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University of California Santa Cruz Vowel Intrusion In UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SANTA CRUZ VOWEL INTRUSION IN TURKISH ONSET CLUSTERS A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in LINGUISTICS by Jennifer A. Bellik June 2019 The dissertation of Jennifer A. Bellik is approved: _________________________________ Professor Jaye Padgett, chair _________________________________ Associate Professor Grant McGuire, co-chair _________________________________ Assistant Professor Ryan Bennett _________________________________ Lori Kletzer Vice Provost and Dean of Graduate Studies Copyright © by Jennifer A. Bellik 2019 Table of Contents List of Figures.................................................................................................x List of Tables................................................................................................ xiii Abstract......................................................................................................... xv Acknowledgements.....................................................................................xvii Chapter 1: Introduction.................................................................................1 1.1 Intrusion and epenthesis......................................................................1 1.2 Previous descriptions of Turkish onset cluster repair...........................9 1.2.1 Onset repair in a corpus.............................................................14 1.2.2 Discussion of previous work and corpus study...........................16 1.3 Terminology and notation.................................................................19 1.4 Roadmap of the dissertation..............................................................19 Chapter 2: Ultrasound study........................................................................23 2.1 Gestural characteristics of targetless vowels......................................23 iii 2.2 Design and predictions......................................................................27 2.2.1 Design........................................................................................28 2.2.2 Predictions..................................................................................30 2.3 Methods and procedure.....................................................................35 2.3.1 Materials....................................................................................35 2.3.2 Participants................................................................................42 2.3.3 Procedure...................................................................................42 2.3.4 Data processing..........................................................................46 2.4 Results...............................................................................................48 2.4.1 /i/ conditions.............................................................................49 2.4.2 /a/ conditions............................................................................54 2.4.3 /o/ conditions............................................................................59 2.5 Discussion..........................................................................................63 2.5.1 Gestural organization of Turkish onsets......................................64 2.5.2 Implications for harmony and syllable structure in Turkish.......66 iv 2.5.3 Methodological contribution......................................................67 Chapter 3: Acoustic study (Careful speech)..................................................69 3.1 Acoustic characteristics of intrusive vowels.......................................69 3.2 Methods.............................................................................................70 3.3 Results...............................................................................................71 3.3.1 Gradience in onset repair...........................................................72 3.3.2 Vowel plots and F1~F2 of v1......................................................74 3.3.3 Acoustic differences between lexical and non-lexical vowels......75 3.3.4 Assuming frontness harmony but no rounding harmony............80 3.3.5 Assuming no harmony................................................................80 3.3.6 Summary of acoustic differences................................................82 3.4 Discussion..........................................................................................84 3.4.1 Interspeaker variation and cross-linguistic implications.............86 Appendix to Ch. 3: Models of Careful speech................................................94 Chapter 4: Acoustic effects of speech style...................................................98 v 4.1 Casual speech and gestural overlap...................................................98 4.2 Methods...........................................................................................102 4.2.1 Data..........................................................................................103 4.3 Results.............................................................................................104 4.3.1 Analysis of durational differences.............................................108 4.3.2 Differences in F1......................................................................110 4.3.3 Differences in F2......................................................................113 4.4 Discussion........................................................................................119 Appendix to Ch. 4: Models of Casual speech only.......................................124 Chapter 5: Corpus study.............................................................................131 5.1 Introduction.....................................................................................131 5.2 Method and Predictions...................................................................133 5.3 Descriptive summary of results........................................................135 5.4 Modeling insertion rate...................................................................138 5.4.1 Transcribed insertion for S1.....................................................139 vi 5.4.2 Transcribed insertion for S2.....................................................140 5.4.3 Follow up: Cluster type.............................................................142 5.4.4 Summary of transcribed insertion patterns...............................146 5.5 Modeling apparent palatal harmony................................................147 5.6 Modeling apparent labial harmony..................................................154 5.7 Discussion........................................................................................156 Chapter 6: Syllabic and metrical status......................................................158 6.1 Syllabic status of intrusive vowels...................................................158 6.2 Syllable count judgments.................................................................164 6.3 Text-setting in a corpus of Turkish music........................................166 6.3.1 Method.....................................................................................167 6.3.2 Results of the musical corpus study..........................................172 6.3.3 Case study: “Drama Köprüsü”...................................................176 6.4 Text-setting in “Iyi ki doğdun”........................................................179 6.4.1 Predictions................................................................................182 vii 6.4.2 Results......................................................................................183 6.5 General conclusion..........................................................................195 Appendix A: Lyrics to “Drama Köprüsü”.................................................199 Appendix B: Selected results from “Iyi ki doğdun” study........................201 Chapter 7: Phonological representation.....................................................202 7.1 Distinguishing phonetics and phonology.........................................202 7.2 Gestures in phonology.....................................................................206 7.2.1 Gestural timing in Optimality Theoretic approaches................207 7.2.2 Task Dynamics.........................................................................213 7.3 Combining frameworks....................................................................222 7.3.1 Coupling strengths in the phonological representation.............225 7.3.2 GEN..........................................................................................227 7.3.3 A landmark-free CON...............................................................230 7.3.4 Distinguishing schwa intrusion and copy intrusion..................233 7.3.5 Copy intrusion..........................................................................237 viii 7.3.6 Close C-C transition..................................................................240 7.3.7 Phasing in Turkish onset clusters..............................................241 7.3.8 Modeling interspeaker variation...............................................245 7.3.9 Appendix or complex onset?.....................................................248 7.4 Harmony and the intrusive vowel....................................................250 7.5 Historical development....................................................................259
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