenoxuron 15 cyclopentenyl isomer 3A Cryolite UN d-trans Allethrin 3A Flumethrin 3A Bioresmethrin 3A Cyanide 24B Emamectin benzoate 6 Formetanate 1A 18 Fosthiazate 1B Methomyl 1A Prallethrin 3A Teflubenzuron 15 Furathiocarb 1A Methoprene 7C Profenofos 1B Tefluthrin 3A gamma-Cyhalothrin 3A Methoxychlor 3B Propargite 12C Temephos 1B Halfenprox 3A Methoxyfenozide 18 Propetamphos 1B Terbufos 1B Halofenozide 18 Methyl bromide 8A Propoxur 1A Tetrachlorvinphos 1B Heptenophos 1B Metolcarb 1A Prothiofos 1B Tetradifon 12D Hexaflumuron 15 Mevinphos 1B Pymetrozine 9B Tetramethrin 3A Hexythiazox 10A Milbemectin 6 Pyraclofos 1B Tetramethrin [(1R)- Hydramethylnon 20A Monocrotophos 1B Pyrethrins (pyrethrum) 3A isomers] 3A Hydroprene 7A Naled 1B Pyridaben 21A theta-cypermethrin 3A Imicyafos 1B Nicotine 4B Pyridalyl UN Thiacloprid 4A Imidacloprid 4A Nitenpyram 4A Pyridaphenthion 1B Thiamethoxam 4A Imiprothrin 3A Novaluron 15 Pyrimidifen 21A Thiocyclam 14 Indoxacarb 22A Noviflumuron 15 Quinalphos 1B Thiodicarb 1A Isofenphos 1B Omethoate 1B Rotenone (Derris) 21B Thiofanox 1A Isoprocarb 1A Oxamyl 1A Resmethrin 3A Thiometon 1B Isopropyl O- Oxydemeton-methyl 1B Silafluofen 3A Thiosultap-sodium 14 (methoxyaminothio- Parathion 1B Spinetoram 5 Tolfenpyrad 21A phosphoryl) salicylate 1B Parathion-methyl 1B Spinosad 5 Tralomethrin 3A Isoxathion 1B Permethrin 3A Spirodiclofen 23 Transfluthrin 3A Kadethrin 3A Phenothrin [(1R)- Spiromesifen 23 Triazamate 1A Kinoprene 7B trans-isomer] 3A Spirotetramat 23 Triazophos 1B lambda-Cyhalothrin 3A Phenthoate 1B Lufenuron 15 Phorate 1B Sulfotep 1B Trichlorfon 1B Lepimectin 6 Phosalone 1B Sulfuramid 13 Triflumuron 15 Malathion 1B Phosmet 1B Sulfuryl fluoride 8C Trimethacarb 1A Mecarbam 1B Phosphamidon 1B Tartar emetic 8E Vamidothion 1B Metaflumizone 22B Phosphine 24A tau-Fluvalinate 3A XMC 1A Methamidophos 1B Phoxim 1B Tebufenozide 18 Xylylcarb 1A Methidathion 1B Pirimicarb 1A Tebufenpyrad 21A Zeta-Cypermethrin 3A Methiocarb 1A Pirimiphos-methyl 1B Tebupirimfos 1B 24A 19 Photograph Acknowledgements:

Front Cover

1 2 3 4 5 6

7 8 9 10 11 12

13 14 15 16 17 18

19 20 21 22 23 24

1. 7. Syngenta 13. W.Cranshaw * 19. A. McCaffery 2. R. Pospischil 8. W.Cranshaw * 14. Blake Layton ** 20. BASF 3. Dupont 9. Syngenta 15. W.Cranshaw * 21. J.Reed ** 4. N. Armes 10. R. Pospischil 16. James Gathany, CDC 22. CropScience 5. S. Bauer, USDA 11. S. Villareal, IRRI 17. S. Bauer, USDA 23. N. Armes 6. S. Bauer, USDA 12. Syngenta 18. F. Haile, Dow Agrosciences 24. Bayer CropScience * Colorado State University ** Mississippi State University

Page 16: Nigel Armes Page 17: F. Haile Dow Agrosciences, S. Bauer USDA, A. McCaffery Page 18: Syngenta Page 19: Syngenta & James Gathany, CDC

Photograph details and credits are accurate to the best of our knowledge

20 Further information is available from the IRAC website at: www.irac-online.org

or by email at: [email protected]

This brochure is for educational purposes only. Details are accurate to the best of our knowledge but IRAC and its member companies cannot accept responsibility for how this information is used or interpreted. Advice should always be sought from local experts or advisors and health and safety recommendations followed.

Brochure version 1 - based on MoA Classification Scheme version 6.3 www.irac-online.org Insecticide Resistance Action Committee