A Pesticide Decision-Making Guide to Protect Pollinators in Landscape, Ornamental and Turf Management 2019 Edition By Maria van Dyke, Emma Mullen, Dan Wixted, and Scott McArt

Pollinator Network at Cornell, 2018 Cornell University, Department Of Entomology

Download this guide for free from: https://pollinator.cals.cornell.edu/resources/grower-resources/

Contents

Choosing lower-risk pesticides for pollinators in landscape, ornamental & turf management ____ 1 How to use this guide 3 Understanding the terms in this guide 4 EPA Pesticide toxicity standards 4 Synergistic Interactions 4 Systemic Pesticides 4 Adjuvants and/or inert ingredients 5 Tying it all together: adopting an Integrated Pest and Pollinator Management (IPPM) approach 5 IPPM: Putting the “pollinator” in IPM: 6 Table 1: Product formulations and their active ingredients 7 Table 2: Pesticide synergies and acute, chronic, and sublethal toxicities for honey bees and other pollinators 10 Literature cited 25 Appendix A: Pollination contract ______29

Acknowledgments This research and development of this guide was supported by the New York State Environmental Protection Fund and New York Farm Viability Institute grant FOC 17-001. The expert advice and consultation provided by Dan Wixted of the Cornell Pesticide Management Education Program was supported by the Crop Protection and Pest Management Extension Implementation Program [grant no. 2017-70006-27142/project accession no. 1014000] from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture.

1 Choosing lower-risk pesticides for pollinators in landscape, ornamental & turf management Managing pests on ornamentals, in landscapes, and in nurseries while protecting pollinators can be a balancing act. Pollinators (mostly bees) are busy pollinating blossoms in nurseries and landscapes at the same time growers and landscapers need to be managing specific pests and diseases. The impact of pesticides on pollinator health has been an active area of research in recent years, including work conducted in urban and agricultural areas. The results from this research are clear: Pesticides can be a threat to pollinators, but there is variation in risk, due in part to grower, landscaper, and gardener practices. This guide summarizes known impacts of pesticides on bees in a clear, concise, easy-to-use format. Our goal is to provide information to growers and landscape managers so they can develop an effective Integrated Pest and Pollinator Management program. Pesticide risk to pollinators comes from a combination of exposure and effects. Pollinators may be exposed to pesticides through direct sprays, puddle water, guttation droplets, extrafloral nectaries, pollen and nectar from treated plants and surrounding wildflowers, and residues that accumulate in soil (for ground nesting bees). Pesticides have an effect on pollinators if exposure is sufficient to cause lethal or sub-lethal impacts. Recently, an understanding of the

interactions between pesticides on bee C Kitchen health has brought focus on active © ingredients that synergize, meaning that A native mining bee (Andrena sp.) grooming cherry pollen from its face. the combined toxicity is greater than the sum of the toxicity of each pesticide applied separately. Pesticide risk studies find that synergies among different pesticides can increase the toxicity of some pesticides up to 1000-fold. While some synergies are intentional and make a higher efficacy formulation for the pests they are meant to control, many synergies are unintentional and can substantially increase pesticide risk to bees. These unintentional synergies are beyond the scope of EPA label guidelines.

In summary, 46 of the 138 chemicals listed in this guide have been shown to synergize with other agrochemicals in tank mixes, formulations, or on plant or soil surfaces. These chemicals include some fungicides, neonicotinoids, pyrethroids, carbamates, organophosphates, piperonyl butoxide, and some adjuvants. Synergisms are noted with a in Table 2, ‘Synergies and acute, chronic, and sublethal toxicities for honey bees and other pollinators.’

1 This guide summarizes reported pesticide effects as of October 2018. The guide presents the most up-to- date information about the impacts of fungicides, insecticides, microbicides, and growth regulators on bees that pollinate tree fruits. New York is home to 416 species of bees that are important not only to agricultural, nursery and landscape pollination, but also the pollination of many endemic plant species that contribute to a resilient ecosystem. It is well documented that each bee species can respond Honey bee differently to active ingredients. However, there are KL © so many bee species, each differing with respect to physiology, sociality, nesting habits, foraging habits, and ability to tolerate pesticides, that it is unrealistic to determine how every use of every pesticide will affect each species. Therefore, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) uses acute toxicity to honey bees (Apis mellifera) as a proxy for the potential adverse effects of a pesticide on all bee species, but will at times take studies on other bee species into account as appropriate. In addition to presenting Mining bee these EPA toxicity ratings, this guide specifically KL © highlights the chemical combinations that produce synergistic effects on bee pollinators. Furthermore, we expand on EPA standards to include reports of sublethal effects in honey bees as well as acute, chronic, and sublethal effects on bumble bee and solitary bee species. Chronic and sublethal effects include reduced reproduction, size, immunity, and negative effects on bee behavior such as cleaning, nesting, foraging, and flying. Cellophane bee This guide is intended to be used as a decision- C Kitchen © making tool, the goal being to help horticulturists, growers, turf, and landscape managers understand and compare the acute toxicity and synergistic effects of pesticides on pollinators. The majority of registered products for turf, Christmas tree, ornamental, and landscape management in New York are included and EPA ratings of “highly toxic”, “moderately toxic”, or “practically non-toxic” are noted by color coding in Table 2. In addition, information on synergies, sublethal effects, and effects on bee species other than honey bees are noted in the last column. The guide user can easily compare toxicity ratings of various pesticides to help them choose a product that is effective against target pests but poses minimal risk to bees. The Pollinator Network @ Cornell will update this guide as new research becomes available. This guide is a companion to the Cornell Pest Management Guide for Commercial Production of Trees and Shrubs and the Cornell Guide for the Integrated Management of Greenhouse Crops and Herbaceous Ornamentals.

2 How to use this guide This guide consists of a series of tables that summarize all the known products and their associated active ingredients used in nursery production and landscapes/turf . It also includes miticides that are used by beekeepers in New York. Horticulturists and applicators can most effectively use this guide by following three steps:

1. Locate specific pesticide products in Table 1 to determine the product’s active ingredients. 2. Go to Table 2 to find active ingredient toxicity ratings and known synergisms. 3. When possible, choose to apply products that are effective on target pests but least toxic to bees and do not synergize with other products used. Table 1: Product formulations and their active ingredients lists most but not all registered ornamental pesticides alphabetically by product name so it’s easy to find the associated active ingredient. If a product name is not in this product formulation list, please be aware that the active ingredient is always listed on the product label. Information on toxicity and synergy is organized by active ingredient in Table 2. ©Emma Mullen Table 2: Synergies and acute, chronic, and sublethal toxicities for honey bees and other pollinators lists all the active ingredients alphabetically, noting EPA honey bee acute toxicity ratings, ability to synergize, and sublethal effects and/or impacts to non-honey bee pollinators. Pesticides are grouped according to class: A) fungicides, antibiotics, and inert ingredients, and B) insecticides (including insect growth regulators) and adjuvants. In the 3rd to 5th columns of Table 2, the EPA’s acute toxicity ratings for adult honey bees are reported, and the symbol is added if a synergy has been documented. Notes on the active ingredients that cause synergistic interactions, as well as information on sublethal impacts or impacts to other bee species are outlined in the 6th column. Timing of spray is typically noted on the label, and we encourage applicators to use the most conservative timing when a potentially synergistic combination must be used. While this guide has highlighted all laboratory and field experiments that have measured synergies beween active ingredients, and the sublethal, chronic, and developmental impacts of pesticides to honey bees (Apis mellifera) and other bee species, it is not an exhaustive list of all product formulations or all pesticides used in nurseries, greenhouses, or landscaping. The toxicity ratings in columns 3-5 of this guide refer to current registration ©C Kitchen standards set forth by the EPA based on acute toxicity of pesticides to adult honey bees. Where additional Bombus impatiens on globe thistle. considerations for other bee species, chronic toxicity, sublethal toxicity, or larval or pupal toxicity are known from scientific literature, we have included these risks in the ‘Pesticide synergies, sublethal effects, and toxicity to pollinators other than the honey bee’ column in Table 2.

3 Understanding the terms in this guide Pesticide toxicity (i.e. acute toxicity) Acute toxicity is the dose or concentration of an active ingredient that it takes to kill 50% of bees that come into contact with it within 48 hours. The lethal dose of an ingredient is referred to as the LD50 value. Acute pesticide toxicity is grouped into three categories:

highly toxic (LD50 < 2 μg/bee), moderately toxic (LD50 2 - 10.99 μg/bee) practically non-toxic (LD50 > 11 μg/bee)

The EPA is currently working to adjust their registration standards to address risk, which consolidates toxicity data with exposure predicted from field application rates. These risk rankings will be available in a few years and, when they are, will be included or referenced in a future edition of this guide. Synergistic Interactions Traditionally, pesticide toxicity evaluates one active ingredient at a time. With our growing understanding of the multitude of pesticides bees come into contact with simultaneously, we now know that to understand the overall risk posed to bees in the environment, we need to measure how mixtures of pesticides interact with one another. Some pesticides commonly used in ornamental management have been identified as synergists (see Table 2). Certain classes of fungicides and adjuvants are commonly reported to synergize with insecticides to create greater than expected effects on bees. For instance, the combination of DMI fungicides (e.g. myclobutanil, difenoconazole, propiconazole) with some pyrethroids or neonicotinoids have been found to create these effects. This guide highlights active ingredients that are known synergists and the mixtures that should be avoided whenever possible to mitigate risk to bees. This information is especially helpful when planning tank mixes and spray regimes. Keep in mind that the conditions for synergy can vary depending on formulation, weather, and time since application of an active ingredient. While we understand that tank mixing is a cost-effective and time-saving practice, we encourage pesticide applicators to identify and avoid certain pesticide combinations that are likely to cause synergisms, noted in Table 2. Systemic Pesticides “Systemic” pesticides are able to protect the entire plant instead of one isolated part of the plant. The pesticide is translocated within the plant from the point of soil uptake to the petals, leaves, stem, roots, The life cycle of a solitary ground nesting bee. Bees can be exposed to pollen and nectar to protect pesticides in soil and in the pollen and nectar they consume as larvae. the plant from a variety of Photos by Laura Russo.

4 pests. Unfortunately, this also means that these pesticides can be present in pollen, nectar, and guttation droplets for days or weeks, which can result in exposure to pollinators. The most common systemic pesticides are the neonicotinoids (acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, imidacloprid, nitenpyram, thiacloprid, thiamethoxam) and fipronil, a phenylpyrazole insecticide. A real conundrum we face is that some systemics are only in NY because they are pre-applied to plants in other states before being sent to New York nurseries, greenhouses or landscaping projects. Applicators often need to spray fungicides on plants treated with systemics increasing the potential for synergy when bees forage. Some neonicotinoids can persist in nursery and field soil for years and be taken up by nearby plants at any time creating a high likelihood for bee exposure and potential to synergize with other pesticides. Adjuvants and/or inert ingredients Adjuvants are chemicals added to a pesticide spray mix to improve performance. Inert ingredients are chemicals in a pesticide product formulation aside from the active ingredient(s). We have included some of these chemicals in Table 2 because recent findings have demonstrated that they are highly toxic to bees (for example, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and organosilicones). The literature on this topic is young, therefore we do not highlight it in this guide.

Tying it all together: adopting an Integrated Pest and Pollinator Management (IPPM) approach to protect pollinators Producers, horticulturists, and landscapers have already made marked adjustments for the protection of bees by following pesticide label guidelines. Pesticide labels inform users about bee precautions in a “Bee Advisory Box”, in the “Directions for Use” section, and/or in the “Environmental Hazards Statement” section of the product label. These precautions include information about the time, temperature, and wind speeds under which pesticides can be safely ©5356834 Eugene E. Nelson, Bugwood.org applied, and may specify additional requirements Spraying in low-wind conditions can reduce drift. for reducing drift. Whether producers, horticulturists, and applicators work closely with a county extension educator, a crop consultant, or a distributor, they must always read the pesticide label carefully. When reading the label, always note the plants for which the pesticide is registered, the proper mixing rate, the proper method of application, and the proper timing (e.g., weather conditions, time of day, stage of bloom) for minimizing negative impacts on non-target organisms and humans. Take note of the active ingredient name(s). Also note the compatibility of the pesticide with other products that will be applied at the same time or in the same tank mix. Applicators should verify that the product is currently

5 registered in their region of New York by searching the products listed in the New York State Pesticide Administration Database (NYSPAD): http://www.dec.ny.gov/nyspad/. If applicators are using this guide in another state, they should check their state’s pesticide registration database or the National Pesticide Information Retrieval System (NPIRS) to determine which pesticides are registered for their use: http://npirspublic.ceris.purdue.edu/state/. An integrated pest and pollinator management approach requires growers to be aware of their pest populations through scouting early and often, to use non-chemical methods to delay the need for chemical applications, and when pesticides are warranted, to choose products that are effective and pose the lowest risk to bees and other non-target organisms. IPPM: Putting the “Pollinator” in IPM: 1) Avoid using pesticides unless absolutely necessary. 2) Read the entire product label to find pollinator protection guidelines during application, and follow label directions. 3) Select pesticides that are effective against target pests, but least toxic to bees. 4) Avoid using pesticides or tank mixing pesticides and adjuvants that are noted in this guide to synergize with each other. 5) Choose sprayer nozzles and settings that reduce drift. Follow label directions regarding wind speed and temperature inversions to avoid drift to other areas of potential bee habitat. 6) Unless the product label notes otherwise, avoid applying insecticides when high humidity at low temperatures are forecast Bare spots in grass systems can following application. Dew is common under these conditions, provide homes for wild native bees, which allows residues to remain toxic up to twice as long. which are often mistaken as wasps. 7) Prevent bees from foraging on the nursery or landscape floor by Avoid spraying fungicides and mowing broadleaf weeds before pesticide applications (e.g., insecticides until after dusk. dandelions). 8) Follow label directions to reduce contamination of surface waters (e.g., irrigation ditches, retention ©McArt ponds, creeks, etc). Bees actively collect water and mud from these sources. 9) Develop a communication strategy to alert nearby beekeepers at least 24 hours in advance of applying a highly toxic pesticide. Consider Chlorothalonil , used for boxwood blight, is the most widely used using a written pollination contract fungicide in the U.S. It impacts the immune system of bees and with beekeepers that put honey bee synergizes with certain insecticides to increase their toxicity. hives nearby. An example template can be found in Appendix A of this guide.

6 Table 1. Product formulations and their active ingredients Product Name Active ingredient Product Name Active Ingredient Product Name Active Ingredient Fungicides, antibiotics and inert Disarm*† Fluoxastrobin Mural azoxystrobin + ingredients Dithane DF* & M45 Mancozeb benzovindiflupyr Dovetail iprodione + thiophanate- Natria Disease Bacillus subtilis 26GT iprodione methyl Control§ Abamectin0.15 N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone Eagle myclobutanil Nivales* fludioxonil ingredient (NMP) Echo 720 Turf & Orn chlorothalonil NuFarm26/36* iprodione + thiophanate- Abasol debacarb Echo 90 DF chlorothalonil methyl Adorn fluopicolide Eclipse ETQ Turf iprodione Omni Chlorothalonil chlorothalonil Agricure potassium bicarbonate Emblem* fludioxonil Omni Oil 6E mineral oil Alamo* propiconazole Emerald boscalid Oreon* quintozene (PCNB) Aliette WDG fosetyl-al Empress Intrinsic pyraclostrobin Orkestra Intrinsic*† fluxapyroxad + Alsa* propiconazole Encartis boscalid + chlorothalonil pyraclostrobin Ardent 0.15 N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone Enclave chlorothalonil + iprodione Ortho Elements copper_octanoate ingredient (NMP) + thiophanate_methyl + Garden§ ArmorTech CLT chlorothalonil tebuconazole Orvego* dimethomorph 825DF E-Pro ETQ Turf chlorothalonil + iprodione Pageant Intrinsic boscalid + pyraclostrobin Armortech IP iprodione Equus 720 chlorothalonil Palladium cyprodinil Armortech TEB 360 tebuconazole Exponent piperonyl_butoxide Patchwork fenarimol Armortech TMI 2020 iprodione + Exteris Stressgard*† fluopyram + trifloxystrobin PBO-8 piperonyl_butoxide thiophanate_methyl Fame*† fluoxastrobin Pedigree† flutolanil Armortech Zoxy azoxystrobin + Fanate 4.5F turf & thiophanate-methyl Penncozeb mancozeb propiconazole ornamental Premion* quintozene (PCNB) + Azoxystar azoxystrobin Ferti-Lome Lawn & myclobutanil tebuconazole Badge SC & X2§ copper_oxychloride + Garden* Presidio* fluopicolide copper_hydroxide Firewall streptomycin Previcur Flex* propamocarb Banner Maxx propiconazole Fortuna mancozeb Primeraone Turf iprodione Banrot 40 WP thiophanate-methyl + Freshgard imazalil Propi Star propiconazole etridiazole Fungaflor imazalil Prostar 70† flutolanil Banrot 8G thiophanate-methyl + Fungazil imazalil Pure Spray mineral oil etridiazole Fungisol debacarb Quali-Pro mefenoxam (metalaxyl-m) Biocover mineral oil Glacial Spray mineral oil Quali-Pro Ipro 2 iprodione

Heritage azoxystrobin Rally 40 WSP myclobutanil

Honor Intrinsic boscalid + pyraclostrobin Raven iprodione Bordeaux§ copper sulfate Hurricane* fludioxonil Revitalize§ Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Bravo ultrex chlorothalonil Incognito 4.5F thiophanate-methyl Rimidin fenarimol Briskway azoxystrobin + Initiate 720 chlorothalonil Riverdale fenarimol difenoconazole Initiate ZN chlorothalonil Rubigan fenarimol Broadform*† fluopyram Insignia SC Intrinsic pyraclostrobin Select TCS Tick fipronil Bumper ES propiconazole Kaligreen potassium bicarbonate Control System C.O.C.S. copper oxychloride + Kestrel Mex propiconazole Sonoma 20 EW myclobutanil copper sulfate Kocide§ copper hydroxide Sonoma 40 WSP myclobutanil Camelot O§ copper octanoate Koverall* mancozeb Spectro 90 WDG thiophanate-methyl + Captan 4L captan Lebanon Turf myclobutanil chlorothalonil Captan 50% WP captan Lesco Twosome iprodione + Stature dimethomorph Captan 80 WDG captan thiophanate_methyl Stellar fluopicolide CAP-UP 80 captan Lexicon Intrinisc*† fluxapyroxad + Subdue GR mefenoxam (metalaxyl-m) Cease§ Bacillus subtilis pyraclostrobin Subdue MAXX mefenoxam (metalaxyl-m) Champ§ copper_hydroxide Liquid Copper copper octanoate Sulfur products sulfur Civitas Turf Defense mineral oil Products§ Tartan trifloxystrobin Companion Liquid Bacillus subtilis Mastercop§ copper sulfate Tee-1-Up WDG thiophanate-methyl + Compass trifloxystrobin Medallion* fludioxonil chlorothalonil Contans Coniothyrium minitans Menara propiconazole Terraguard* triflumizole Contend A* difenoconazole + Micora mandipropamid + Terrazole* etridiazole benxovindiflupyr difenoconazole Topsin M thiophanate-methyl Cueva§ copper_octanoate MilStop potassium bicarbonate Tourney metconazole CuprofixUltra§ copper_sulfate Mirage Stressgard tebuconazole Triathlon§ Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Cuproxat§ copper_sulfate Monterey§ Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Trigo trifloxystrobin Damoil mineral oil Monsoon Turf tebuconazole Truban* etridiazole Decree fenhexamid Mozart fludioxonil Velista penthiopyrad Dexter Max mancozeb + azoxystrobin Ziram ziram

7 Product Name Active Ingredient Product Name Active ingredient Product Name Active Ingredient Mixtures: Fungicides and insecticides Bonide oil§ paraffin oil Magister fenazaquin in same product Butacide piperonyl butoxide Magus fenazaquin Carbaryl 4L carbaryl Malice* imidacloprid Agway complete captan + carbaryl + Cease Bacillus subtillis Mavrik tau-fluvalinate fruit tree spray malathion Centynal deltamethrin Maxcel benzyladenine +

Collate* ethephon gibberellins Bonide complete captan + carbaryl + Companion Bacillus subtillis Minx ornamental abamectin fruit tree spray malathion Confirm*† tebufenozide Mocap*† ethoprop Bonide fruit tree & boscalid + pyraclostrobin + Conserve SC Turf & spinosad Molt-X§ azadirachtin plant guard lambda-cyhalothrin Ornamental Monterey B.T.§ Bacillus thuringiensis ssp Imisol imidicloprid + debacarb + Corrida29SL* methomyl and proteins carbendazim Crossfire polyethoxylated Movento* spirotetramat Insecticides, insect growth regulators nonylphenol (N-90) M-pede§ insecticidal soap and adjuvants Cynoff* cypermethrin Mustang MAXX* piperonyl butoxide Acelepryn*† chlorantraniliprole Damoil horticultural oil N-90 polyethoxylated Acephate acephate Deadline bullets* metaldehyde nonylphenol (N-90) Aceto*† bifenthrin Decathlon cyfluthrin Neemix§ azadirachtin Acramite bifenazate Demand SC*, EZ* G* lambda-cyhalothrin N-Large gibberellic acid Activator90 polyethoxylated Demon Max* & WP* cypermethrin Novato clofentezine nonylphenol (N-90) Des-X§ insecticidal soap Nudrin* methomyl Admire Pro imidacloprid Diacon IGR Plus deltamethrin + -ene Omite-30WS propargite Protectant* Diamond* novaluron + lambda- Onager hexythiazox Advion-Dupont indoxacarb cyhalothrin + pyriproxifen Ortho Insect Killer acetamiprid AgreeWG§ Bacillus thuringiensis Diazinon* diazinon Ovation clofentezine Allectus* bifenthrin + imidacloprid Dimilin*† diflubenzuron Pedestal* novaluron Amdro Lawn & zeta-cypermethrin DiPel DF§ Bacillus thuringiensis ssp Perimeter tau-fluvalinate Landscape and proteins Phase organosilicone surfactant Concentrate Drexel carbaryl carbaryl Pinscher* dikegulac-sodium Amdro Lawn & bifenthrin Drexel Dimethoate* dimethoate Pounce 25 WP* permethrin Landscape Granules Dupon Exirel*† cyantraniliprole Prokil Cryolite cryolite Andersons carbaryl Endeavor pymetrozine Promalin benzyladenine + Professional Entrust SC§ spinosad gibberellins Annihilate* methomyl Envidor*† spirodiclofen Provaunt indoxacarb Apistan tau-fluvalinate Fanfare* bifenthrin Provoke* imidacloprid Applause clofentezine Fascination benzyladenine + PureSpray§ mineral oil Aquaflow tau-fluvalinate gibberellins Pycana pyrethrin Ardent abamectin Flagship*† thiamethoxam Pyrenone pyrethrin Arthorban imidacloprid Floramite bifenazate Regulaid non-ionic surfactant Asana XL* esfenvalerate Florel* ethephon Riteway benzyladenine Ascertain bifenthrin Fulcrum pyriproxyfen Safari 20 SG* dinotefuran Attain bifenthrin Fyfanon malathion Safer #567 § insecticidal Augeo* dikegulac-sodium GibGro gibberellic acid soap+pyrethrin Aza-Direct§ azadirachtin Gnatrol§ Bacillus thuringiensis ssp Safer Caterpillar§ Bacillus thuringiensis ssp AzaGuard§ azadirachtin and proteins and proteins Azatin§ azadirachtin Hexygon* hexythiazox Sanmite† pyridaben Azatrol azadirachtin Imidan 70-W* phosmet Savey hexythiazox Baseline* bifenthrin Induce non-ionic surfactant Seduce spinosad Bayer Complete Soil beta-cyfluthrin + Javelin§ Bacillus thuringiensis ssp SeproAkari5SC fenpyroximate & Turf imidacloprid and proteins Serenade (Max,Opti, Bacillus subtillis Belt SC*† Flubendiamide JMS Stylet§ mineral oil ASO, Soil) [discontinued in 2019] Kontos spirotetramat Sevin carbaryl Beethoven etoxazole Kopa§ insecticidal soap ShuttleO acequinocyl Bifenture* bifenthrin Kryocide cryolite Silencer* lambda-cyhalothrin Bioadvanced cyfluthrin Lambda Select* lambda-cyhalothrin Silicone organosilicone surfactant Lawn/garden Lannate SP* methomyl Silkin organosilicone surfactant BioBit§ Bacillus thuringiensis ssp LannateLV methomyl Silt organosilicone surfactant and proteins LI-700 non-ionic surfactant SlugX* metaldehyde Bonide all season imidacloprid + lambda- Lorsban* chlorpyrifos Spectracide* lambda-cyhalothrin cyhalothrin Lucid ornamental abamectin Spirotetramat spirotetramat Bonide annual tree Imidacloprid M1-LV* methomyl 240SC* & shrub*† Macho2*/4* imidacloprid SubtilexNG Bacillus subtillis 8 Product Name Active Ingredient Product Name Active Ingredient Product Name Active ingredient SuffOil-X§ mineral oil - petroleum Tame 2.4*† fenpropathrin Trilogy§ azadirachtin Sultan cyflumetofen TekkoPro novaluron + pyriproxyfen TriStar acetamiprid Sunspray 6N mineral oil - petroleum Tempo SC Ultra* beta-cyfluthrin Turf™ Products carbaryl Surround WP§ kaolin Tempo Ultra cyfluthrin Up-Cyde Pro 2.0* cypermethrin Talstar Nursery bifenthrin TempoSC* beta-cyfluthrin Vendex* fenbutatin-oxide Granular* Tetrasan 5 WDG etoxazole WarriorII with Zeon* lambda-cyhalothrin Talstar PL* bifenthrin Thuricide§ Bacillus thuringiensis ssp Xentari§ Bacillus thuringiensis ssp TalstarP* bifenthrin and proteins and proteins Talus 70DF*† buprofezin Triact70§ azadirachtin *Restricted-use pesticide; † Not for use in Nassau or Suffolk counties; § potentially acceptable in certified organic program

Greenhouses that used to spray for difficult greenhouse pests every week or two began to use a biological control program and now spot-spray about three times a year and have saved thousands of dollars using these Integrated Pest Management techniques.

©van Dyke Willow is a key resource for bees in Scouting early for pests gives you more the early spring. time and options for implementing controls which pose less risk to bees. 9 Table 2. Pesticide synergies and acute, chronic, and sublethal toxicities for honey bees and other pollinators

Key to table abbreviation, symbols, and colors - Restricted-use pesticide - Not for use in Nassau and Suffolk counties of New York - Meets USDA organic standards - Identifies a chemical that at least one study has shown synergy with other active ingredients or products. - Identifies a formulation containing more than one active ingredient, at least one of which has been shown to synergize with other chemicals EPA standard toxicity ratings: acute oral and/or contact toxicity to the honey bee (Apis mellifera)

- Highly toxic (acute LD50 < 2μg/bee)

- Moderately toxic (acute LD50 2 - 10.99μg/bee)

- Practically non-toxic (acute LD50 >11 μg/bee)

Fungicides, antibiotics and inert ingredients Active Ingredient New York High Moderate Practically Synergies, sublethal effects, and toxicity to bee Chemical group Trade Name toxicity toxicity non-toxic species other than the honey bee [Resistance code] Examples azoxystrobin Azoxystar, The combination of Quadris® (azoxystrobin) and 2SE QoI-methoxy-acrylate Heritage Select® (iprodione) produce a low level synergy (still fungicide [11] practically non-toxic) in late season honey bees that increases with time from application; 60% mortality at 10 days1. No synergy detected with thiacloprid2. azoxystrobin + Daconil See azoxystrobin for synergy information. acibenzolar-S-methyl QoI- methoxy-acrylate + benzothiadiazole fungicides [11+P01] azoxystrobin + Mural See azoxystrobin for synergy information. benzovindiflupyr QoI- methoxy-acrylate + pyrazole- 4- carboxamides [11+7] azoxystrobin + Briskway See azoxystrobin and difenoconazole separately for difenoconazole synergy information. QoI-methoxy-acrylate + DMI-triazole fungicide [11+3]

10 Active Ingredient New York High Moderate Practically Synergies, sublethal effects, and toxicity to bee Chemical group Trade Name toxicity toxicity non-toxic species other than the honey bee [Resistance code] Examples azoxystrobin + Armortech See azoxystrobin and propiconazole separately for zoxy synergy information. propiconazole QoI-methoxy-acrylate + DMI-triazole fungicides [11+3]

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Mont erey§, Microbial disruptor of Revitalize§, Triathlon§ pathogen produced by natural bacterium [44]

Bacillus subtilis Cease§, The wet application of B. subtilis strain QST713 Microbial disruptor of Companion§, (Serenade®) reduced honey bee brood production and pathogen, toxin produced by Natria Disease was highly toxic to the bumble bee (Bombus terrestris)3. Control§ natural bacterium [44] Tests on the dry application of B. subtilis strain QST713 (Serenade®) and strain QRD132 (Serenade®) did not significantly impact Bombus impatiens4 or honey bees5.

6 boscalid Emerald Synergizes with clothianidin and thiamethoxam . SDHI-pyridine-carboxamide fungicide [7] boscalid + pyraclostrobin Honor Pristine® (boscalid+pyraclostrobin) synergizes with Intrinsic, 7 SDHI-pyridine-carboxamide + chlorpyrifos reducing queen emergence, with Iprodione QoI- methoxy-carboxamide Pageant 2SE Select® (iprodione) increasing honey bee mortality1, Intrinsic fungicides [7+11] and with Rovral® (iprodione) negatively impacting solitary bee species nesting behavior8. boscalid + chlorothalonil Encartis See boscalid and chlorothalonil separately for synergy

SDHI-pyridine-carboxamide + information. chloronitrile fungicides [7+M5] captan Captan, 4L, Studies have found captan to increase honey bee brood phthalimide fungicide [M4] Captan 50% mortality at a moderately toxic level9,10 and alter larval WP, Captan, feeding capacity11. A study conducted by the USDA Bee 80 WDG, Cap- Lab in Weslaco, TX found that the inert ingredients Up 80 12 mixed with captan make it highly toxic . Other laboratory studies report captan to be highly toxic to mason bees13 and leafcutter bees 14,15 but practically non-toxic to bumble bees at recommended field rates16. chlorothalonil ArmorTech Synergizes with alpha-cypermethrin and lambda- chloronitrile fungicide [M5] CLT 825 DF, cyhalothrin17 and the beekeeping miticides tau- Bravo Ultrex, fluvalinate, coumaphos18,19, and thymol18. Also Echo 720, synergizes with Cerconil® (thiophanate-methyl). Equus 720, Chlorothalonil exhibits cumulative oral toxicity in honey Initiate 720 & 19 ZN, Omni bee larvae reared on field relevant doses for 6 days and chlorothalonil increases honey bee and bumble bee susceptibility to Nosema infection20,21 and entombed pollen inside the honey bee hive20.

11 Active Ingredient New York High Moderate Practically Synergies, sublethal effects, and toxicity to bee Chemical group Trade Name toxicity toxicity non-toxic species other than the honey bee [Resistance code] Examples chlorothalonil + iprodione E - Pro ETQ See chlorothalonil and iprodione separately for synergy chloronitrile + dicarboximide information. fungicides [M5+2] chlorothalonil + iprodione Enclave* See chlorothalonil, iprodione, thiophanate-methyl and + thiophanate-methyl + tebuconazole separately for synergy information. tebuconazole chloronitrile + dicarboximide + thiophanate +triazole fungicides [M5+2+1+3] copper hydroxide Kocide§, inorganic Champ§ fungicide/bacteriacide [M1] copper octanoate Camelot O§, inorganic Cueva§, fungicide/bacteriacide [M1] Liquid copper Products§, Ortho Elements Garden§ copper oxychloride/ Badge SC & copper oxychloride synergizes with imidacloprid22. copper hydroxide X2§ inorganic fungicide/bacteriacide [M1] copper oxychloride/copper C.O.C.S. copper oxychloride synergizes with imidacloprid22. sulfate inorganic fungicide/bacteriacide [M1] copper sulfate Bordeaux§, Highly toxic to a stingless bee species via oral exposure23. inorganic Cuprofix fungicide/bacteriacide [M1] Ultra§, Cuproxat§, Mastercop§

Coniothyrium minitans Contans Biological control agent – biopesticide cyprodinil Palladium Moderate toxicity when it synergizes with thiacloprid2. anilino-pyrimidine fungicide

[9] debacarb Abasol, benzamidazole fungicide [1] Fungisol

12 Active Ingredient New York High Moderate Practically Synergies, sublethal effects, and toxicity to bee Chemical group Trade Name toxicity toxicity non-toxic species other than the honey bee [Resistance code] Examples difenoconazole Quadris -Top, Synergizes with deltamethrin24 and the tau-fluvalinate25 DMI-triazole fungicide [3] Amistar, etc. product Mavrik® inducing hypothermia in honey bees. difenoconazole + Contend A See difenoconazole separately for synergy information. benzovindiflupyr DMI-triazole + SDHI pyrazole-

4- carboxamide fungicides [3+7] e tridiazole Terrazole*, Contact exposure by Bumble bees in greenhouses h eteroaromatics 1,2,4- Truban* potentiate systemic effects26. thiadiazole fungicide [14] fenarimol Patchwork, The toxicity increases when mixed with bifenthrin27 but DMI-pyrimidine fungicide [3] Rimidin, not enough to increase its toxicity rank. Riverdale, Rubigan fenhexamid Decree SBI-KRI hydroxyanilide fungicide [17] fludioxonil Emblem*, Impacts honey bee learning behavior28. phenylpyrroles fungicide [12] Hurricane*,M edallion*,

Mozart*, Nivales* fluopicolide Adorn, Presidio*, acylpicolide fungicide [U] Stellar fluopyram Broadform*† pyridinyl-ethyl-benzamide fungicide [7] fluopyram + trifloxystrobin Esteris Pyridinyl-ethyl-benzamide + Stressguard*† QoI-oximino-acetate fungicides [7+11] fluoxastrobin Disarm*†, QoI-dihydro-dioxazine Fame*† fungicide [11] flutolanil Pedigree†, Prostar 70† SDHI-phenyl-benzamide fungicide [7]

13 Active Ingredient New York High Moderate Practically Synergies, sublethal effects, and toxicity to bee Chemical group Trade Name toxicity toxicity non-toxic species other than the honey bee [Resistance code] Examples fluxapyroxad + Lexicon See pyraclostrobin separately for synergy information. Intrinisc*†, pyraclostrobin Orkestra SDHI-pyrazole-4-carboxamide Intrinsic*† + methoxy-carboxamide fungicides [7+11] fosetyl-Al Aliette WDG Aluminum tris (O- ethylphosphonate) fungicide [P07(33)]

Fungaflor, imazalil Synergizes with cypermethrin, fipronil, and DMI-imidazole fungicide [3] Freshgard, thiamethoxam in bumble bees29 and lambda-cyhalothrin

Fungazil in honey bees30. iprodione 26GT*, Synergizes with Pristine® (pyraclostrobin+ boscalid)8. dicarboxamide fungicide [2] Armortech Compass SC® (iprodione + thiophanate methyl), was IP*, Eclipse found to synergize with the varroacide, Mavrik® (tau- ETQ Turf fluvalinate)31 and decrease the repellency of honey bees Primeraone to cypermethrin17 thereby increasing their exposure. Turf*, Quali- Pro Turf*, The combination of Iprodione 2SE Select® (iprodione) Raven* and Quadris® (azoxystrobin) produce a low level synergy (still practically non-toxic) in late season honey bees that increases with time from application; 60% mortality at 10 days1. One study reports high toxicity to honey bee larvae10 and another study reports sublethal effects on some solitary bees8. iprodione + thiophanate Armortech See iprodione separately for synergy information. methyl TMI 2020, dicarboxamide + thiophanate Dovetail, Lesco fungicide [2+1] Twosome, NuFarm 26/36 malathion Fyfanon Highly toxic to bumble bees and some solitary bees32. organophosphate insecticide [1B] mancozeb Dithane*, When combined with alpha-cypermethrin or lambda- dithiocarbamate fungicide Koverall*, cyhalothrin studies found a 2-4 fold decrease in the [M3] Manzate, contact toxicities17 of these two insecticides. Synergy not Penncozeb* detected with thiacloprid2. mancozeb + azoxystrobin Dexter Max See mancozeb for toxicity and synergy information and dithiocarbamate fungicide + azoxystrobin for synergy information. QoI-methoxy-acrylate fungicides [M3+11]

14 Active Ingredient New York High Moderate Practically Synergies, sublethal effects, and toxicity to bee Chemical group Trade Name toxicity toxicity non-toxic species other than the honey bee [Resistance code] Examples mancozeb + copper ManKocide* See mancozeb separately for synergy information. hydroxide dithiocarbamate fungicide + inorganic fungicide/bactericide [M3+M1] mandipropamid + Micora See difenoconazole separately for synergy information.

difenoconazole CAA mandelic acid amides +

DMI- triazole fungicides [40+3] mefenoxam (metalaxyl-M) Quali -Pro phenylamide acylalanine Subdue GR, fungicide [4] Subdue MAXX

18 metconazole Tourney Synergy with tau-fluvalinate causing a 3-4 fold increase DMI- triazole [3] in contact toxicity of this miticide. metiram Polyram 80DF dithiocarbamate fungicide

[M3] mineral oil Biocover, Horticultural Spray BVA, Damoil, Civitas Turf, Glacial Spray, PureSpray, Omni myclobutanil Eagle, Ferti- Synergizes with clothianidin, imidacloprid, DMI-triazole fungicide [3] Lome Lawn & thiamethoxam33, lambda-cyahalothrin30,34, tau- Garden, Rally fluvalinate18 via oral and/or contact exposure in honey 40 WSP, bees. Synergy with lambda-cyhalothrin also affects Lebanon, bumble bees feeding on pollen34. Synergy is not detected Sonoma 20 33 EW AG, with thiacloprid . Sonoma 40 WSP

N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone NMP is in This inert ingredient is highly toxic to honey bee larvae19. (NMP) abamectin 0.15EC & inert ingredient often used in Ardent 0.15 pesticide formulations as a co- solvent .

penthiopyrad Velista pyrazole-4-carboxamide fungicide [7]

15 Active Ingredient New York High Moderate Practically Synergies, sublethal effects, and toxicity to bee Chemical group Trade Name toxicity toxicity non-toxic species other than the honey bee [Resistance code] Examples

piperonyl butoxide Exponent, Synergizes with acetamiprid35, coumaphos36,18, synergist PBO-8, and cyfluthrin37, fenpyroximate18, lambda-cyhalothrin37,38, other permethrin39 , tau-fluvalinate36,18, and thiacloprid35 as products well as imidacloprid (a.i.)35 and the imidacloprid formulation Advise®40. potassium bicarbonate Agricure,

Inorganic salt Kaligreen, MilStop propamocarb Previcur Moderate oral toxicity but low contact toxicity41. carbamate fungicide [28] Flex* propiconazole Alamo *, Synergizes with alpha-cypermethrin30, acetamiprid, DMI-triazole fungicide [3] Alsa*, Banner imidacloprid, thiacloprid35,33, lambda cyhalothrin30,17, Maxx, tau-fluvalinate18, and thiamethoxam33 and clothianidin in Bumper ES*, honey bees. One study determined that propiconazole Kestrel Mex*, reduced the toxicity of thiacloprid33. Also synergizes with Menara*, 42 Propi-Star clothianidin in bumble bees and some solitary bees however another study demonstrated only additive effects of clothianidin43. Propiconazole alone decreases bumble bee reproduction44. pyraclostrobin Empress Synergizes with fenpyroximate and the beekeeping QoI-methoxy-carboxamide Intrinsic, miticide tau-fluvalinate18. Pristine® (pyraclostrobin + fungicide [11] Insignia SC boscalid) synergizes 2SE Select® (Iprodione)1 and Intrinsic negatively impacts nesting success of some solitary bees8 45 7 and reproductive success and immunity in honey bees . When combined with fipronil honey bee larval feeding decreases46. reynoutria Regalia Botanical extract of

Reynoutria sacchalinensis streptomycin Firewall antibiotic [25] sulfur Sulfur, Some Moderate oral toxicity can remain up to 7 days47. Inorganic natural element products § [M2]

tebuconazole Mirage Synergizes at field realistic doses with thiamethoxam DMI-triazole fungicide [3] StressGuard, through contact exposure and with clothianidin via oral Amortech TEB exposure33. One study found a synergy when co-applied 360, with thiacloprid, at a non field realistic dose (3 µg)2. The Monsoon Turf synergies are highly toxic.

16 Active Ingredient New York High Moderate Practically Synergies, sublethal effects, and toxicity to bee Chemical group Trade Name toxicity toxicity non-toxic species other than the honey bee [Resistance code] Examples thiophanate-methyl Topsin M, Synergizes with tau-fluvalinate17,18, flumethrin, and thiophanate fungicide [1] Incognito 4.5F lambda-cyhalothrin17 becoming highly toxic to honey bees. Synergizes with product formulations containing the active ingredients imidacloprid, deltamethrin or chlorothalonil48 to become highly toxic to honey bees and other bees when consumed. thiophanate-methyl + Spectro 90 This combination was found to have an innate synergy chlorothalonil WDG, Tee-1- between these two fungicides48. See thiophanate-methyl Up WDG thiophanate + chloronitrile and chlorothalonil for additional synergy and toxicity fungicides [1+M5] information. thiophanate-methyl + Banrot 40 See etridiazole and thiophanate-methyl separately for etridiazole thiophanate + WP, Banrot additional toxicity and synergy information. 8G fungicides [1+M5] trifloxystrobin Compass, methoxy-carboxamide Tartan, Trigo fungicide [11] triflumizole Terraguard* Synergizes with acetamiprid, imidacloprid, and imidazole fungicide [3] thiacloprid35. ziram Ziram Larval mortality in laboratory studies10. dithio-carbamate fungicide [M3]

Mixtures of fungicides and insecticides Active Ingredient New York High Moderate Practically Synergies, sublethal effects, and toxicity to bee Chemical group Trade Name toxicity toxicity non-toxic species other than the honey bee [Resistance code] Examples boscalid + pyraclostrobin + Bonide Fruit See boscalid, pyraclostrobin and lambda-cyhalothrin lambda-cyhalothrin Tree and separately for synergy information. SDHI-pyridine-carboxamide + Plant Guard QoI-methoxy-carboxamide fungicides + a pyrethroid insecticide [7+11+3A] captan + carbaryl + Agway See captan, carbaryl and malathion for toxicity malathion complete fruit information. tree spray, phthalimide fungicide + Bonide carbamate + complete fruit organophosphate insecticides tree spray [M4+1A+1B]

17 Active Ingredient New York High Moderate Practically Synergies, sublethal effects, and toxicity to bee Chemical group Trade Name toxicity toxicity non-toxic species other than the honey bee [Resistance code] Examples imidacloprid + debacarb + Imisol See imidacloprid for synergy information. carbendazim nitro-neonicotinoid insecticide + two benzimidazole fungicides [4A+1+1]

Insecticides (including insect growth regulators) and adjuvants Active Ingredient New York High Moderate Practically Synergies, sublethal effects, and toxicity to bee Chemical group Trade Name toxicity toxicity non-toxic species other than the honey bee [Resistance code] Examples abamectin /avermectin Ardent, Lucid Vertimec® (abamectin) formulation which includes avermectin insecticide [6] ornamental, unknown inert ingredients produces a synergistic Minx response that was 709x and 1870x more toxic to honey ornamental bees and Melipona bees than the active ingredient, abamectin alone49. Highly toxic both topically and orally to honey bees50 and arrests reproduction in bumble bees51. Other non-honey bee species exhibits moderate to high toxicity via contact and oral exposure, respectively52. acequinocyl Shuttle O Topical and oral exposure arrests bumble bee quinolone insecticide [20B] reproduction51. acetamiprid Tristar, Ortho Synergizes with piperonyl butoxide (PBO), S,S,S- Insect Killer tributylphosphorotrithioate (DEF), triflumizole35, cyano-neonicotinoid insecticide [4A] propiconazole35,34, and the fenbuconazole product (Indar2)53 making these highly toxic mixtures. Synergy with propiconazole34 Indar2® (fenbuconazole)53 is also present in bumble bees and mason bees respectively. azadirachtin Aza-Direct§, Oral exposure at field relevant dose causes honey bee Naturally occurring AzaGuard§, larval mortality and sublethal effects on adult body tetranortriterpenoid Azatrol§, size54–56. Oral exposure below, at, and above a field Insect growth regulator [UN] Molt-X§, relevant does causes bumble bee worker mortality and Neemix§, sublethal effects on reproduction and body mass57. Triact 70§, Trilogy§ Bacillus subtillis Cease, B. subtilis is toxic to bumble bee species (B. terrestris)3 Microbial disruptor of Companion, and exhibits sublethal effects on reproduction in Bombus insect midgut Serenade impatiens4. membranes [11A] (Max, Opti, ASO, Soil), Subtilex NG Bacillus thuringiensis Agree WG§, Negative sublethal impacts on honey bee physiology58. subspecies and proteins BioBit§, DiPel Microbial disruptor of DF§, insect midgut Gnatrol§, membranes [11A] Javelin§, Monterey BT§, Safer Catepillar§, Thuricide§, Xentari§ 18 Active Ingredient New York High Moderate Practically Synergies, sublethal effects, and toxicity to bee Chemical group Trade Name toxicity toxicity non-toxic species other than the honey bee [Resistance code] Examples benzyladenine + Fascination, gibberellins Maxcel, Insect growth regulators Promalin, Riteway beta-Cyfluthrin Tempo SC*, The parent chemical, cyfluthrin synergizes with piperonyl pyrethroid insecticide [3A] Tempo SC butoxide37 becoming 30 times more toxic to honey bees. Ultra It also impacts honey bee behavior37 and is highly toxic topically and orally to bumble bees34,59

beta-Cyfluthrin + Bayer See cyfluthrin and imidacloprid separately for synergy imidacloprid Complete* and toxicity information. pyrethroid + cyano- neonicotinoid insecticide [3A+4A]

bifenazate Acramite, Moderate and High toxicity, topically and orally,

Insect growth regulator [20D] Floramite relatively to bumble bees including sublethal effects at 1 1 51 just /10 - /2 MFRC . Honey bee mortality increased 5 times, 10 days after exposure60.

bifenthrin Aceto*†, Synergizes with the miticide Apistan® (tau-fluvalinate)61. Amdro Lawn 61,34 pyrethroid insecticide [3A] Highly toxic to bumble bees however typically & Landscape, bifenthrin residue is not frequently found in pollen and Ascertain, nectar34. Pyrethroids in general are well known to Attain, synergize with piperonyl butoxide and triazole Baseline* fungicides17,30,36,62,63 Bifenture*, Talstar Products*

bifenthrin + acetamiprid Allectus* See bifenthrin and acetamiprid separately for synergy pyrethroid insecticide + cyano- information. neonicotinoid insecticide [3A+4A] buprofezin Talus 70 DF*† The product formulation Buprofezin 65% WP® exhibits 49 Insect growth regulator [16] moderate toxicity . carbaryl Sevin, Drexel Highly toxic to bee species other than the honey bee64. carbamate insecticide [1A] Carbaryl, Turf Used as a thinner at petal fall it impacts the bee Carbaryl, community that typically are still visiting petal-less Andersons flowers. Prof. Carbaryl chlorantraniliprole Acelepryn*† Suppresses reproduction in worker bumble bees65. anthranilic diamide insecticide Synergy not detected with propiconazole in honey [28] bees66.

chlorpyrifos Lorsban* Synergizes with propiconazole67 doubling the toxicity. organophosphate insecticide When combined with the product formulation Pristine [1B] (pyraclostrobin + boscalid) it reduces honey bee queen emergence7. Highly toxic to bumble bees68,69,34, solitary bees52 and chronically lethal to honey bee larvae19.

19 Active Ingredient New York High Moderate Practically Synergies, sublethal effects, and toxicity to bee Chemical group Trade Name toxicity toxicity non-toxic species other than the honey bee [Resistance code] Examples (EPA) (EPA) (EPA) clofentezine Applause, tetrazine ovicide/miticide, an Novato, insect growth inhibitor [10A] Ovation cryolite Kryocide, Fluorides [8C] Prokil Cryolite cyantraniliprole Dupont anthranilic diamide insecticide Exirel*† [28] cyflumetofen Sultan beta-ketonitrile miticide [25A]

cyfluthrin BioAdvanced Synergizes with piperonyl butoxide37 becoming 30 times pyrethroid insecticide [3A] Lawn*, more toxic to honey bees. It also impacts honey bee Decathlon*, behavior37 and is highly toxic topically and orally to Tempo Ultra* bumble bees34,59 cypermethrin Cynoff*, Synergizes with imazalil in at least one bumble bee pyrethroid insecticide [3A] Demon Max*, species29. Alpha-cypermethrin, an isomer of Demon WP*, cypermethrin, synergizes with Bravo SC®, 500g/l Up-Cyde Pro (chlorothalonil), Tilt EC®, 250g/l (propiconazole), and 2.0* Sportak EW®, 450 g/l (prochloraz), and increases toxicity of Derosal WG® 80% (carbendazim), Compass SC® 15.5%/15.5% (iprodione + thiophanate methyl) and other triazoles including Folicur EW®, 250 g/l (tebuconazole) and Plover EC®, 250 g/l (difenoconazole)17. Both cypermethrin and zeta- cypermethrin are highly toxic to solitary bees70. Cypermethrin increases Chronic Paralysis Virus (CPV) infection71.

deltamethrin Centynal, Synergizes with prochloraz63. Highly toxic to solitary pyrethroid/pyrethrins [3A] Diacon IGR bees72. The deltamethrin product, Decis is highly toxic to bumble bees73. Plus diazinon Diazinon* Highly toxic to bumble bees and some solitary bees as organophosphate insecticide well as honey bees74,64. [1B] diflubenzuron Dimilin*† Has shown sublethal effects on larvae and fertility of 75–80 81 Insect growth regulator [7C] adult honey bees ; but see . dikegulac-sodium Augeo*, Insect growth regulator Pinscher* dimethoate Drexel Highly toxic to bumble bees and some solitary bees 82,13. organophosphate insecticide Dimethoate* [1B]

20 Active Ingredient New York High Moderate Practically Synergies, sublethal effects, and toxicity to bee Chemical group Trade Name toxicity toxicity non-toxic species other than the honey bee [Resistance code] Examples dinotefuran Safari 20 neonicotinoid insecticide [4A] SG* esfenvalerate Asana XL* Highly toxic to bumble bees52,34 and exhibits sublethal 83 pyrethroid insecticide [3A] effects on megachilid bees . ethephon Collate*, Insect growth regulator Florel* ethoprop Mocap*† organophosphate insecticide [1B] etoxazole Beethoven, Highly toxic to bumble bees when consumed51,58. etoxazole insecticide [10B] Tetrasan 5 WDG fenazaquin Magister, Low toxicity to bumble bees59 pyridazine insecticide [21A] Magus

Fenbutatin-oxide Vendex* organotin insecticide [12B] fenpropathrin Tame 2.4*† Highly toxic to bumble bees and some solitary bees84. pyrethroid insecticide [3A]

fenpyroximate Sepro Akari 5 Synergizes with enzyme inhibitors piperonyl butoxide pyridazine insecticide [21A] SC (PBO) and S,S,S-tributylphosphorotrithioate (DEF), fungicides including prochloraz, pyraclostrobin and beekeeping miticides amitraz18, and Oxalic acid making these mixes highly toxic. And in the cases of the beekeeping miticides tau-fluvalinate and coumaphos18 borderline high toxicity (LD50 2.04-2.4). Although EPA has reported that this active ingredient is practically non- toxic, one study measured moderate toxicity to honey bees18.

fipronil Regent Synergizes with imazalil to be lethal to bumble bees at phenyl pyrazole fungicide [2B] 24 hrs but the toxicity subsides by 48 hrs29. fipronil is associated with increased Nosema infection85. flubendiamide Belt SC*†, Moderate toxicity when applied topically to honey bees anthranilic diamide insecticide Tourismo*† has been reported in laboratory and semi-field [28] conditions86. Megachile rotundata87 and Bombus impatiens88 were not impacted by the flubendiamide product formulation, Belt SC®. gibberellic acid GibGro, Also used as a supplement in the honey bee diet89. insect growth regulator N-Large hexythiazox Hexygon, thiazolidine insecticide [10A] Onager, Savey

21 Active Ingredient New York High Moderate Practically Synergies, sublethal effects, and toxicity to bee Chemical group Trade Name toxicity toxicity non-toxic species other than the honey bee [Resistance code] Examples mineral oil Damoil, Products with thymol, menthol, and rosemary can be horticultural oil JMS Stylet§, highly toxic, especially when bees are already stressed90– PureSpray§, 93). Bees are temporarily inactivated by direct contact SuffOil-X§, with oil sprays; death may occur94. Sunspray 6N, Ultra-Fine

imidacloprid Admire Pro Synergizes with piperonyl butoxide35,40, propiconazole35, nitro-neonicotinoid insecticide Protectant*, triflumizole35, Advise 2FL® (imidacloprid) synergized with [4A] Arthorban, Vydate 3.77 CLV® (oxamyl), Transform 5G® (sulfloxaflor), Bonide and Domark ME® (tetraconazole)40. Highly toxic to Annual Tree & bumble bees95. May impact groundnesting bees in Shrub*†, general96. Macho 2* & 4*, Malice*, Provoke* Imidacloprid + lambda- Bonide All See imidacloprid and lambda-cyhalothrin separately for cyhalothrin Season toxicity and synergy information. nitro-neonicotinoid + pyrethroid insecticides [4A] indoxacarb Advion, High toxicity even at field-realistic doses86,97. oxadiazine insecticide [22A] Provaunt insecticidal Soap Des-X§, Repellant Kopa§, M-pede§, Safer #567§ kaolin Surround Repellant WP§

lambda-cyhalothrin Demand SC* Synergizes with flutriafol38, imazalil, myclobutanil, pyrethroid insecticide [3A] & EZ* & G*, propiconazole30, prochloraz30,38,62, and piperonyl Lambda butoxide37,38 making them 16x more toxic than when Select*, applied alone. Highly toxic to bumble bees84 and some Silencer*, solitary bees84,98. Spectracide*, Warrior II with Zeon* malathion Fyfanon Highly toxic to bumble bees and some solitary bees32. organosphosphate insecticide [1B] metaldehyde Organic Deadline Compound bullets*, SlugX* methomyl Annihilate*, Moderately to Highly toxic to bumble bees99,59. carbamate insecticide [1A] Corrida 29SL*, Lannate*, Lannate LV, M1-LV*, Nudrin* 22 Active Ingredient New York High Moderate Practically Synergies, sublethal effects, and toxicity to bee Chemical group Trade Name toxicity toxicity non-toxic species other than the honey bee [Resistance code] Examples non-ionic surfactant Induce, LI- 700, Regulaid novaluron Pedestal* Sublethal impacts on egg and larvae of honey bees100, benzoylureas insecticide [15] some bumble bees96,101 and leafcutter bees96,102. novaluron + pyriproxyfen TekkoPro See novaluron and pyriproxyfen for toxicity information. benzoylureas insecticide + Insect growth regulator [15+7C] novaluron + lambda- Diamond See lambda-cyhalothrin for synergy and toxicity cyhalothrin + pyriproxyfen information. See novaluron and pyriproxyfen separately benzoylureas + pyrethroid for toxicity information. insecticides + Insect growth regulator [15+3A+7C]

organosilicone surfactant Phase, Increases susceptibility of bees to disease, resulting in adjuvant Silicone, exponentially increased mortality75,103. Silkin, Silt paraffin oil Bonide oil

oxamyl (sold only as Vydate 3.7CLV® (oxamyl) synergizes with Advise2FL® carbamate insecticide [1A] agricultural (imidacloprid)40. No effects on bumble bees58. products). eg. Return*†, Ventas*†

permethrin Pounce 25 Synergizes with piperonyl butoxide39. Highly toxic to pyrethroid insecticide [3A] WP* bumble bees84,104 and solitary bees72,84. phosmet Imidan 70-W* Highly toxic to some solitary bees84 and are often high organophosphate insecticide residues in pollen samples34. [1B]

piperonyl butoxide (PBO) Ingredient in Synergizes with acetamiprid35, coumaphos18, cyfluthrin37, synergist pyrethroid fenpyroximate18, lambda cyhalothrin38,62, product permethrin39,38,36, prochloraz38,62, tau-fluvalinate18,37, and formulations. thiacloprid35 making these highly or more highly toxic than when applied alone. Coumaphos increased to moderate toxicity with piperonyl butoxide18. The product Advise® (imidacloprid) increased 5.2 fold in toxicity when combined with piperonyl butoxide, while the active 40 ingredient imidacloprid alone was just 1.7x more toxic . polyethoxylated Activator 90, Sublethal effects on behavior of the honey bee in Nonylphenol (N-90) Crossfire, response to the product Activator-9075 as well as to adjuvant N-90 managed solitary bee species when used alone and in the case of Grow-More® N-90, in combination with Rovral 4F® (iprodione) and Pristine® (pyraclostrobin + boscalid) which ultimately decreases reproductive output8.

23 Active Ingredient New York High Moderate Practically Synergies, sublethal effects, and toxicity to bee Chemical group Trade Name toxicity toxicity non-toxic species other than the honey bee [Resistance code] Examples propargite Omite-30WS Propargite synergizes with trichlorfon and demeton64. 105 acaricide (12C) Moderate toxicity confirmation . pymetrozine Pyridine Endeavor, azomethine Fulfill derivative insecticide [9B] pyrethrin Pycana, Synthetic forms synergize with multiple pesticide pyrethrin insecticide [3A] Pyrenone ingredients. See pyrethroids. Some formulations found 106 to decrease honey bee body temperature . pyridaben Sanmite† pyridazine insecticide [21A] pyriproxyfen Fulcrum Exhibits sublethal impacts on honey bee larvae, adult Insect growth regulator [7C] behavior, and survival60,107 as well as bumble bee larvae108. spinosad Conserve SC Moderate contact and high oral acute toxicity to bumble spynosin insecticide [5] Turf & Orn, bees109,96 as well as sublethal foraging effects110 on Entrust SC§, bumble bees. One non-Apis bee species experienced Seduce§ moderate contact toxicity96 while three other species experienced high contact toxicity96,111,23. spirodiclofen Envidor*† Although EPA classifies spirodiclofen as low toxicity, one tetronic acid insecticide [23] study finds moderate toxicity to adult honey bees105. Chronic exposure significantly reduced honey bee112 and bumble bee reproduction and colony strength51. spirotetramat Envidor*†, Moderate acute toxicity and high chronic oral toxicity tetramic acid insecticide [23] Kontos, and sublethal reproductive effects to bumble bees113,4. Movento*, Moderately toxic to honey bee larvae in laboratory Spirotetramat studies with does above field recommendations114. 240 SC* tau-fluvalinate (beekeeping) Apistan, Synergizes with boscalid18, chlorothalonil19,18, pyrethroid insecticide [3A] Aquaflow, fenbuconazole, metconazole, myclobutanil, prochloraz, a beekeeping miticide. Mavrik, propiconazole18, piperonyl butoxide37,18 as well as Perimeter beekeeping miticides coumaphos36,18, thymol, amitraz, fenpyroximate, and oxalic acid18. Highly toxic to honey bee larvae19. One study Mavrik® (tau-fluvalinate) and the product ERIA® (difenoconazole+ carbendazim) resulted in no lethal or sublethal effects on bees25. tebufenozide Confirm*† Exhibits sublethal effects on honey bee behavior and 78,75 Insect growth regulator[7c] learning .

thiamethoxam Flagship*† Synergizes with boscalid6, propiconazole31,33, nitro-neonicotinoid insecticide myclobutanil33, and tebuconazole33. Synergizes with [4A] imazalil in both honey bees and bumble bees29. Highly toxic to bumble bees115,116 and some solitary bees117. Synergistic effect on honeybee mortality when co- exposed to thiamethoxam and Chronic Bee Paralysis Virus118.

24 Active Ingredient New York High Moderate Practically Synergies, sublethal effects, and toxicity to bee Chemical group Trade Name toxicity toxicity non-toxic species other than the honey bee [Resistance code] Examples zeta-cypermethrin Gardentech See cypermethrin separately for synergy information. pyrethroid insecticide [3A] Sevin* Zeta-cypermethrin is highly toxic to solitary bees70.

zeta-cypermethrin + Triple Crown See zeta-cypermethrin and avermectin separately for bifenthrin + imidacloprid T&O * synergy and toxicity information. two pyrethroids + nitro- neonicotinoid insecticides [3+6]

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28 Sample Pollination Services Contract

This sample contract is provided as a service and is not a substitute for legal advice.

This agreement dated ______is made between the following parties:

Beekeeper’s name: Grower’s name:

______

CONTACT INFORMATION Beekeeper Grower Mailing address: Phone number(s): Emergency phone number: Email address:

The parties agree to the following terms

CROP AND COLONY OVERVIEW This agreement involves the 20___ growing season Crop to be pollinated by honey bee colonies. This agreement is for crop varieties that are in flower. Address and/or GPS coordinates of orchard/field where the hives will be placed Date of colony placement* Date of colony removal* *I f actual flowering dates differ from dates above, the grower will provide __ hours notice to the beekeeper regarding when colonies should be placed and removed No. of hives rented Price of a standard hive rental $ Total anticipated rental price Date(s) on which the rental fee is $ payable to the beekeeper Describe in detail or illustrate the colony placement in the orchard

The grower will provide right of entry at all times to beekeepers visiting the property so that s/he can Yes No manage colonies Before services are provided, the beekeeper will locate a holding yard to place colonies in the event Yes No that they require movement to avoid a pesticide spray A water source will be provided to the honey bee Beekeeper Grower colonies by the following party No water will be provided The grower and beekeeper agree to comply with all applicable federal, state and local laws, including pesticide label restrictions designed to protect bees.

The beekeeper agrees to provide colonies of the following standards:

COLONY STATUS OF A STANDARD HIVE Colony configuration (2 deeps, 1 deep, etc.) Minimum frames of bees in each hive Minimum frames of brood in each hive Pounds of food stores lbs Presence of a laying queen Colonies are free of American Foulbrood The beekeeper agrees to open and demonstrate the health and status of colonies randomly selected by the grower at least one (1) time following placement of the hives and thereafter as reasonably requested by the grower. The beekeeper will maintain colonies in good pollinating condition by providing feed, medication, and mite treatments as needed

This document was prepared by the Dyce Lab of Honey Bee Studies, Cornell University ©2018

29 The grower agrees to the following responsibilities:

GENERAL RESPONSIBILITIES The grower will provide a suitable place(s) for the hives that are accessible by truck or other vehicles The grower will hold the beekeeper harmless from any and all claims of injury or property damage arising from beekeeper’s performance of this contract, including but not limited to, claims arising from bee stings to animals or people, and claims for field or crop damage or loss resulting from the use of beekeepers vehicle(s).

MINIMIZING RISK OF PESTICIDE EXPOSURE The following pesticides or agricultural chemicals are mutually agreed to be used while the bees are on the crop: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. The beekeeper will be notified of an application of a pesticide in this above list Yes No The beekeeper will be notified at the emergency contact (number/email address) provided above of an application of a pesticide that is not included in Yes No this above list The number of hours notice the grower agrees to give the beekeeper before a hrs pesticide is applied to a crop (e.g., 48 hrs) If a pesticide not included in the above list will be applied during pollination, the grower shall assume the costs to move the colonies away from and back to $ the crop. State the cost of moving colonies The grower will compensate the beekeeper for any colonies that died from acute pesticide poisoning events while present or within one month of pollinating this crop. Cause of death must be verified by the state apiculturist, $ state inspector, or Department of Environmental Conservation. State the cost of compensation per colony The grower will dispose of all pesticide products in a manner that bees will not be able to contact it while searching for a source of water

Additional agreements: ______

ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS Prior to placing colonies for pollination, either party can terminate this contract should events occur beyond his/her control that prevent him or her from fulfilling the obligations as outlined (e.g., unexpected colony deaths, unexpected damage or disease of crops, etc.). If disputes arise that cannot be resolved through communication or small claims court, they will be settled by arbitration. Either party may request arbitration by providing written notice to the other at the contact information provided above by certified mail, return receipt requested. Within 10 days of receipt of such written request, each party will select one arbitrator and the two arbitrators will select a third. After reviewing the case, the decision of any two arbitrators will be binding. Cost of arbitration will be equally divided between the two parties. This contract shall be governed by New York law.

Signature of beekeeper: ______Date: ______

Signature of grower: ______Date: ______

This document was prepared by the Dyce Lab of Honey Bee Studies, Cornell University ©2018

30 Notes