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INSERTION OR ADDITION OF SOUNDS

• One type of sound change involves insertion of a sound in a word to simplify its TYPES OF SOUND CHANGE articulation. • Epenthesis is the general term for it. Sounds in a language may change over Depending on the different positions within a long periods of time. Most often they word the sounds are inserted they may be occur in order to ease pronunciation or given different names. simplify articulation of words.

Prothesis Anaptyxis

• Prothesis: Insertion of a sound in the • Anaptyxis: Insertion of a sound between two beginning of a word. sounds in a word. The vowel insertion in the • Eg. The initial vowel sound in Spanish words following words to simplify consonant clusters like estate, espagnole, etc exemplify it. • Hindi: [iskuul] for school, [isteʃan] for station • Eg.: skt. Karma > karam in dialects of Hindi • Dharma> dharam • Sneha> saneha • Prasaad > parsaad

Deletion or Loss of sounds

• Enthesis: Insertion of sound at the end of the • Deletion: Sometimes some sounds within word is known as Enthesis words could also get lost in course of time to • Hindi: davaa >davaai simplify their articulations.d Deletion may • sandeʃ > sandeʃaa obtain in any position within a word whereby they are given different names as follows:

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Syncope Aphaeresis • Aphaeresis: Loss of a sound word initially • Syncope : Loss of a sound word medially (Consonant or vowel) • Eg.: skt. Dugdha> Hindi duudha • Eg.: skt. Sneha> neha • Hindi Galatii > galtii • sphurti>furtii • Skt. Vaartaa > baat • anaaj > naaj • uʅTra > uunTa • ʃmaʃaan > masaan

Apocope Assimilation • Apocope: Loss of sound at the end of the • Assimilation: When two contiguous sounds in word a word become similar in articulation it is said • Eg.: ʅilaa > sil to be assimilation. • Satya > sat • Eg.: in + balance > [imbælans] • In + gratitude > [iŋgrætityuud]

Progressive assimilation Regressive Assimilation

• If a sound influences its following sound to • If the following sound influences its preceding make it similar to it, it is said to be Progressive sound to make it similar to it, it is said to Assimilation, as in the following: Regressive assimilation • Skt. satya > Prakrit sattaa • Skt. Sapta > Prakrit sattaa • patra > pattaa • Skt. ʃarkara > ʃakkar • cakra > cakkaa • Skt. galpa >gappa • dharma > Prakrit dhammaa

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Partial assimilation Total Assimilation

• If the sound is assimilated not completely to • If a sound becomes totally like the preceding the preceding or following sound it is partial or following sound in the word it is Total assimilation. Only place of articulation has assimilation been assimilated in the preceding consonant • Skt. Satya > sattaa of the prefix in- in the following: • patra > pattaa • In +balance > imbalance

Progressive Dissimilation Dissimilation • Dissimilation: If the contiguous sounds in a • If the following sound in a word is made word become dissimilar to one another, then dissimilar from the preceding one, it is it is said to be Dissimilation. Progressive dissimilation. • Skt. Kaak > kaag • Kankan > kangan

Regressive Dissimilation Metathesis

• If the preceding sound in a word is made • Metathesis: Sometimes the sounds within a dissimilar from the following one, is words may interchange their positions. This is Regressive dissimilation known as metathesis. • Skt. Daridra > daliddar • Anguli > ungali • Caaku > kaacu • kiicaD > ciikaD • vaaraaNasi > banaaras • laknaw > naklaw

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Causes for Language Change

• Haplology: When consequent syllables carry • Ease of pronunciation or Least effort: People similar sounds, one of them gets dropped in often simplify the pronunciation of words to articulation. economize on their efforts to produce them. • Eng. [laibrari] > [laibri] Some of the changes like assimilation, • Englaland > England deletion and addition are instances of such changes. • Gentlely > [ jently]

Causes for Language Change Causes for Language Change

• Overcharged Emotions: When people are • Fast Speech: Even in fast speech, sounds or overpowered by emotions, they are likely to syllables within words may get lost. Massaab modify the forms of the words giving rise to for Master Saahab, or Daaksaab for Daaktar new forms of the words. For instance, Saab in Hindi are instances for changes in the articulations like daddaa for daada, bacuaa for articulation of words due to fast delivery. bacca, or biTiya for beTi are examples for such changes in sounds.

Causes for Language Change Causes for Language Change

• Creativity of writers: Sometimes gifted • Adaptation of Non-native words: Words also writers in the language may effect changes in undergo changes in their form in the process the shape of the words to adhere to the of nativization of Non-native vocabulary. For requirements of meter or give new instance, word forms in Hindi like laalten for expressions. Words are ankhaDia instead of lantern, aspataal for hospital, akaadami for aankh, muurakh in place of muurkh are Academy, trasadii for tragedy are due to this instances whereby conventional forms of the process of native adaptation. words have been modified. •

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